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Emotion Regulation
The Good and Bad of Emotion Regulation Strategies
Expressing your emotions can have consequences, but so can hiding them.
Posted September 28, 2015
Our emotional experiences weave the tale of our lives. We remember moments when we felt joy, gratitude, anger, sadness and fear, not that time when we felt oh-so-neutral. However, there are times when we try to hold back our emotions so that they don’t get the best of us, like when we face an angry boss, an upset friend, an important doctor’s appointment, or a big exam. Research on emotion regulation suggests that people engage in different regulation strategies when they try to deal with their emotions, and these different strategies impact their feelings, well-being and even their close relationships.
How do we regulate our emotions? James Gross suggests that different types of regulation occur at different points in the emotional experience and his research focuses on two main types of emotion regulation: reappraisal and suppression.
For example, take a guy, Jerry, who is being yelled at by his boss. As Jerry sits and listens to his boss yell at him, he may start to feel anger well up inside of him. When he first realizes he is experiencing anger, he can change his emotional experience by reappraising how he views the situation. Perhaps instead of thinking about how his boss is mad at him, Jerry can focus on the interaction with his boss as an opportunity to better learn what his boss expects from him. By reappraising the situation, it no longer makes sense for him to feel anger. If, however, Jerry lets his anger get the best of him, he may find himself seething mad at his boss but unable to express himself since yelling at his boss would be very inappropriate. In this situation, Jerry must suppress any expression of anger towards his boss, despite how mad he is inside. James Gross and Oliver John (2003) found that people who tend to reappraise have better outcomes than people who tend to reappraise less. They have also found that people who tend to suppress their emotions more have worse outcomes than people who tend to suppress their emotions less.
The benefits of reappraisal
The goal of reappraisal is typically to turn bad situations (such as getting yelled at by a boss) into good ones (I can figure out what the boss really wants from me), so do people who reappraise more experience more positive emotions and less negative emotions? Indeed they do. They also express more positive and less negative emotions. And this just isn’t based on people’s own reports. Their friends agree. The benefits of reappraisal extend beyond the emotional realm. People who reappraise are less depressed, more satisfied with their lives, have higher self esteem, and greater optimism and well-being; they are also seen by others as more having closer relationships and being more likeable.
The consequences of suppression
What about suppression? Do people who suppress their emotions successfully express fewer negative emotions? When people are told to suppress their emotions during experiments, they express fewer negative emotions, but they still report experiencing as many negative emotions as people who aren’t told to suppress. And it turns out that people who habitually suppress their emotions actually experience more negative emotions than people who suppress less. Although suppression doesn’t dampen people’s experience of negative emotions (just their expression of them) it does seem to have an adverse effect on people’s positive emotions. People who suppress more do report experiencing and expressing fewer positive emotions, and their friends agree. Being a suppressor is also associated with being more depressed, less satisfied with life, and having lower self esteem, optimism and well-being. People who suppress more also have less social support, avoid getting close to others, and are seen by peers as having fewer close relationships. Why is suppression so bad? Researchers suggest that it’s because suppressing your emotions makes you feel inauthentic, which leads to feeling worse about yourself and your relationships, the very thing you were trying to avoid.
Suppression in romantic relationships
More recent research suggests that the costs of suppression extend to romantic relationships (Impett et al., 2012). In a study of romantic couples, my colleagues and I found that when one partner suppresses their emotions, both partners have lower emotional well-being and are less satisfied in their relationships. People who suppressed their emotions were also more likely to think about breaking up with their partners three months later. The key reason why suppression was associated with poor well-being and relationship quality? It made people feel inauthentic. Suppressing their emotions made people feel like they were holding back their true selves.
What does this mean for you?
These findings suggest that reappraisal is an effective strategy for dealing with emotions that benefits both you and the people around you, while suppression is associated with much poorer outcomes. So when you find yourself in a situation where you are starting to feel upset, try to change how you think about the situation instead of waiting until you are so upset that all you can do is try to hide the anger.
For your relationship — these findings don't mean that you should start yelling anytime you feel frustrated. But it is important to recognize that when you hide your feelings, there may be consequences. Often those feelings leak out in other ways.
Some important caveats
Although a habitual tendency to suppress is related to worse outcomes, there may be times when suppression is an appropriate and necessary strategy. When your boss is yelling at you, you may find yourself upset before you even have time to reappraise the situation. In this case, being true to your feelings and yelling right back at your boss is probably not the best career move, and suppression may be the preferred strategy.
Another important caveat is that the research on emotion regulation and well-being is correlational, so it simply shows us that emotion regulation and well-being go together and it does not tell us whether people's regulation styles actually make them experience more or less well-being. For example, if emotion regulation did make people experience more or less well-being, it would mean that suppressing your emotions actually leads you to feel more depressed and have fewer close relationships. But, you can also imagine a different type of relationship between emotion regulation and well-being where people's well-being lead them to engage in certain types of emotion regulation. In this case, it would be that people who are more depressed and have fewer close relationships feel more of a need to suppress their emotions around others and it's actually their depression that is causing them to suppress, not the other way around. Likewise, people who feel they can't be authentic in their relationships may feel more of a push to suppress their emotions. Even though these findings are correlational, they still show us that reappraisal is associated with better adjustment whereas suppression is associated with worse adjustment. Most likely these factors feed back on each other — suppression makes you feel worse, and then when you are feeling bad, you feel the need to suppress, creating a downward spiral.
Do you tend to reappraise or suppress? Do you have other strategies that you use to control your emotions?
Reference:
Gross, J., & John, O. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
Impett, E. A., Kogan, A., English, T., John, O., Oveis, C., Gordon, A. M., & Keltner, D. (2012). Suppression sours sacrifice emotional and relational costs of suppressing emotions in romantic relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(6), 707-720.
