Therapists in Big Horn County, WY

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Photo of Martin Pat Tanner, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Martin Pat Tanner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Basin, WY 82410  (Online Only)
For the last 23 years I have been a Biblical Counselor and trainer in a local church in the Antelope Valley of Southern California. My cliental was largely Christian in their outlook and practice but I also valued and enjoyed my time spent with many people without a specific faith tradition. Spirituality is an important aspect of our identity, and I am qualified by education and experience to integrate Biblical values into the counseling relationship, but my practice has never been exclusively Christian. Depression, anxiety, grief, marital issues and life transitions effect all of us.
For the last 23 years I have been a Biblical Counselor and trainer in a local church in the Antelope Valley of Southern California. My cliental was largely Christian in their outlook and practice but I also valued and enjoyed my time spent with many people without a specific faith tradition. Spirituality is an important aspect of our identity, and I am qualified by education and experience to integrate Biblical values into the counseling relationship, but my practice has never been exclusively Christian. Depression, anxiety, grief, marital issues and life transitions effect all of us.
(307) 460-6697 View (307) 460-6697
Photo of Julie Catherine Vanderploeg - Beacon Professional Counseling, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Beacon Professional Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Greybull, WY 82426
You are welcome here! It takes a lot of courage to reach out and ask for help; that is the most important first step. As your counselor, I will walk with you on this journey towards healing and wholeness. We will discuss the issues, work on strategies to improve daily functioning and you will learn more effective coping skills to manage difficult emotions and resolve conflicts.
You are welcome here! It takes a lot of courage to reach out and ask for help; that is the most important first step. As your counselor, I will walk with you on this journey towards healing and wholeness. We will discuss the issues, work on strategies to improve daily functioning and you will learn more effective coping skills to manage difficult emotions and resolve conflicts.
(307) 439-1740 View (307) 439-1740
Photo of Hali Neves, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Hali Neves
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Greybull, WY 82426
Waitlist for new clients
At times we might find ourselves struggling with these specific concerns: anxiety, depression, life transition, work stress, self-esteem, self-worth, or relationship distress. At these times we need guidance and support to help us achieve our goals. I collaborate with clients throughout their treatment process. I provide a non-judgmental therapeutic space to explore ideas, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions while teaching practical coping skills. I work with college students and professional adults (18+). From the start of us working together I meet you where you're at and we work towards your goal with the purpose of 'graduating'.
At times we might find ourselves struggling with these specific concerns: anxiety, depression, life transition, work stress, self-esteem, self-worth, or relationship distress. At these times we need guidance and support to help us achieve our goals. I collaborate with clients throughout their treatment process. I provide a non-judgmental therapeutic space to explore ideas, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions while teaching practical coping skills. I work with college students and professional adults (18+). From the start of us working together I meet you where you're at and we work towards your goal with the purpose of 'graduating'.
(970) 289-4755 View (970) 289-4755
Photo of Jamaica Santos Moulton, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jamaica Santos Moulton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Lovell, WY 82431
Hello! I believe counseling is a collaborative process between client and therapist. Supporting clients while they explore their issues and utilize their strengths is my first priority. I work with adults and adolescents struggling with anxiety, depression, relationships, substance misuse, adjustment to difficult life circumstances, and trauma.
Hello! I believe counseling is a collaborative process between client and therapist. Supporting clients while they explore their issues and utilize their strengths is my first priority. I work with adults and adolescents struggling with anxiety, depression, relationships, substance misuse, adjustment to difficult life circumstances, and trauma.
(307) 207-5291 View (307) 207-5291
Photo of Kathleen Dryovage Smith - Kathy Smith, MA, MSW, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kathy Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MSW
Verified Verified
Basin, WY 82410
You Wake up in the middle of the night worrying about tomorrow. Your brain will not shut down and you replay everything in your head over and over again. You feel like your thoughts are controlling you. Do you feel you want to feel more in control? Do you want to feel more connected. My practice specializes in treating anxiety issues. I am confident that no problem is too great to overcome you can feel better and I can help. I am trained in mindfulness through Neurofeedback. I am also trained and EMDR and Brainspotting. Let me help you develop a plan to sort through your pain and stress.
You Wake up in the middle of the night worrying about tomorrow. Your brain will not shut down and you replay everything in your head over and over again. You feel like your thoughts are controlling you. Do you feel you want to feel more in control? Do you want to feel more connected. My practice specializes in treating anxiety issues. I am confident that no problem is too great to overcome you can feel better and I can help. I am trained in mindfulness through Neurofeedback. I am also trained and EMDR and Brainspotting. Let me help you develop a plan to sort through your pain and stress.
(307) 201-6976 View (307) 201-6976
Photo of Neisha M. Potter - Fern Ridge Counseling, LLC & Wellness Center, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Fern Ridge Counseling, LLC & Wellness Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Greybull, WY 82426
At Fern Ridge Counseling, LLC & Wellness Center we are dedicated to providing support as you navigate through life's difficult terrain. We are here to provide integrative support and acceptance in your journey to heal from personal struggles and emotional distress. Our counselors provide individual, marriage, and family therapy, and telepsychology, allowing us to serve you remotely. We offer true Wyoming wellness from Halotherapy, chromotherapy, red light therapy, infrared therapy, and neurofeedback. Don't do this alone, call today to schedule an appointment and allow our professionals to find solutions that are right for you.
At Fern Ridge Counseling, LLC & Wellness Center we are dedicated to providing support as you navigate through life's difficult terrain. We are here to provide integrative support and acceptance in your journey to heal from personal struggles and emotional distress. Our counselors provide individual, marriage, and family therapy, and telepsychology, allowing us to serve you remotely. We offer true Wyoming wellness from Halotherapy, chromotherapy, red light therapy, infrared therapy, and neurofeedback. Don't do this alone, call today to schedule an appointment and allow our professionals to find solutions that are right for you.
(307) 209-9262 View (307) 209-9262
Photo of Jeanna M Butterfield - Healthy Frontier Counseling, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Healthy Frontier Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Basin, WY 82410
Jeanna Butterfield has worked with children, adolescents and adults in a variety of treatment settings including schools, outpatient and inpatient mental health facilities, and substance abuse treatment facilities. She is a firm believer in the effectiveness of psychotherapy to help individuals improve their self confidence and self esteem, develop more fulfilling relationships, and to chart a positive direction for the future. Through the therapy process, she finds clients relief from symptoms by helping clients get to the root of the problems that often cause unhealthy behavior patterns.
Jeanna Butterfield has worked with children, adolescents and adults in a variety of treatment settings including schools, outpatient and inpatient mental health facilities, and substance abuse treatment facilities. She is a firm believer in the effectiveness of psychotherapy to help individuals improve their self confidence and self esteem, develop more fulfilling relationships, and to chart a positive direction for the future. Through the therapy process, she finds clients relief from symptoms by helping clients get to the root of the problems that often cause unhealthy behavior patterns.
(307) 288-5362 View (307) 288-5362
Photo of Carol Bell, MA, PLPC, Counselor
Carol Bell
Counselor, MA, PLPC
Verified Verified
Greybull, WY 82426
Sometimes when we are faced with difficult challenges or changes, we get stuck. I believe we get unstuck by connecting with our authentic selves. As your counselor, I’ll hold the lantern while you find the path home to yourself. I bring life experience and curiosity to my practice, and I like to partner with clients as they seek meaning, purpose, and a way around the obstacles that sometimes block their paths. I’m also interested in memory and story and collaborating with clients to create stories that help them move forward with hope.
Sometimes when we are faced with difficult challenges or changes, we get stuck. I believe we get unstuck by connecting with our authentic selves. As your counselor, I’ll hold the lantern while you find the path home to yourself. I bring life experience and curiosity to my practice, and I like to partner with clients as they seek meaning, purpose, and a way around the obstacles that sometimes block their paths. I’m also interested in memory and story and collaborating with clients to create stories that help them move forward with hope.
(307) 275-7819 View (307) 275-7819
Photo of Amanda Roth, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amanda Roth
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Greybull, WY 82426
Not accepting new clients
I provide an environment to a client that is respectful, open, safe, nonjudgmental, and genuine. The therapeutic relationship is extremely important and will be nurtured along the way. I believe that the client is the expert on themselves; they know their story best.
I provide an environment to a client that is respectful, open, safe, nonjudgmental, and genuine. The therapeutic relationship is extremely important and will be nurtured along the way. I believe that the client is the expert on themselves; they know their story best.
(307) 296-7471 View (307) 296-7471

Online Therapists

Photo of Julie Nicks-Irvine - Hidden Bridges, LLC, MSCMHC, LPC, NCC, C-TSS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Hidden Bridges, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCMHC, LPC, NCC, C-TSS
Verified Verified
Sheridan, WY 82801
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome to my practice. I practice from a multicultural integrative approach in cognitive-behavioral therapy with a solution-focus to empower my clients to reach their goals from a wellness modality of mental, spiritual, and physical health. I am a trauma certified therapist who works to incorporate a variety of modalities to meet my clients where they are. I have experience in working with children and adults alike who struggle with anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. I specialize in children and adolescents and am skilled in play therapy.
Welcome to my practice. I practice from a multicultural integrative approach in cognitive-behavioral therapy with a solution-focus to empower my clients to reach their goals from a wellness modality of mental, spiritual, and physical health. I am a trauma certified therapist who works to incorporate a variety of modalities to meet my clients where they are. I have experience in working with children and adults alike who struggle with anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. I specialize in children and adolescents and am skilled in play therapy.
(307) 269-5903 View (307) 269-5903
Photo of Karisa Aurand, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Karisa Aurand
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Sheridan, WY 82801
My name is Karisa and I am so glad you're here! I am a licensed therapist with the State of Wyoming. I received my masters degree in 2021 and since then I've had the privilege of working with kids, teens, and adults. I specialize in trauma, grief and loss, anxiety, and substance abuse and I am also EMDR trained.
My name is Karisa and I am so glad you're here! I am a licensed therapist with the State of Wyoming. I received my masters degree in 2021 and since then I've had the privilege of working with kids, teens, and adults. I specialize in trauma, grief and loss, anxiety, and substance abuse and I am also EMDR trained.
(307) 240-8106 View (307) 240-8106
Photo of Chae Bybee - Kintsugi Counseling, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kintsugi Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Sheridan, WY 82801
Welcome! My wife and I founded Kintsugi Counseling in 2021. The term kintsugi represents Japan's ancient art of repairing broken pottery by mending the areas of breakage with urushi lacquer dusted or mixed with powdered gold, silver, or platinum. For the Japanese, it's part of a broader philosophy of embracing the beauty of human flaws. Kintsugi Consulting and Counseling practice embraces the same philosophy in that life experiences, while some may be difficult, can lead to growth and change. Enjoy less anxiety, depression, or PTSD symptoms, and increased skills and confidence to live your life more fully.
Welcome! My wife and I founded Kintsugi Counseling in 2021. The term kintsugi represents Japan's ancient art of repairing broken pottery by mending the areas of breakage with urushi lacquer dusted or mixed with powdered gold, silver, or platinum. For the Japanese, it's part of a broader philosophy of embracing the beauty of human flaws. Kintsugi Consulting and Counseling practice embraces the same philosophy in that life experiences, while some may be difficult, can lead to growth and change. Enjoy less anxiety, depression, or PTSD symptoms, and increased skills and confidence to live your life more fully.
(307) 752-7349 View (307) 752-7349
Dusty McBride-Thom
LPC Intern, PPC
Verified Verified
Buffalo, WY 82834
Welcome. I am a provisionally licensed mental health counselor who believes in making connections and creating positive change. With a bachelor's degree in psychology and a master's degree in mental health counseling, I have over 15 years of experience working alongside individuals from all walks of life. My practice is all about creating a welcoming space where you can feel at ease to explore, reflect, and grow. I utilize a holistic approach to help my clients uncover their inner strength and resilience, guiding them toward achieving their goals.
Welcome. I am a provisionally licensed mental health counselor who believes in making connections and creating positive change. With a bachelor's degree in psychology and a master's degree in mental health counseling, I have over 15 years of experience working alongside individuals from all walks of life. My practice is all about creating a welcoming space where you can feel at ease to explore, reflect, and grow. I utilize a holistic approach to help my clients uncover their inner strength and resilience, guiding them toward achieving their goals.
(307) 323-4844 View (307) 323-4844
Photo of Kristi Zola, MS, LPC
Kristi Zola
MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Cody, WY 82414  (Online Only)
Do you have past trauma that you still carry around despite your best efforts to cope? This trauma could be a single event, years of smaller incidents, a negative self- statement that's been with you forever, or a loss of some kind. Sometimes talk therapy doesn't actually solve the core issue and you continue to have overwhelming feelings when it comes up for you. I use a combination of EMDR and Brainspotting to work on these core issues. This can be done as a stand-alone therapy or as an adjunct to talk therapy. Let's change your life!
Do you have past trauma that you still carry around despite your best efforts to cope? This trauma could be a single event, years of smaller incidents, a negative self- statement that's been with you forever, or a loss of some kind. Sometimes talk therapy doesn't actually solve the core issue and you continue to have overwhelming feelings when it comes up for you. I use a combination of EMDR and Brainspotting to work on these core issues. This can be done as a stand-alone therapy or as an adjunct to talk therapy. Let's change your life!
(307) 364-3437 View (307) 364-3437
Photo of Jana Patricia Halter - Healing Solutions, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Healing Solutions
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Powell, WY 82435
Waitlist for new clients
I am an LPC with 17 years of experience, EMDR trained to work with clients of all ages. I am also a Christian Counselor if that is what my clients are needing. I love children, adolescents and the challenges they bring to family dynamics. I tailor my style to the needs of my clients, because no two clients are alike. I'm solution, attachment & trauma focused. My heart is in what I do and invested in my clients success in therapy. My passion for what I do and helping others, is what makes me an effective therapist.
I am an LPC with 17 years of experience, EMDR trained to work with clients of all ages. I am also a Christian Counselor if that is what my clients are needing. I love children, adolescents and the challenges they bring to family dynamics. I tailor my style to the needs of my clients, because no two clients are alike. I'm solution, attachment & trauma focused. My heart is in what I do and invested in my clients success in therapy. My passion for what I do and helping others, is what makes me an effective therapist.
(970) 443-0252 View (970) 443-0252
Photo of Billie Boehm, Pre-Licensed Professional
Billie Boehm
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Cody, WY 82414
I believe the power of healing comes from within ourselves, and each of us is on a unique path through this healing process. I am honored to be able to work with clients on their journey. I believe my role as a therapist is to provide a secure and authentic relationship with my client’s so they can gain support and explore their struggles safely. We can change the patterns that no longer serve us by examining ourselves, our past, and our goals. The choice to come to therapy is not an easy one. It takes courage to show up in this space.
I believe the power of healing comes from within ourselves, and each of us is on a unique path through this healing process. I am honored to be able to work with clients on their journey. I believe my role as a therapist is to provide a secure and authentic relationship with my client’s so they can gain support and explore their struggles safely. We can change the patterns that no longer serve us by examining ourselves, our past, and our goals. The choice to come to therapy is not an easy one. It takes courage to show up in this space.
(307) 313-1270 View (307) 313-1270
Photo of Wesley B Hartman, PhD, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Wesley B Hartman
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Buffalo, WY 82834
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor providing Individual, Couples, and Family Counseling in the Buffalo Wyoming area. I'm a private practitioner working with diverse populations and age groups experiencing difficulties with depression, anxiety, behavioral issues, addiction, child and adolescent conduct disorders, grief, trauma, PTSD, and abuse.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor providing Individual, Couples, and Family Counseling in the Buffalo Wyoming area. I'm a private practitioner working with diverse populations and age groups experiencing difficulties with depression, anxiety, behavioral issues, addiction, child and adolescent conduct disorders, grief, trauma, PTSD, and abuse.
(307) 271-5046 View (307) 271-5046
Photo of Candace Raine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Candace Raine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sheridan, WY 82801  (Online Only)
Candace is passionate about providing a patient-centric approach within a therapeutic relationship and has experience with Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Executive Functioning Training, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), Solution-Focused Therapy, and interpersonal and assertive communication training.
Candace is passionate about providing a patient-centric approach within a therapeutic relationship and has experience with Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Executive Functioning Training, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), Solution-Focused Therapy, and interpersonal and assertive communication training.
(307) 392-2131 View (307) 392-2131
Photo of Vicki Tellez - Animosque Therapy and Coaching, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Animosque Therapy and Coaching
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sheridan, WY 82801
Waitlist for new clients
Feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, stress, depression and other difficult emotions? Vicki Tellez is a Wyoming Licensed Clinical Social Worker. She attended the University of Wyoming obtaining her Bachelor's of Social Work and went on to received her Master's degree in Social Work from Walla Walla, Washington in 2000. She has experience working with all ages of people with a focus on supporting them with understanding their internal world to transform their lives into a life of peace and acceptance. She finds it a great honor to be allowed into her client's world.
Feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, stress, depression and other difficult emotions? Vicki Tellez is a Wyoming Licensed Clinical Social Worker. She attended the University of Wyoming obtaining her Bachelor's of Social Work and went on to received her Master's degree in Social Work from Walla Walla, Washington in 2000. She has experience working with all ages of people with a focus on supporting them with understanding their internal world to transform their lives into a life of peace and acceptance. She finds it a great honor to be allowed into her client's world.
(307) 207-5533 View (307) 207-5533
Photo of Anna Flitner, PhD, PSYPACT, Psychologist
Anna Flitner
Psychologist, PhD, PSYPACT
Verified Verified
Powell, WY 82435
Throughout life, many of us encounter challenging and painful experiences that take us away from the life we want to be living. You may have tried everything and still are unable to heal or make changes, leaving you feeling shattered or like life has lost its color. Healing occurs when we are able to put the pieces together to create a new, whole self, just like piecing together a stained-glass window. But this is difficult to do alone.
Throughout life, many of us encounter challenging and painful experiences that take us away from the life we want to be living. You may have tried everything and still are unable to heal or make changes, leaving you feeling shattered or like life has lost its color. Healing occurs when we are able to put the pieces together to create a new, whole self, just like piecing together a stained-glass window. But this is difficult to do alone.
(307) 448-1684 View (307) 448-1684

See more therapy options for Big Horn County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Big Horn County, WY

< 10

Therapists in Big Horn County, WY who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Anxiety
89% Depression
89% Stress
78% Grief
78% Trauma and PTSD
78% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% BlueCross and BlueShield
78% Medicaid
78% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Big Horn County, WY see their clients

89% In Person and Online
11% Online Only

Gender breakdown

88% Female
12% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Big Horn County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.