Verified by 
This is my first entry in my new blog, “A Logical Take,” where I will explain how logic can help us examine and make sense of the world around us. In this post, I would like to examine an argument that is being made over and over again in the wake of the Sandy Hook tragedy and subsequent debate about gun regulation:
“Guns don’t kill people; people do.”
Everyone's heard it. A lot of people believe it. Some even think it settles the whole gun control debate. Others, however, think the argument is terrible.
Personally, I can’t find a solid consensus regarding what exactly is wrong with it—which is why, especially as a logician, I think it’s an argument worth some examination.
Some of you might not want to read any further now, thinking that I'm using the Sandy Hook tragedy to argue for gun regulations, and therefore politicizing it. I have a couple of things to say in response.
First, I'm not going to argue for or against gun regulations. I am simply going to examine this argument. There may still be good arguments against gun regulation, or there may not be. All I want to know is whether or not this argument is one of them.
Second, the notion that the political ramifications of a tragedy should not be discussed in the wake of that tragedy is fallacious in itself. We do need to make sure our heads are emotionally clear before having a serious discussion, but it is not disrespectful to the victims of a tragedy to discuss possible ways that we might avoid similar tragedies. Besides, tragedies such as Sandy Hook have now become so common that if we are not allowed to speak about gun regulations afterward, we will never be allowed to speak about it at all.
So let us turn to the argument itself: “Guns don’t kill people; people do.” The first thing to notice is that the argument has no stated conclusion. What follows? Since the argument is usually given in the context of a discussion about gun regulation, by gun advocates, I assume the conclusion has something to do with that. But what exactly? That there should be no gun regulation at all? That there shouldn't be any more gun regulation than there is? That the increase in mass killings done with guns is irrelevant to whether or not there should be gun regulations? Who knows?
In any event, it doesn't matter, because no conclusion about gun regulation logically follows from these two statements. To understand why, let me articulate the difference between ultimate, intermediate, and proximate causes.
Consider the words you are looking at right now. What "caused" the words you are reading to appear to you right now? You might say that I, the author, did; but that is not the whole story. The whole story is long and includes me typing on a keyboard, creating a Microsoft Word document, posting the words on my blog, and so on. There is a long "causal chain" standing between my intention to type these words and the emission of light from your screen to your eyes. That causal chain starts with me; I am the ultimate cause. Other subsequent links in the chain—my typing, my posting, your clicking—are “intermediate causes." And the light emitting from your screen is the proximate cause—the thing or event most immediately responsible for your current experience.
The argument under consideration clarifies that, when it comes to murders, people are the ultimate cause and guns are merely proximate causes—the end of a causal chain that started with a person deciding to murder. But nothing follows from these facts about whether or not guns should be regulated. After all, such facts are true for all criminal activity, and even noncriminal activity that harms others: The ultimate cause is found in some decision that a person made; the event, activity, or object that most directly did the harming was only a proximate cause. But this tells us nothing about whether or not the proximate cause in question should be regulated or made illegal. For example, consider the following argument:
"Bazookas don't kill people; people do."
Although it is obviously true that bazookas are only proximate causes, it clearly does not follow that bazookas should be legal. Yes, bazookas don't kill people, people do—but bazookas make it a lot easier for people to kill people, and in great numbers. Furthermore, a bazooka would not be useful for much else besides mass murders. Bazookas clearly should be illegal and the fact that they would only be proximate causes to mass murders does not change this. In fact, it is totally irrelevant to the issue; it has nothing to do the fact that they should be illegal. Why? Because other things are proximate causes to people’s demise, but obviously shouldn’t be illegal. For example, consider this argument (given in the aftermath of a bad car accident):
"Cars don't kill people; people do."
Obviously cars should not be illegal, but notice that this has nothing to do with the fact that they are proximate causes. Of course, they should be regulated; I shouldn't be allowed to go onto the highway in a car with no brakes. But all of that has to do what cars are for (they are not made for killing people), what role they play in society (it couldn't function without them) and so on. It's a complicated issue—one to which pointing out that cars are merely proximate causes to some deaths contributes nothing.
Clearly the argument under consideration, and any other argument that merely points out that guns are proximate causes ("stop blaming the guns and start blaming the person") is fallacious. Since people can't seem to agree on what fallacy such arguments employ, I would like to give a name to the mistake I have identified within them: "the fallacy of mistaking the relevance of proximate causation."
So, should all guns be illegal? After all, like the bazooka, they do make killing people en masse easier to accomplish. Then again, like cars, using them for mass murder is not their intended function. Most people agree that they should at least be regulated (at the least, most think that all gun sales should require a background check). But how strictly should they be regulated? Perhaps very strictly. After all, states with stricter gun regulations have fewer gun related deaths. Then again, there may be philosophical issues related to the protection of liberty that trump such utilitarian concerns. It’s a complicated issue.
And that’s my point: It’s complicated. There are lots of relevant factors involved, but the fact that guns are proximate causes isn't one of them. So the next time someone says "Guns don't kill people; people do" in an attempt to end a discussion about gun control, do me a favor: Point out that they have “mistaken the relevance of proximate causation,” pause briefly to enjoy the confused look on their face, and then patiently explain the fallacy to them.
