Therapists in Iowa City, IA

Photo of Sam DeGroot, MA, t-LMHC, Counselor
Sam DeGroot
Counselor, MA, t-LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Iowa City, IA 52240
I believe that from a young age, we find ways to navigate and survive the world around us. However, sometimes the tools we’ve developed in the past no longer serve us in our current situation and can lead to distress. By gaining a better understanding of ourselves and embracing our strengths, we’re better equipped to develop adequate and effective skills to navigate both internal and external challenges that come our way! I have experience working in settings that have allowed me to meet and work with people with different challenges, backgrounds, and experiences!
I believe that from a young age, we find ways to navigate and survive the world around us. However, sometimes the tools we’ve developed in the past no longer serve us in our current situation and can lead to distress. By gaining a better understanding of ourselves and embracing our strengths, we’re better equipped to develop adequate and effective skills to navigate both internal and external challenges that come our way! I have experience working in settings that have allowed me to meet and work with people with different challenges, backgrounds, and experiences!
(319) 220-5725 View (319) 220-5725
Photo of Tara L Cruise, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tara L Cruise
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52245
Areas of expertise include: Women’s and Men’s issues, Couples/ Family/Individual therapy (LGBTQ inclusive in all categories of therapy). Trauma in many forms, Depression and anxiety, ADHD, Bipolar disorder, acute stress and Post traumatic Stress Disorder, and personality disorders. I work with Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy model, and Internal Family Systems model. Most clients have internal conflicts that are difficult to sort, and difficult to understand how to mediate. From experience I have found We can build a gentler, more tolerant way of residing with conflict and pain.
Areas of expertise include: Women’s and Men’s issues, Couples/ Family/Individual therapy (LGBTQ inclusive in all categories of therapy). Trauma in many forms, Depression and anxiety, ADHD, Bipolar disorder, acute stress and Post traumatic Stress Disorder, and personality disorders. I work with Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy model, and Internal Family Systems model. Most clients have internal conflicts that are difficult to sort, and difficult to understand how to mediate. From experience I have found We can build a gentler, more tolerant way of residing with conflict and pain.
(319) 774-7825 View (319) 774-7825
Photo of Dawn Worrell, MSW, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dawn Worrell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Iowa City, IA 52240
I feel honored to have helped guide and support individuals and families for over 20 years. I strive to help identify problems, resolve conflicts and promote optimal functioning in your everyday life. I specialize in empowering oneself to work through the distress of Divorce, Anxiety, Depression, ADHD, Attachment, and Trauma that have negatively impacted yourself and your relationships with others. Within the context of a safe and supportive environment, I develop trusting relationships with clients that enhance and encourage growth and change. I believe anyone can make changes in their life and I can provide optimism and hope when you feel there is none.
I feel honored to have helped guide and support individuals and families for over 20 years. I strive to help identify problems, resolve conflicts and promote optimal functioning in your everyday life. I specialize in empowering oneself to work through the distress of Divorce, Anxiety, Depression, ADHD, Attachment, and Trauma that have negatively impacted yourself and your relationships with others. Within the context of a safe and supportive environment, I develop trusting relationships with clients that enhance and encourage growth and change. I believe anyone can make changes in their life and I can provide optimism and hope when you feel there is none.
(319) 250-4482 View (319) 250-4482
Photo of Falon E. Hooks, MA, t-LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Falon E. Hooks
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, t-LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Iowa City, IA 52245
Waitlist for new clients
Working with couples is my passion because I think a secure-functioning relationship can change an entire family, which impacts the communities we live in and even our world. I realize how corny that sounds but then I also would ask… how did your parents function growing up? How did that relationship impact your life and your work? How is your current relationship making your life easier and more meaningful? We all get stuck in relationships, we get tired, overwhelmed and disconnected from ourselves and our partners. It is my goal to help you find your way back to each other.
Working with couples is my passion because I think a secure-functioning relationship can change an entire family, which impacts the communities we live in and even our world. I realize how corny that sounds but then I also would ask… how did your parents function growing up? How did that relationship impact your life and your work? How is your current relationship making your life easier and more meaningful? We all get stuck in relationships, we get tired, overwhelmed and disconnected from ourselves and our partners. It is my goal to help you find your way back to each other.
(319) 237-7839 View (319) 237-7839
Photo of Emma Schutte, LMHC, Counselor
Emma Schutte
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Iowa City, IA 52246  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Trauma happens when stressful experiences deplete our physical, mental, or emotional resources. Unresolved traumas can persist as anxiety, depression, substance abuse, physical pain or illness, and other distressing symptoms that wreak havoc on our daily lives. I do not believe that we "get over" our traumas, but rather that we find a way through them. As your therapist, I will walk beside you as you navigate your trauma journey and regain ownership over your personal story.
Trauma happens when stressful experiences deplete our physical, mental, or emotional resources. Unresolved traumas can persist as anxiety, depression, substance abuse, physical pain or illness, and other distressing symptoms that wreak havoc on our daily lives. I do not believe that we "get over" our traumas, but rather that we find a way through them. As your therapist, I will walk beside you as you navigate your trauma journey and regain ownership over your personal story.
(319) 519-4506 View (319) 519-4506
Photo of Emily Wofford Hurlin, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emily Wofford Hurlin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52245
I work exclusively with couples to create a secure functioning relationship where collaboration, cooperation and communication are enhanced. I believe all decisions in the relationship must serve both the individual and the couple for mutual harmony. Too often life is challenging, my hope for all couples is they can begin to see one another as trusted allies, the one who provides shelter from the storm, and the place where they find safety and security. I work with couples seeking premarital support, communication issues, intimacy, sex, parenting, infertility, betrayal, remarriage, step-parenting, finance, or breaking up.
I work exclusively with couples to create a secure functioning relationship where collaboration, cooperation and communication are enhanced. I believe all decisions in the relationship must serve both the individual and the couple for mutual harmony. Too often life is challenging, my hope for all couples is they can begin to see one another as trusted allies, the one who provides shelter from the storm, and the place where they find safety and security. I work with couples seeking premarital support, communication issues, intimacy, sex, parenting, infertility, betrayal, remarriage, step-parenting, finance, or breaking up.
(319) 220-0675 View (319) 220-0675
Photo of Lindsey Piper, MA, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lindsey Piper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LISW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Iowa City, IA 52240
Waitlist for new clients
Poet Anne Sexton wrote, "That the worst of anyone Can be, finally, An accident of hope." If you're here, you probably feel at your worst. Maybe a traumatic event has left you feeling broken and lost. Perhaps what you've been doing to cope just isn't working anymore, or is doing more harm than good. Whatever your reasons, I'm glad you're thinking about therapy. This process can be scary and takes hard work, and I welcome anyone courageous enough to seek out hope.
Poet Anne Sexton wrote, "That the worst of anyone Can be, finally, An accident of hope." If you're here, you probably feel at your worst. Maybe a traumatic event has left you feeling broken and lost. Perhaps what you've been doing to cope just isn't working anymore, or is doing more harm than good. Whatever your reasons, I'm glad you're thinking about therapy. This process can be scary and takes hard work, and I welcome anyone courageous enough to seek out hope.
(319) 302-3304 View (319) 302-3304
Photo of Talia Meidlinger - United Action for Youth Psychotherapy Services, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
United Action for Youth Psychotherapy Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52244
Waitlist for new clients
The therapists at United Action for Youth have a unique ability to engage teenagers in individual adolescent psychotherapy. They balance listening with talking; they don't lecture or blame; they tailor their style to increase the youth's comfort. UAY therapists have expertise in the areas that are common concerns for teens, parents, and young adults. Although our focus is serving youth 10-25, we can also provide services for adults if space is available.
The therapists at United Action for Youth have a unique ability to engage teenagers in individual adolescent psychotherapy. They balance listening with talking; they don't lecture or blame; they tailor their style to increase the youth's comfort. UAY therapists have expertise in the areas that are common concerns for teens, parents, and young adults. Although our focus is serving youth 10-25, we can also provide services for adults if space is available.
(319) 313-2518 View (319) 313-2518
Photo of Anne K. Wiser, PhD, MSW, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anne K. Wiser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Iowa City, IA 52245  (Online Only)
With compassion and in a non-judging atmosphere, I partner with you to help you develop your personal wisdom and achieve the changes you aspire to. Prior to becoming a psychotherapist, I conducted brain research. My knowledge of how the brain functions guides my psychotherapy practice. I provide mental health counseling to adults with a variety of diagnoses. I have experience helping people resolve a wide range of problems, including depression, anxiety, unstable mood, low self-esteem, trauma & abuse including PTSD.
With compassion and in a non-judging atmosphere, I partner with you to help you develop your personal wisdom and achieve the changes you aspire to. Prior to becoming a psychotherapist, I conducted brain research. My knowledge of how the brain functions guides my psychotherapy practice. I provide mental health counseling to adults with a variety of diagnoses. I have experience helping people resolve a wide range of problems, including depression, anxiety, unstable mood, low self-esteem, trauma & abuse including PTSD.
(319) 313-2155 View (319) 313-2155
Photo of Kristin Sturdevant, PhD, LMHC, Counselor
Kristin Sturdevant
Counselor, PhD, LMHC
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52240
I believe that the essence of life is Divine and that all good flows from that source. Thus, any strength that emerges in my work occurs as I align myself with Divine love, wisdom, and purpose. Holism describes my perspective, thus systematically exploring many areas of a client's life helps prepare the ground for resolving current problematic issues or for encouraging and supporting growth and transformation.
I believe that the essence of life is Divine and that all good flows from that source. Thus, any strength that emerges in my work occurs as I align myself with Divine love, wisdom, and purpose. Holism describes my perspective, thus systematically exploring many areas of a client's life helps prepare the ground for resolving current problematic issues or for encouraging and supporting growth and transformation.
(331) 642-8456 View (331) 642-8456
Photo of Jill Johnson, LMHC, IADC, SAP, Counselor
Jill Johnson
Counselor, LMHC, IADC, SAP
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52240
I enjoy working with individuals ready to start their journey with therapy in a safe, non-judgemental, and confidential environment. My approach is eclectic, utilizing a collaborative approach to help foster positive life changes that improve quality of life. I work with individuals experiencing a wide range of concerns including: depression, anxiety, work and family stressors, communication difficulties, marital problems, life transitions, trauma, substance use, gambling, co-occurring disorders, and adjustment to disability.
I enjoy working with individuals ready to start their journey with therapy in a safe, non-judgemental, and confidential environment. My approach is eclectic, utilizing a collaborative approach to help foster positive life changes that improve quality of life. I work with individuals experiencing a wide range of concerns including: depression, anxiety, work and family stressors, communication difficulties, marital problems, life transitions, trauma, substance use, gambling, co-occurring disorders, and adjustment to disability.
(319) 820-0078 View (319) 820-0078
Photo of Jacalyn McCarville, MS, LMHC, NBCC, Counselor
Jacalyn McCarville
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NBCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Iowa City, IA 52245  (Online Only)
I love providing a safe place for you to explore different patterns of thinking and behaving. It is my belief together we will uncover your strengths and you’ll learn new skills. Skills that will allow you to deal with the challenges that arise in life; how to navigate your feelings, build better behaviors, and relate to your thoughts differently so you can live the life you want. My goal is to help you build emotional resilience so you can eventually leave therapy and manage on your own.
I love providing a safe place for you to explore different patterns of thinking and behaving. It is my belief together we will uncover your strengths and you’ll learn new skills. Skills that will allow you to deal with the challenges that arise in life; how to navigate your feelings, build better behaviors, and relate to your thoughts differently so you can live the life you want. My goal is to help you build emotional resilience so you can eventually leave therapy and manage on your own.
(319) 595-4406 View (319) 595-4406
Photo of Christine Vincent, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christine Vincent
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52246
I have been providing psychotherapy to adults and children since 1997. My expertise includes the treatment of depression, anxiety, grief and trauma. I have advanced training in EMDR, which is used to treat traumatic stress. I see therapy as the building of a relationship which focuses on the goals of growth and healing. I view my clients as persons who possess limitless potential for change, problem solving and wholeness. My role is to help clients learn about themselves as well as develop new perspectives and skills for living a more balanced and fulfilling life.
I have been providing psychotherapy to adults and children since 1997. My expertise includes the treatment of depression, anxiety, grief and trauma. I have advanced training in EMDR, which is used to treat traumatic stress. I see therapy as the building of a relationship which focuses on the goals of growth and healing. I view my clients as persons who possess limitless potential for change, problem solving and wholeness. My role is to help clients learn about themselves as well as develop new perspectives and skills for living a more balanced and fulfilling life.
(319) 774-4143 x2 View (319) 774-4143 x2
Photo of Jennifer L Adrian, MFA, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer L Adrian
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MFA, LISW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Iowa City, IA 52245
**NO OPENINGS AT THIS TIME** I enjoy helping clients create rich and meaningful lives. I specialize in individual therapy with adults and adolescents struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, trauma, eating disorders, adjustments to life stressors, and more. I also love working with artists and creative people. I primarily use the Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) Model with clients, an evidence-based model that stems out of cognitive behavioral therapy, and the idea that our thoughts, emotions and behaviors are closely connected. Clients learn many skills related to mindfulness, radical acceptance, and self-compassion.
**NO OPENINGS AT THIS TIME** I enjoy helping clients create rich and meaningful lives. I specialize in individual therapy with adults and adolescents struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, trauma, eating disorders, adjustments to life stressors, and more. I also love working with artists and creative people. I primarily use the Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) Model with clients, an evidence-based model that stems out of cognitive behavioral therapy, and the idea that our thoughts, emotions and behaviors are closely connected. Clients learn many skills related to mindfulness, radical acceptance, and self-compassion.
(319) 774-8524 View (319) 774-8524
Photo of Scott Liu - Dr. Scott Liu (Huan-Chung S Liu, Ph.D.), PhD, LP, HSP, Psychologist
Dr. Scott Liu (Huan-Chung S Liu, Ph.D.)
Psychologist, PhD, LP, HSP
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52240  (Online Only)
As a generalist, Scott finds that he works from an integrative lens, naturally leaning towards a client-centered, strengths-based, and multicultural perspectives. Often, he likes to integrate aspects of Interpersonal Therapy, family systems, psychodynamic, and cognitive-behavioral theories with the bio-psycho-social framework. With extensive college counseling center experience (18+ years), Scott enjoys working with this population and understands the difficulties that often emerge during this transitional process (identities, relationships, self-awareness, etc.). Scott believed no concern is too big or too small to seek support.
As a generalist, Scott finds that he works from an integrative lens, naturally leaning towards a client-centered, strengths-based, and multicultural perspectives. Often, he likes to integrate aspects of Interpersonal Therapy, family systems, psychodynamic, and cognitive-behavioral theories with the bio-psycho-social framework. With extensive college counseling center experience (18+ years), Scott enjoys working with this population and understands the difficulties that often emerge during this transitional process (identities, relationships, self-awareness, etc.). Scott believed no concern is too big or too small to seek support.
(319) 559-4963 View (319) 559-4963
John Meidlinger
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52240
I have limited my practice to psychological evaluations after 40 years in order to do what I like the best. I have done hundreds of evaluations over the years including forensic evaluations (custody evals, parental fitness evals, sex offender evals) and non- forensic evaluations ( ADHD, complex patient evals, and diagnostic evals), My goal is to produce succinct, timely and useful reports and to provide collaborative support to persons seeking my services.
I have limited my practice to psychological evaluations after 40 years in order to do what I like the best. I have done hundreds of evaluations over the years including forensic evaluations (custody evals, parental fitness evals, sex offender evals) and non- forensic evaluations ( ADHD, complex patient evals, and diagnostic evals), My goal is to produce succinct, timely and useful reports and to provide collaborative support to persons seeking my services.
(319) 519-0116 View (319) 519-0116
Photo of Tim P Grady, LMHC, Counselor
Tim P Grady
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52240
Waitlist for new clients
I have had the honor of working with many diverse communities in my professional life, including: LGBTQ+ people, the Transgender/Non-binary community, survivors of sexual exploitation and trafficking, people living with HIV, communities of color, and people in recovery from drugs and alcohol.
I have had the honor of working with many diverse communities in my professional life, including: LGBTQ+ people, the Transgender/Non-binary community, survivors of sexual exploitation and trafficking, people living with HIV, communities of color, and people in recovery from drugs and alcohol.
(319) 519-4359 View (319) 519-4359
Photo of Rachel Slezak, ATR, LMHC, Counselor
Rachel Slezak
Counselor, ATR, LMHC
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52240  (Online Only)
I am a licensed counselor specializing in anxiety-related issues. I can also help you find ways to better cope with depression, self-worth, eco-anxiety/climate grief, life transitions, relationships, and other concerns. You can anticipate an accepting, open, and non-judgmental relationship that holds the heaviness of life's challenges and encourages change.
I am a licensed counselor specializing in anxiety-related issues. I can also help you find ways to better cope with depression, self-worth, eco-anxiety/climate grief, life transitions, relationships, and other concerns. You can anticipate an accepting, open, and non-judgmental relationship that holds the heaviness of life's challenges and encourages change.
(319) 519-4006 View (319) 519-4006
Photo of Lisa Matthews, Psy D, Psychologist
Lisa Matthews
Psychologist, Psy D
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52245
I BELIEVE... that healing is not always (or rarely) linear, and I meet each individual where they are in their process of healing, identify and build on strengths, and work together to meet their goals. I believe that each individual has the capacity to heal, and my goal is to enter into a therapeutic relationship in which the client feels safe to begin this process.
I BELIEVE... that healing is not always (or rarely) linear, and I meet each individual where they are in their process of healing, identify and build on strengths, and work together to meet their goals. I believe that each individual has the capacity to heal, and my goal is to enter into a therapeutic relationship in which the client feels safe to begin this process.
(319) 332-5747 View (319) 332-5747
Photo of Jeffrey J Whittlesey, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jeffrey J Whittlesey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Iowa City, IA 52245
Waitlist for new clients
I have provided clinical social work services in human service agencies, hospitals and outpatient clinics since 1986. To address the broad spectrum of populations and needs in these locations, I have received specialized training in a variety of therapeutic modalities. At the same time, I know that the most important factor is not technical expertise; unless the client feels safe and understood, therapy can't get started! I enjoy developing collaborative relationships with clients, and then selecting an approach tailored to meet their unique needs.
I have provided clinical social work services in human service agencies, hospitals and outpatient clinics since 1986. To address the broad spectrum of populations and needs in these locations, I have received specialized training in a variety of therapeutic modalities. At the same time, I know that the most important factor is not technical expertise; unless the client feels safe and understood, therapy can't get started! I enjoy developing collaborative relationships with clients, and then selecting an approach tailored to meet their unique needs.
(319) 349-2604 x106 View (319) 349-2604 x106

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Iowa City, IA

300+

Average cost per session

$158

Therapists in Iowa City, IA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
72% Stress
71% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% Wellmark BCBS
45% Blue Cross

How Therapists in Iowa City, IA see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Iowa City?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.