Therapists in Laudium
![Photo of Dr. Aadila Pretorius, General Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/74540944-03b9-4a40-b3b1-fe87fe05fb94/2/320x400.jpeg)
I help people suffering with depression, anxiety, childhood traumas, bereavement, GBV&F & abuse, anger management, worthlessness & rejection, self-confidence, self-image & self-worth issues, internal conflict, anchors & triggers. I also help people deal with marital issues, separation, divorce & mediation, as well as parents, teens and families. I also assist with behavioural change problems, self-loathing and mild addictions. Services: One-on-one - Individuals; Couples, parents & family intervention programs; Community/ Corporates/ Group workshops & courses.
I help people suffering with depression, anxiety, childhood traumas, bereavement, GBV&F & abuse, anger management, worthlessness & rejection, self-confidence, self-image & self-worth issues, internal conflict, anchors & triggers. I also help people deal with marital issues, separation, divorce & mediation, as well as parents, teens and families. I also assist with behavioural change problems, self-loathing and mild addictions. Services: One-on-one - Individuals; Couples, parents & family intervention programs; Community/ Corporates/ Group workshops & courses.
![Photo of Sharlene Sema Raston, BSocSci Hons, HPCSA - Psychometrist, General Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/0497b6b5-2ecf-4f17-a152-562367e9bbc6/1/320x400.jpeg)
Sharlene Sema Raston
General Counsellor, BSocSci Hons, HPCSA - Psychometrist
Verified Verified
Laudium 0037 (Online Only)
Please Be Aware that I offer online sessions only! Can you relate to any of the following? Anxiety, confusion, loss of direction, depression, excessive thinking, relationship problems, addictions, procrastination, spiritual struggles, traumas or do you simply need someone to speak to that you can trust, feel at ease and help you structure your thoughts in a safe and warm environment? Are you tired of living each day and that it simply feels like another day and that everything remains the same? Would you like to become your own therapist and welcome change, in order to truly enjoy the adventure of life?
Please Be Aware that I offer online sessions only! Can you relate to any of the following? Anxiety, confusion, loss of direction, depression, excessive thinking, relationship problems, addictions, procrastination, spiritual struggles, traumas or do you simply need someone to speak to that you can trust, feel at ease and help you structure your thoughts in a safe and warm environment? Are you tired of living each day and that it simply feels like another day and that everything remains the same? Would you like to become your own therapist and welcome change, in order to truly enjoy the adventure of life?
![Photo of Molebogeng Christinah Modiba, MPsych, HPCSA - Clin. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2c8a7e1f-8519-4f9d-9aa3-965e35bda79c/2/320x400.jpeg)
Molebogeng Christinah Modiba
Psychologist, MPsych, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Laudium 0037 (Online Only)
I am a clinical psychologist by profession. During our time together, my role will entail providing a holding, supportive, non-judgement and unconditional acceptance to help you navigate and understand what is that makes you mentally and emotionally unwell. I am curious about your story. Do you need help processing a trauma or loss, perhaps you're currently dealing with various stressors or relational problems. Are you experiencing a low mood, have a pessimistic outlook on life, diminished interest in activities or low self-worth. Could it be constant worry, insomnia, panic attacks? Whatever it is, let's unpack!
I am a clinical psychologist by profession. During our time together, my role will entail providing a holding, supportive, non-judgement and unconditional acceptance to help you navigate and understand what is that makes you mentally and emotionally unwell. I am curious about your story. Do you need help processing a trauma or loss, perhaps you're currently dealing with various stressors or relational problems. Are you experiencing a low mood, have a pessimistic outlook on life, diminished interest in activities or low self-worth. Could it be constant worry, insomnia, panic attacks? Whatever it is, let's unpack!
More Therapists Nearby
![Photo of Leanne Steyn - Leanne Steyn Therapy, General Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4903296a-f2d9-4d0f-bb7f-50cbc34d605c/2/320x400.jpeg)
I am a registered Sexologist in Practice in both South Africa and Europe. I am passionate about helping people and guiding them to become better versions of themselves. My one focus is Women’s overall wellness; in ALL aspects of her life and in turn, a positive effect on her relationships. Her sexuality, self-esteem, emotions, intuitions, sensations, experiences.......; all uniquely intertwined, that makes her distinctively “Her!” You have a life story; not only comprising of your past but also connecting your dreams and expectations for the future and then the current reality of your present.
I am a registered Sexologist in Practice in both South Africa and Europe. I am passionate about helping people and guiding them to become better versions of themselves. My one focus is Women’s overall wellness; in ALL aspects of her life and in turn, a positive effect on her relationships. Her sexuality, self-esteem, emotions, intuitions, sensations, experiences.......; all uniquely intertwined, that makes her distinctively “Her!” You have a life story; not only comprising of your past but also connecting your dreams and expectations for the future and then the current reality of your present.
![Photo of Veronica Sivhabu, PhD, HPCSA - Clin. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/b41dddbe-ee8d-454c-9a6b-be8fefb2e186/2/320x400.jpeg)
Relationships, families and individuals are affected by many events that happen in daily lives. Events like, death, divorce, infidelity, work pressure, lack of communication, children issues, mental illness etc. have an impact on individuals, relationships and families. I help individuals, relationships and families to cope with daily events, impart coping skills and improve psychological well being.
Relationships, families and individuals are affected by many events that happen in daily lives. Events like, death, divorce, infidelity, work pressure, lack of communication, children issues, mental illness etc. have an impact on individuals, relationships and families. I help individuals, relationships and families to cope with daily events, impart coping skills and improve psychological well being.
![Photo of Hermine Sluiter - Hermine Sluiter Counselling Services, ASCHP Wellness Counsellor, General Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ee50a483-ee3d-412c-9c20-4dfcb9a5d530/1/320x400.jpeg)
Hermine Sluiter Counselling Services
General Counsellor, ASCHP Wellness Counsellor
Verified Verified
Centurion 0023
Life often challenges us and though we may be able to survive on our own, we shouldn't have to. Counselling is a wonderful tool to teach us how to thrive instead of merely surviving, even in challenging times. Counselling can greatly improve our mental health and wellness including healing from stress and burnout, alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety, and restoring our marriage and relationships. Counselling greatly enhances our quality of life, and is always a valuable investment in ourselves.
Life often challenges us and though we may be able to survive on our own, we shouldn't have to. Counselling is a wonderful tool to teach us how to thrive instead of merely surviving, even in challenging times. Counselling can greatly improve our mental health and wellness including healing from stress and burnout, alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety, and restoring our marriage and relationships. Counselling greatly enhances our quality of life, and is always a valuable investment in ourselves.
![Photo of Lerato Mabelebele (Matsunyane), MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/40e7be7c-362f-46e5-8849-0e3430537df6/2/320x400.jpeg)
Lerato Mabelebele (Matsunyane)
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Centurion 0023
I am a Counselling Psychologist with a passion for human relationships and supporting people. I am devoted to promoting the mental health of others and empowering them to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives. It is deeply fulfilling for me to witness people thrive and grow personally. I feel privileged to experience and to have the opportunity to provide a safe, holding space for people to share in their joys and achievements but also collaborate with them to explore aspects of themselves and resolve their challenges.
I am a Counselling Psychologist with a passion for human relationships and supporting people. I am devoted to promoting the mental health of others and empowering them to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives. It is deeply fulfilling for me to witness people thrive and grow personally. I feel privileged to experience and to have the opportunity to provide a safe, holding space for people to share in their joys and achievements but also collaborate with them to explore aspects of themselves and resolve their challenges.
![Photo of Ilana Kok - Amriko Health Services (PTY) Ltd, BSocSci Hons](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a40a8ea3-80e7-41f8-bec5-5ba5f17fde4f/1/320x400.jpeg)
I use a person-centered approach which is a nondirective, empathic approach that empowers and motivates the client in the therapeutic process. I specialize in Traumatic Incident Reduction for trauma.
I use a person-centered approach which is a nondirective, empathic approach that empowers and motivates the client in the therapeutic process. I specialize in Traumatic Incident Reduction for trauma.
![Photo of Suzaan Lourens - Suzaan Lourens Registered Counsellor, BSocSci Hons, HPCSA - Counsellor, Registered Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/1fe80f88-f935-41b3-8f8f-588a2d5131d4/3/320x400.jpeg)
Suzaan Lourens Registered Counsellor
Registered Counsellor, BSocSci Hons, HPCSA - Counsellor
Verified Verified
Centurion 0023
My areas of specialty include marriage/couple's counselling, counselling children using play therapeutic techniques, psychometric assessments to assist with career counselling and subject choice, suicidality, mood and behavioural changes, sexual identity concerns, transitions, family counselling, trauma, bereavement/grief/loss and anger management.
My areas of specialty include marriage/couple's counselling, counselling children using play therapeutic techniques, psychometric assessments to assist with career counselling and subject choice, suicidality, mood and behavioural changes, sexual identity concerns, transitions, family counselling, trauma, bereavement/grief/loss and anger management.
![Photo of Siphiwe Ramalwa, BSocSci Hons, Social Worker](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a5a15a63-daef-41f9-ad2f-f32aa44cc117/2/320x400.jpeg)
Greetings. I'm based in Nu 1 Motherwell, Port Elizabeth. Life can be challenging to navigate and taking the first step toward therapy can be daunting. When you take this courageous step, you will be met with warmth and empathy. I work with clients who are struggling with trauma, grief, low self esteem, stress, anxiety, coping skills and depression. I also render pre-marital, couple counselling as well. I am intentional about building a relationship with my clients that is rooted in trust and safety. We will work together to reduce emotional distress, recover hope, and build resiliency. Face to face and online.
Greetings. I'm based in Nu 1 Motherwell, Port Elizabeth. Life can be challenging to navigate and taking the first step toward therapy can be daunting. When you take this courageous step, you will be met with warmth and empathy. I work with clients who are struggling with trauma, grief, low self esteem, stress, anxiety, coping skills and depression. I also render pre-marital, couple counselling as well. I am intentional about building a relationship with my clients that is rooted in trust and safety. We will work together to reduce emotional distress, recover hope, and build resiliency. Face to face and online.
![Photo of Nkele Shally Tselana, HPCSA - Psychometrist, Registered Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ad32b08e-655a-4317-86f1-2d6448fbf741/2/320x400.jpeg)
I am a registered psychometrist (independent practice) passionate about psycho-education, based in Mamelodi township. I provide psychological assessment testing services to Individuals and schools using both standardized and non standardized tests. I also provide testing in mild, special schools, tertiary and clinical institutions. As a qualified teacher, I am also exposed to supporting children with learning barriers.
I am a registered psychometrist (independent practice) passionate about psycho-education, based in Mamelodi township. I provide psychological assessment testing services to Individuals and schools using both standardized and non standardized tests. I also provide testing in mild, special schools, tertiary and clinical institutions. As a qualified teacher, I am also exposed to supporting children with learning barriers.
![Photo of Carel Pj Mouton, MA, Social Worker](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/39866bb5-a2ef-4d6c-b550-2b46f4943e0f/3/320x400.jpeg)
I aim to enable men and women to thrive by becoming the best version of themselves. The process addresses trauma, anger, stress and anxiety within themselves and their relationships through emotional awareness and practical interventions. During the sessions, I strive to enable my clients to experience physical and emotional relief from stress, anxiety and embodied trauma.
I aim to enable men and women to thrive by becoming the best version of themselves. The process addresses trauma, anger, stress and anxiety within themselves and their relationships through emotional awareness and practical interventions. During the sessions, I strive to enable my clients to experience physical and emotional relief from stress, anxiety and embodied trauma.
![Photo of Nomthandazo Macwili, BSocSci Hons, General Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6a7bec07-1e83-41b0-a17f-26c63815361c/1/320x400.jpeg)
I believe the things that stop us from being able to share what we go through is the lack of a safe space, non-judgment, and acceptance, which are exactly the skills I offer to help you with your anxiety, anger, substance addiction, stress or famil issues.
I believe the things that stop us from being able to share what we go through is the lack of a safe space, non-judgment, and acceptance, which are exactly the skills I offer to help you with your anxiety, anger, substance addiction, stress or famil issues.
![Photo of Aneesa Karodia - The Light Healing Sanctuary, HPCSA - Ed. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6f5a2722-2a24-4e88-8e76-238cacccb983/2/320x400.jpeg)
At the Light Healing Sanctuary, we provide a warm and safe space for patients to express their emotions , address their innermost conflicts and learn how to grow and heal. We provide Therapeutic containment in a beautiful healing space that nurtures the patient's inner motivation to succeed. In maintaining the highest levels of professionalism and adopting cutting edge therapeutic interventions, we strive to ensure that patients receive the best treatment possible. At The Light Healing Sanctuary, we strive to "Shed a guiding light on your healing journey."
At the Light Healing Sanctuary, we provide a warm and safe space for patients to express their emotions , address their innermost conflicts and learn how to grow and heal. We provide Therapeutic containment in a beautiful healing space that nurtures the patient's inner motivation to succeed. In maintaining the highest levels of professionalism and adopting cutting edge therapeutic interventions, we strive to ensure that patients receive the best treatment possible. At The Light Healing Sanctuary, we strive to "Shed a guiding light on your healing journey."
![Photo of Michael Chael Nel - Spectrum Centre - Autism Spectrum Solutions , MPsych, HPCSA - Clin. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c9903222-d23f-4bb5-8355-128f4d7fa42d/2/320x400.jpeg)
Spectrum Centre - Autism Spectrum Solutions
Psychologist, MPsych, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Centurion 0023
Do I have Autism? How do I know I am Autistic? What does Autism Spectrum Disorder look like? How do I find help, if I am Autistic? Our Autism Specialist Team are ready to answer your questions. Don’t delay, an Autism diagnosis can offer major benefits and relief.
Do I have Autism? How do I know I am Autistic? What does Autism Spectrum Disorder look like? How do I find help, if I am Autistic? Our Autism Specialist Team are ready to answer your questions. Don’t delay, an Autism diagnosis can offer major benefits and relief.
Welcome to Siweya Wellness, where we recognise that mental health is a cornerstone of overall well-being, influencing every aspect of our lives from our relationships to our finances. Our mission is to provide compassionate, evidence-based psychological services that empower individuals to lead fulfilling, balanced lives. Our team of qualified and empathetic therapists specialises in a wide range of therapeutic approaches, including cognitive-behavioural therapy, trauma-informed care, and solution-focused therapy.
Welcome to Siweya Wellness, where we recognise that mental health is a cornerstone of overall well-being, influencing every aspect of our lives from our relationships to our finances. Our mission is to provide compassionate, evidence-based psychological services that empower individuals to lead fulfilling, balanced lives. Our team of qualified and empathetic therapists specialises in a wide range of therapeutic approaches, including cognitive-behavioural therapy, trauma-informed care, and solution-focused therapy.
![Photo of Shadi Chasakara - Numind, ASCHP Wellness Counsellor, General Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/42861493-2cc4-4787-9492-a1a393046f2a/2/320x400.jpeg)
I want to help others turn their wounds into wisdom by meeting people where they are, and walking alongside them to where they want to be. I was drawn to the helping profession through my love for relationships, and a deep desire to understand emotional, as well as mental processes by helping one navigate their life’s journey. I have a passion for mindfulness and helping individuals achieve personal growth.
I want to help others turn their wounds into wisdom by meeting people where they are, and walking alongside them to where they want to be. I was drawn to the helping profession through my love for relationships, and a deep desire to understand emotional, as well as mental processes by helping one navigate their life’s journey. I have a passion for mindfulness and helping individuals achieve personal growth.
![Photo of Phile Moller, MSocSci, HPCSA - Couns. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4c56cf01-21af-4d4f-b895-f7a3bd329b0f/3/320x400.jpeg)
I am a registered and experienced Counselling Psychologist in Pretoria East at the Satori Health Centre. I am in the fortunate position to be able to listen to people's stories and I am always profoundly humbled by it. Therapy is a way of storytelling, of unraveling, and becoming whole and I can assist you on this journey to navigate life. I see adults and adolescents for individual therapy and also provide couples therapy.
I am a registered and experienced Counselling Psychologist in Pretoria East at the Satori Health Centre. I am in the fortunate position to be able to listen to people's stories and I am always profoundly humbled by it. Therapy is a way of storytelling, of unraveling, and becoming whole and I can assist you on this journey to navigate life. I see adults and adolescents for individual therapy and also provide couples therapy.
![Photo of Chandré Trytsman - Kokoro Counselling and Play Intervention, ASCHP Wellness Counsellor, General Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/88dba9e8-c236-4eb8-9ed2-2a9a3d5c91c8/1/320x400.png)
Kokoro Counselling and Play Intervention
General Counsellor, ASCHP Wellness Counsellor
Verified Verified
Centurion 0023
I am Chandré, a dedicated and compassionate Registered Counsellor specializing in children support via play intervention, teenagers and families. With a profound background in education and a personal journey that led me to discover my true passion for counseling, I am committed to helping families and young individuals overcome challenges and enhance their overall well-being. In my practice, I take a wellness and holistic approach to counseling. I believe that true healing comes from addressing all aspects of an individual's life—emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual.
I am Chandré, a dedicated and compassionate Registered Counsellor specializing in children support via play intervention, teenagers and families. With a profound background in education and a personal journey that led me to discover my true passion for counseling, I am committed to helping families and young individuals overcome challenges and enhance their overall well-being. In my practice, I take a wellness and holistic approach to counseling. I believe that true healing comes from addressing all aspects of an individual's life—emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual.
![Photo of Chael Nel - Spectrum Centre - Autism Spectrum Solutions, MPsych, HPCSA - Clin. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/dbf3f0ac-0c3b-4cf0-a3db-cffad030dd41/2/320x400.jpeg)
Spectrum Centre - Autism Spectrum Solutions
Psychologist, MPsych, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Centurion 0023
As the presentation of Autism is unique to every individual, I offer an individualized treatment program for Children and Adults living on the Autism Spectrum. The first step in the individualized treatment plan is to conduct a diagnostic assessment in order to obtain an accurate understanding of the true nature and presentation of the diagnosis.
As the presentation of Autism is unique to every individual, I offer an individualized treatment program for Children and Adults living on the Autism Spectrum. The first step in the individualized treatment plan is to conduct a diagnostic assessment in order to obtain an accurate understanding of the true nature and presentation of the diagnosis.
How does your Counsellor compare?
Number of Counsellors in Laudium
< 10
Counsellors in Laudium who prioritize treating:
100% | School Issues |
100% | Life Transitions |
67% | Relationship Issues |
67% | Depression |
67% | Anxiety |
67% | Child |
67% | Life Coaching |
Average years in practice
14 Years
Gender breakdown
100% | Female |
How Counsellors in Laudium see their clients
66% | Online Only | |
34% | In Person and Online |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling
How can I find a therapist in Laudium?
Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
Psychologists listed in the directory are registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). The majority of General Counsellors featured in the directory align themselves with reputable professional bodies, particularly the Association for Supportive Counsellors and Holistic Practitioners. All Registered Counsellors listed must be registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered with the South African Council for Social Service Professionals.
Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for general counsellors in South Africa, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for general counsellors in South Africa, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?
Psychologists, counsellors and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in South Africa.
Psychologists have five years training in psychology, have completed an internship over 12 months, and have completed the National Examination of the Professional Board for Psychology. They must be registered with Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Registered Counsellors must have at least four years of study at a university or college, such as the Bachelor of Psychology and have completed the National Examination of the Professional Board for Psychology. General counsellors, such as Supportive Counsellors, Holistic Counsellors, and Wellness Counsellors, registered with the ASCHP must possess at least an NQF Level 4 qualification. Social Workers must possess a Bachelor of Social Work and must have completed an approved internship in the social service sector.
Psychologists have five years training in psychology, have completed an internship over 12 months, and have completed the National Examination of the Professional Board for Psychology. They must be registered with Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Registered Counsellors must have at least four years of study at a university or college, such as the Bachelor of Psychology and have completed the National Examination of the Professional Board for Psychology. General counsellors, such as Supportive Counsellors, Holistic Counsellors, and Wellness Counsellors, registered with the ASCHP must possess at least an NQF Level 4 qualification. Social Workers must possess a Bachelor of Social Work and must have completed an approved internship in the social service sector.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in South Africa could be between R600 and R1,500. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Therapists who are registered with the HPCSA and professional organisations such as PsySSA or the ASCHP are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client, or as required by law, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.