Therapists in Romney, WV
![Photo of Dr. Suzanne Yang, MD](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ad594707-f61c-4dc2-bb0c-3391f6009a05/2/320x400.jpeg)
Seeking to discover strengths to meet new challenges or define your sense of purpose? Are you having relationship issues at home, school, or work? Or maybe you are asking questions about your life story, its meaning, and your place in the world. Psychotherapy can be helpful in exploring and resolving these concerns. Every person has a story to tell. I offer insight-oriented psychotherapy, an approach that focuses on your perspective and unique story. A person’s feelings, thoughts, and choices may be influenced by factors from the past that are outside of one’s awareness and exert pressure on current experiences and events.
Seeking to discover strengths to meet new challenges or define your sense of purpose? Are you having relationship issues at home, school, or work? Or maybe you are asking questions about your life story, its meaning, and your place in the world. Psychotherapy can be helpful in exploring and resolving these concerns. Every person has a story to tell. I offer insight-oriented psychotherapy, an approach that focuses on your perspective and unique story. A person’s feelings, thoughts, and choices may be influenced by factors from the past that are outside of one’s awareness and exert pressure on current experiences and events.
More Therapists Nearby
![Photo of Anita Parsons-Bakhtiar, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8c245cbf-95ad-4706-b639-696891791aec/2/320x400.jpeg)
You can take the first step today towards the happier life you have been hoping for. Help is only a phone call away. I consider it an honor and priviledge when my clients form a connection with me and entrust me with their hopes , dreams and deepest disires for a fulfilling and happy life. I create a safe and empathetic environment for you to explore the past and present as we work together to find hope and healing for your future. You do not have to do this alone. And it’s never too late to start.
You can take the first step today towards the happier life you have been hoping for. Help is only a phone call away. I consider it an honor and priviledge when my clients form a connection with me and entrust me with their hopes , dreams and deepest disires for a fulfilling and happy life. I create a safe and empathetic environment for you to explore the past and present as we work together to find hope and healing for your future. You do not have to do this alone. And it’s never too late to start.
Online Therapists
![Photo of Anna G Hrafnsdottir, LICSW, CTT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/81283756-eb8c-4ee5-8657-94b1e6884328/1/320x400.jpeg)
Anna G Hrafnsdottir
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CTT
Verified Verified
Morgantown, WV 26508
Hi there! I'm Anna, a trauma therapist at Natural Resilience in Morgantown, WV. My passion is to assist my clients to heal from trauma and re-discover self-compassion. My therapeutic approach focuses on empowerment and collaboration. I strive to create a safe, healing, comfortable and accepting environment for my clients. I believe that you are the expert in your own life and my job as a therapist is to guide you through your healing journey utilizing evidence based methods and help you restore balance and positive outlook.
Hi there! I'm Anna, a trauma therapist at Natural Resilience in Morgantown, WV. My passion is to assist my clients to heal from trauma and re-discover self-compassion. My therapeutic approach focuses on empowerment and collaboration. I strive to create a safe, healing, comfortable and accepting environment for my clients. I believe that you are the expert in your own life and my job as a therapist is to guide you through your healing journey utilizing evidence based methods and help you restore balance and positive outlook.
![Photo of Jason David - Harmony Martinsburg, LPC](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/cdc8680d-cea2-4d09-b089-073507808890/2/320x400.png)
Harmony Martinsburg
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25401
Harmony is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving West Virginia and the local Martinsburg area. At our Martinsburg clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, child & adolescent therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
Harmony is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving West Virginia and the local Martinsburg area. At our Martinsburg clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, child & adolescent therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
![Photo of Julia Wingard, MA, NCC, PLCP, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/0105f727-7b79-45cd-a420-fb795c0042de/2/320x400.jpeg)
Julia Wingard
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC, PLCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Morgantown, WV 26508
Howdy! I’m Jules, a dedicated therapist committed to providing a safe, warm, and supportive space for you to explore your well-being. Together, we will promote awareness, nurture healing, and create positive changes in your life. Everyone is welcome here, regardless of body, culture, sexual identity, beliefs, or background. I specialize in working with college-aged individuals, young adults, and young professionals who are motivated, ready and open to the therapeutic process. Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, relationship issues, stress, depression, stage-of-life transitions, or interpersonal problems, I am here to help.
Howdy! I’m Jules, a dedicated therapist committed to providing a safe, warm, and supportive space for you to explore your well-being. Together, we will promote awareness, nurture healing, and create positive changes in your life. Everyone is welcome here, regardless of body, culture, sexual identity, beliefs, or background. I specialize in working with college-aged individuals, young adults, and young professionals who are motivated, ready and open to the therapeutic process. Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, relationship issues, stress, depression, stage-of-life transitions, or interpersonal problems, I am here to help.
![Photo of Renee Marsh, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/48e46eef-6e61-4696-9331-c2aefa49d6fb/4/320x400.jpeg)
Inevitably, we all experience some type of life transition at one time or another. Whether they are unexpected or by choice, life transitions can feel scary and sometimes isolating. I do not work with couples; however, my primary focus is on strengthening and building relationships. I love helping my clients get to a place in their life where they feel more confident and free, whether they want to focus on self-work, current relationships, or dealing with grief and loss of a person or a relationship.
Inevitably, we all experience some type of life transition at one time or another. Whether they are unexpected or by choice, life transitions can feel scary and sometimes isolating. I do not work with couples; however, my primary focus is on strengthening and building relationships. I love helping my clients get to a place in their life where they feel more confident and free, whether they want to focus on self-work, current relationships, or dealing with grief and loss of a person or a relationship.
![Photo of Keegan Campbell, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4294585f-e409-4f99-9d4d-7c0bb1a29104/2/320x400.jpeg)
Keegan Campbell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Morgantown, WV 26505
The process of asking for help can be truly frightening. Sometimes it’s difficult asking a simple request, like a ride to work, or asking someone to listen to you when you’re stressed. Therapy can be a step in improving that relationship with yourself, and to help you know your feelings and experiences are valid. A lot of life is adapting to our environments, often to keep ourselves safe, but sometimes those learned behaviors have long-term effects on our ability to understand our needs and others.
The process of asking for help can be truly frightening. Sometimes it’s difficult asking a simple request, like a ride to work, or asking someone to listen to you when you’re stressed. Therapy can be a step in improving that relationship with yourself, and to help you know your feelings and experiences are valid. A lot of life is adapting to our environments, often to keep ourselves safe, but sometimes those learned behaviors have long-term effects on our ability to understand our needs and others.
![Photo of Robyn M. Harrison-Taft, MA, LPC, NCC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3ee11f14-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/1/320x400.jpeg)
I want to see my client's whole life picture and work to provide a treatment plan that fits their goals. My practice includes a range of client types, each being unique. I believe that everyone has the power to change and I meet my clients where they are. I strive to provide a safe, nonjudgmental and supportive environment to facilitate that change.
I want to see my client's whole life picture and work to provide a treatment plan that fits their goals. My practice includes a range of client types, each being unique. I believe that everyone has the power to change and I meet my clients where they are. I strive to provide a safe, nonjudgmental and supportive environment to facilitate that change.
![Photo of Stacey Crandall, MS, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/48fb9dfe-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Stacey Crandall
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Morgantown, WV 26508
Waitlist for new clients
I provide a safe and compassionate atmosphere to support awareness and acceptance so that change can then happen. I focus on my client’s strengths to assist them in living a life worth living, and achieving the life they want. Our work together can target ineffective thinking and behavior patterns, painful emotions, and conflicted relationships. We can work on developing healthier coping strategies and ways of looking at ourselves and the world around us. I am also trained in EMDR, which is an evidence-based trauma treatment option.
I provide a safe and compassionate atmosphere to support awareness and acceptance so that change can then happen. I focus on my client’s strengths to assist them in living a life worth living, and achieving the life they want. Our work together can target ineffective thinking and behavior patterns, painful emotions, and conflicted relationships. We can work on developing healthier coping strategies and ways of looking at ourselves and the world around us. I am also trained in EMDR, which is an evidence-based trauma treatment option.
![Photo of Mikee Lee Krieg - Women In Balance, Counseling Services, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3cf4c181-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Women In Balance, Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Morgantown, WV 26508
Recognized as 2022 Best of Morgantown Mental Health Practice, we go above and beyond in providing effective counseling to women & couples in obtaining overall balance & fulfillment in their life. We specialize in working with women at various stages in life who may be struggling to balance everyday demands such as being a working professional, motherhood, relationships, life transitions, loss, academic stress, infertility, or simply needing support. Our non-judgmental & empathetic clinicians provide a safe space to comfortably explore life challenges while learning skills that promote confidence to the mind, body & soul!
Recognized as 2022 Best of Morgantown Mental Health Practice, we go above and beyond in providing effective counseling to women & couples in obtaining overall balance & fulfillment in their life. We specialize in working with women at various stages in life who may be struggling to balance everyday demands such as being a working professional, motherhood, relationships, life transitions, loss, academic stress, infertility, or simply needing support. Our non-judgmental & empathetic clinicians provide a safe space to comfortably explore life challenges while learning skills that promote confidence to the mind, body & soul!
![Photo of K Melissa Smallwood, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/71bc0554-58d6-46a7-bfd7-c8b81e388e05/1/320x400.jpeg)
K Melissa Smallwood
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25404 (Online Only)
Sometimes issues affecting one family member end up impacting the whole family. Is your child struggling in school? Is your family going through a transition such as a divorce, a move or other such disruption? Are you struggling to communicate with your spouse? Do you have a foster/adopted child who has been affected by trauma? All of these (and more) are reasons to seek counseling. I love working with clients to identify strategies to help you create a happy and healthy environment for your family.
Sometimes issues affecting one family member end up impacting the whole family. Is your child struggling in school? Is your family going through a transition such as a divorce, a move or other such disruption? Are you struggling to communicate with your spouse? Do you have a foster/adopted child who has been affected by trauma? All of these (and more) are reasons to seek counseling. I love working with clients to identify strategies to help you create a happy and healthy environment for your family.
![Photo of Kayla Grogg Meador, LICSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8903cd7a-4869-4a30-8832-5b62a29e1f07/2/320x400.jpeg)
Kayla Grogg Meador
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Morgantown, WV 26505
Waitlist for new clients
Seeking help takes courage. Therapy can provide a space to learn more about yourself and find new ways to navigate life’s challenges. I work with individuals who experience military-related concerns; boundary setting, imposter syndrome, family of origin issues, family-related trauma, or attachment ruptures, anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am also prior service military and have some insight regarding this culture.
Seeking help takes courage. Therapy can provide a space to learn more about yourself and find new ways to navigate life’s challenges. I work with individuals who experience military-related concerns; boundary setting, imposter syndrome, family of origin issues, family-related trauma, or attachment ruptures, anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am also prior service military and have some insight regarding this culture.
![Photo of Travis L Watson - Restore Addiction Recovery and Wellness, LPC, MAC, SAP](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/edce6aed-29d1-4c35-aea5-db9bf977581a/1/320x400.png)
Restore Addiction Recovery and Wellness
LPC, MAC, SAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Morgantown, WV 26505
We serve those who are suffering from Substance Use Disorder who are looking for quality treatment in the form of Therapy and/or Medicine.
We serve those who are suffering from Substance Use Disorder who are looking for quality treatment in the form of Therapy and/or Medicine.
![Photo of Kyle Yoder, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/10ea0f25-3714-419d-83b9-bf37e7d2aa04/1/320x400.png)
Kyle Yoder
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25401 (Online Only)
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
![Photo of Donna Murray, LPCC-S, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/319be3ac-6f1c-432b-bc86-d181bb25dc7f/2/320x400.jpeg)
Hello! My name is Donna Murray and I look forward to connecting with you. I’ve had the joy of working in the counseling field for over 25 years in multiple settings including: private practice, inpatient and outpatient, home-based, school-based and residential detox. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in the states of Ohio, West Virginia and North Carolina and have been offering counseling services since 1996. Currently, I also serve on the West Virginia Certification Board for Addiction & Prevention Professionals.
Hello! My name is Donna Murray and I look forward to connecting with you. I’ve had the joy of working in the counseling field for over 25 years in multiple settings including: private practice, inpatient and outpatient, home-based, school-based and residential detox. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in the states of Ohio, West Virginia and North Carolina and have been offering counseling services since 1996. Currently, I also serve on the West Virginia Certification Board for Addiction & Prevention Professionals.
![Photo of Nick G Vindivich III, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6b5aeb3d-e498-4843-8e76-fd8dae2047d7/2/320x400.jpeg)
Nick G Vindivich III
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Martinsburg, WV 25401
I believe your mental health is the most important thing you can take care of when it comes to your well-being. I understand it can be intimidating on how and where to start. The mind is complex, my mission is to help you better understand yourself and to see your life in a more meaningful way. I work with clients who are struggling with depression, anxiety, and trauma. As well as those battling substance use disorders. As a foster and adoptive parent, I enjoy working with those who have been adopted or have navigated the foster care system. I have primarily worked with teens, young adults, adults, and couples.
I believe your mental health is the most important thing you can take care of when it comes to your well-being. I understand it can be intimidating on how and where to start. The mind is complex, my mission is to help you better understand yourself and to see your life in a more meaningful way. I work with clients who are struggling with depression, anxiety, and trauma. As well as those battling substance use disorders. As a foster and adoptive parent, I enjoy working with those who have been adopted or have navigated the foster care system. I have primarily worked with teens, young adults, adults, and couples.
![Photo of Melissa Swartz - Melissa Swartz, LPC, ALPS, AADC, LPC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/54dc9669-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Melissa Swartz, LPC
Counselor, ALPS, AADC, LPC
Verified Verified
Charles Town, WV 25414
Waitlist for new clients
Are you struggling at work, in your relationships, not able to maintain the healthy habits you're trying to develop? Take heart, it's not you; it's your wiring. And YOU can change it with Emotional Brain Training (EBT).
Research has shown people using this method tend to experience lasting improvements in depression, relationships, blood pressure, weight, and addictions.
Are you struggling at work, in your relationships, not able to maintain the healthy habits you're trying to develop? Take heart, it's not you; it's your wiring. And YOU can change it with Emotional Brain Training (EBT).
Research has shown people using this method tend to experience lasting improvements in depression, relationships, blood pressure, weight, and addictions.
![Photo of Rhonda Henning, LPC, NCC, ALPS, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/87fd4809-9f9f-4d24-b02c-2972c8237924/1/320x400.jpeg)
Rhonda Henning
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, ALPS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Morgantown, WV 26501
I enjoy working with people involved in the justice system, service members, veterans and families, women and men in recovery from addictive behaviors and adolescents. I offer a safe environment where you will feel comfortable and can openly share without fear of judgment.
I enjoy working with people involved in the justice system, service members, veterans and families, women and men in recovery from addictive behaviors and adolescents. I offer a safe environment where you will feel comfortable and can openly share without fear of judgment.
My goal in counseling each individual is to help them feel and get better. I have been working with children and adolescents in this field for over 20 years in areas such as ADHD, Autism, anxiety, and behavior issues as well as struggles in the family unit. In addition to this, I work with adults struggling with anxiety, depression, and life stressors who want to improve their moods and make positive life changes for themselves.
My goal in counseling each individual is to help them feel and get better. I have been working with children and adolescents in this field for over 20 years in areas such as ADHD, Autism, anxiety, and behavior issues as well as struggles in the family unit. In addition to this, I work with adults struggling with anxiety, depression, and life stressors who want to improve their moods and make positive life changes for themselves.
![Photo of Morris Cohen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3c6d3469-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Morris Cohen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Morgantown, WV 26505 (Online Only)
My philosophy is simple: The mind and body is designed to heal itself, and it needs only the proper awareness and fine-tuning in order to achieve this. I use a collaborative, eclectic approach that draws from many disciplines including, but not limited to psychodynamics, attachment theory, cognitive-behavioral therapy, EMDR and other experiential modalities.
My philosophy is simple: The mind and body is designed to heal itself, and it needs only the proper awareness and fine-tuning in order to achieve this. I use a collaborative, eclectic approach that draws from many disciplines including, but not limited to psychodynamics, attachment theory, cognitive-behavioral therapy, EMDR and other experiential modalities.
See more therapy options for Romney
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in Romney, WV
< 10
Therapists in Romney, WV who prioritize treating:
100% | Relationship Issues |
100% | Depression |
100% | Anxiety |
100% | Trauma and PTSD |
100% | Other |
100% | Sleep or Insomnia |
100% | Self Esteem |
Gender breakdown
100% | Female |
How Therapists in Romney, WV see their clients
100% | Online Only |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Romney?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.