Therapists in Salem, OR

Photo of Andrew G Kenagy, PsyD, Psychologist
Andrew G Kenagy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97302
My practice focuses on people who want to enjoy greater peace and more satisfying relationships. I’m pleased to serve children, adolescents, and adults. The emphasis of my work includes treating depression, anxiety, PTSD, interpersonal difficulties, psycho-spiritual issues, ADHD, and child/adolescent behavior problems.
My practice focuses on people who want to enjoy greater peace and more satisfying relationships. I’m pleased to serve children, adolescents, and adults. The emphasis of my work includes treating depression, anxiety, PTSD, interpersonal difficulties, psycho-spiritual issues, ADHD, and child/adolescent behavior problems.
(971) 260-3447 View (971) 260-3447
Photo of Stacie McGraw- Accepting New Clients, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Stacie McGraw- Accepting New Clients
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97301
The challenges of today's modern life presents an array of difficulties for individuals that can begin to weigh us down and impact our day to day life. Can you imagine what it would feel like to wake up each day with the strength and confidence to face our ever changing world?
The challenges of today's modern life presents an array of difficulties for individuals that can begin to weigh us down and impact our day to day life. Can you imagine what it would feel like to wake up each day with the strength and confidence to face our ever changing world?
(971) 251-1141 View (971) 251-1141
Photo of Amanda Heather - Here & After Counseling, LLC, LCSW, APHSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Here & After Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, APHSW-C
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97308  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hello! My name is Amanda (she/her) and thanks for learning more about my practice. I believe each person has their own unique story and deserves space to be seen and heard. Whether you are going through a life transition, living with illness, experiencing the loss of someone or in the role of a caregiver or healthcare professional, navigating life stressors can be overwhelming and even debilitating. You are not alone. My approach to therapy is to create a safe and welcoming space to identify, process, grow and heal from the life stressors you are experiencing. Collaboratively we can explore your strengths, goals, worries and hopes.
Hello! My name is Amanda (she/her) and thanks for learning more about my practice. I believe each person has their own unique story and deserves space to be seen and heard. Whether you are going through a life transition, living with illness, experiencing the loss of someone or in the role of a caregiver or healthcare professional, navigating life stressors can be overwhelming and even debilitating. You are not alone. My approach to therapy is to create a safe and welcoming space to identify, process, grow and heal from the life stressors you are experiencing. Collaboratively we can explore your strengths, goals, worries and hopes.
(503) 714-7625 View (503) 714-7625
Photo of Wendy Ludlow, LCSW, RPT-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Wendy Ludlow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT-S
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97301  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Insurance accepted: Aetna, Bluecross/blue shield of Mass, Oscar, United, Aetna, Cigna. Consider therapy as evolution and consciousness development. I am directive - and teach skills and strategies to transform anxiety, to-program your thoughts, to heal trauma, depression, obsession, scattered thoughts, racing thoughts - you will understand where unsupportive thoughts/patterns come from - and have life long skills to evolve. I will support your soul evolution towards your highest good. specialist in child therapy/parent coaching. Build prosocial behaviors in children rather yelling/feeling helpless. Evolve your life!
Insurance accepted: Aetna, Bluecross/blue shield of Mass, Oscar, United, Aetna, Cigna. Consider therapy as evolution and consciousness development. I am directive - and teach skills and strategies to transform anxiety, to-program your thoughts, to heal trauma, depression, obsession, scattered thoughts, racing thoughts - you will understand where unsupportive thoughts/patterns come from - and have life long skills to evolve. I will support your soul evolution towards your highest good. specialist in child therapy/parent coaching. Build prosocial behaviors in children rather yelling/feeling helpless. Evolve your life!
(505) 375-6828 View (505) 375-6828
Photo of Kelsey Entz, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kelsey Entz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97301  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I strive to help others work toward change, find healing, and develop deeper feelings of connectedness. I am dedicated to coming alongside every client with empathy, honesty, and compassion to skillfully navigate the complexities of life and relationships. I invite a collaborative approach to therapy by acting as a helper in the growth process while empowering clients to examine their own thoughts, feelings and behaviors to better advocate for their own success. I work to create an environment that allows others to do the things they are capable of at their best.
I strive to help others work toward change, find healing, and develop deeper feelings of connectedness. I am dedicated to coming alongside every client with empathy, honesty, and compassion to skillfully navigate the complexities of life and relationships. I invite a collaborative approach to therapy by acting as a helper in the growth process while empowering clients to examine their own thoughts, feelings and behaviors to better advocate for their own success. I work to create an environment that allows others to do the things they are capable of at their best.
(971) 351-2699 View (971) 351-2699
Photo of Melissa Smeester, MA
Melissa Smeester
Professional Counselor Associate, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97302
Hello! my name is Melissa and I would be honored to listen and engage with you in your story. Regardless of what you are going through, I believe that there is healing in having the support of another along the journey. Life is full of challenges, leaving you feeling burnt out, overwhelmed, anxious, or grieving loss. Therapy can be a daunting journey to embark on, but I hope that my office can become a safe and comforting space, where we can work together as you learn new boundaries and coping skills, heal current and past wounds, and become more confident and grounded in who you are.
Hello! my name is Melissa and I would be honored to listen and engage with you in your story. Regardless of what you are going through, I believe that there is healing in having the support of another along the journey. Life is full of challenges, leaving you feeling burnt out, overwhelmed, anxious, or grieving loss. Therapy can be a daunting journey to embark on, but I hope that my office can become a safe and comforting space, where we can work together as you learn new boundaries and coping skills, heal current and past wounds, and become more confident and grounded in who you are.
(503) 966-5975 View (503) 966-5975
Photo of Beth Armstrong, MA
Beth Armstrong
Professional Counselor Associate, MA
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97302
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome to the first step of your healing journey. I am so glad you are here. I believe that the therapeutic power of relationship and connecting with each client authentically is foundational. My goal is to facilitate a dynamic partnership in which each client is an active participant in their own growth. Together we will explore personal strengths and key supports, determine goals, and evaluate progress along the way. I believe in an integrative approach to counseling, recognizing the complex interactions of mind, body, emotions, and soul. It is my desire that clients will gain insight, understanding, and experience healing.
Welcome to the first step of your healing journey. I am so glad you are here. I believe that the therapeutic power of relationship and connecting with each client authentically is foundational. My goal is to facilitate a dynamic partnership in which each client is an active participant in their own growth. Together we will explore personal strengths and key supports, determine goals, and evaluate progress along the way. I believe in an integrative approach to counseling, recognizing the complex interactions of mind, body, emotions, and soul. It is my desire that clients will gain insight, understanding, and experience healing.
(503) 370-8050 x203 View (503) 370-8050 x203
Photo of Paula Rohrbaugh, PhD, Psychologist
Paula Rohrbaugh
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97302
Clients may be dealing with anxiety issues, mild to moderate levels of depression, interpersonal issues, issues related to anger, or unresolved issues with past trauma. I see people between 16-18 years old if it is their choice to seek help, and adults between 18 and 65 years of age, or older if they can pay privately. They are people who want to resolve troubling issues within themselves through increased self-understanding or between themselves and others through increased knowledge and willingness to practice new behavior.
Clients may be dealing with anxiety issues, mild to moderate levels of depression, interpersonal issues, issues related to anger, or unresolved issues with past trauma. I see people between 16-18 years old if it is their choice to seek help, and adults between 18 and 65 years of age, or older if they can pay privately. They are people who want to resolve troubling issues within themselves through increased self-understanding or between themselves and others through increased knowledge and willingness to practice new behavior.
(503) 883-8642 View (503) 883-8642
Photo of Jami Heyting, ND
Jami Heyting
ND
Not Verified Not Verified
Salem, OR 97317  (Online Only)
Do you wonder if you might be on the autism spectrum, or if you have ADHD? Are you looking for answers from someone who really understands neurodiversity in adults, especially women and Trans folk? If so, then you've come to the right place. I'm Dr. Jami Heyting (she/her/hers), an ADHD member of a neurodivergent twice-exceptional family, abundant with amazing Autists & ADHDers. It was the experiences that my family and I have faced, living in a neurotypical world, that ignited a passion in me to help others who have neurodivergent brains. I'd love to meet you and see if I can help you find the answers you need.
Do you wonder if you might be on the autism spectrum, or if you have ADHD? Are you looking for answers from someone who really understands neurodiversity in adults, especially women and Trans folk? If so, then you've come to the right place. I'm Dr. Jami Heyting (she/her/hers), an ADHD member of a neurodivergent twice-exceptional family, abundant with amazing Autists & ADHDers. It was the experiences that my family and I have faced, living in a neurotypical world, that ignited a passion in me to help others who have neurodivergent brains. I'd love to meet you and see if I can help you find the answers you need.
(503) 647-6356 View (503) 647-6356
Photo of Milah Jayanti, MSW, CSWA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Milah Jayanti
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, CSWA
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97301  (Online Only)
Frustrated, stuck, or confused? I am effective at working with families, couples, teens, and adults - anyone with a sincere desire to heal, get unstuck, or transform their life and their relationships in someway - anyone who wants to access a deeper experience of peace, wholeness, self-integration, joy, and meaning. If you are struggling with grief and loss, trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, or transitions, the therapeutic process can help and I would be honored to be part of your healing journey.
Frustrated, stuck, or confused? I am effective at working with families, couples, teens, and adults - anyone with a sincere desire to heal, get unstuck, or transform their life and their relationships in someway - anyone who wants to access a deeper experience of peace, wholeness, self-integration, joy, and meaning. If you are struggling with grief and loss, trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, or transitions, the therapeutic process can help and I would be honored to be part of your healing journey.
(971) 278-9049 View (971) 278-9049
Photo of Rosanne O'Connor, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rosanne O'Connor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97301
It can be difficult at times to ask for help. I'm glad you have taken the first step. I am a therapist with many years experience supporting a diverse population of clients. Most recently I have been working with midlife and seniors experiencing declines in health. Before this I was a children's therapist focusing on children with disabilities, and those who have experienced trauma. I also enjoy working with individuals who have struggled with addiction as their strength is inspiring. I am a former foster/adoptive parent and enjoy supporting all members of the adoption triad. Teens and young adults are also a focus.
It can be difficult at times to ask for help. I'm glad you have taken the first step. I am a therapist with many years experience supporting a diverse population of clients. Most recently I have been working with midlife and seniors experiencing declines in health. Before this I was a children's therapist focusing on children with disabilities, and those who have experienced trauma. I also enjoy working with individuals who have struggled with addiction as their strength is inspiring. I am a former foster/adoptive parent and enjoy supporting all members of the adoption triad. Teens and young adults are also a focus.
(503) 987-3535 View (503) 987-3535
Photo of Justin James Johannson, MS, CRC, LPC-Int, LPC Intern
Justin James Johannson
LPC Intern, MS, CRC, LPC-Int
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97302
"Our action may be impeded... but there can be no impeding our intentions or dispositions. Because we can accommodate and adapt." -Marcus Aurelius My name is Justin Johannson, a person-first cognitive therapist, welcome to my profile! It is my belief that with enough self-awareness, wisdom, and calculated direction, no challenge, obstacle or struggle is insurmountable. Whether you are someone that struggles with the daily rigors of mental health illness, such as anxiety or depression, or are seeking aid and guidance with the overwhelming demands of life - I am here to help. I am here to walk beside you in your unique experience.
"Our action may be impeded... but there can be no impeding our intentions or dispositions. Because we can accommodate and adapt." -Marcus Aurelius My name is Justin Johannson, a person-first cognitive therapist, welcome to my profile! It is my belief that with enough self-awareness, wisdom, and calculated direction, no challenge, obstacle or struggle is insurmountable. Whether you are someone that struggles with the daily rigors of mental health illness, such as anxiety or depression, or are seeking aid and guidance with the overwhelming demands of life - I am here to help. I am here to walk beside you in your unique experience.
(503) 676-6390 View (503) 676-6390
Photo of Jessica Fintak, LCSW, MSDRL
Jessica Fintak
LCSW, MSDRL
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97301
Do you feel stuck? Isolated? Just need someone to talk to? I'm here to help. Call me or text me for a free consult to see if we'd be a good fit.
Do you feel stuck? Isolated? Just need someone to talk to? I'm here to help. Call me or text me for a free consult to see if we'd be a good fit.
(503) 455-7967 View (503) 455-7967
Photo of Sarah King - Yaga Healing Place, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Yaga Healing Place
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97301
My clinical framework is rooted in attachment theory, which reiterates the delicate nature of the relationship between mother and baby. This relationship is integral to everything in our world and yet we often trivialize this relationship and assume that if there is a happy, healthy baby, then our mothers should remain perfectly aligned. The truth is, we know that the journey of motherhood is far more complex and intertwined, than how society portrays it.
My clinical framework is rooted in attachment theory, which reiterates the delicate nature of the relationship between mother and baby. This relationship is integral to everything in our world and yet we often trivialize this relationship and assume that if there is a happy, healthy baby, then our mothers should remain perfectly aligned. The truth is, we know that the journey of motherhood is far more complex and intertwined, than how society portrays it.
(971) 251-1850 View (971) 251-1850
Photo of Heather Ruddell, MA, LPC, LMFT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Heather Ruddell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97302
I believe growth and change happen when you are given a safe place to work on your goals. Together, we can work towards making sense of challenging situations and circumstances. You don't have to do it alone. If you are looking to improve a significant relationship or heal a relationship wound, I can help you and your partner to repair the hurt and strengthen your bond. If you are seeking to conquer your own issues from the past or present, together we can explore those areas in order to bring healing and a new sense of understanding and purpose to the present.
I believe growth and change happen when you are given a safe place to work on your goals. Together, we can work towards making sense of challenging situations and circumstances. You don't have to do it alone. If you are looking to improve a significant relationship or heal a relationship wound, I can help you and your partner to repair the hurt and strengthen your bond. If you are seeking to conquer your own issues from the past or present, together we can explore those areas in order to bring healing and a new sense of understanding and purpose to the present.
(503) 444-8845 View (503) 444-8845
Photo of Casey Jansen, M ED, CADC II
Casey Jansen
Professional Counselor Associate, M ED, CADC II
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97317
I enjoy working with clients from all different backgrounds who are willing to make a change in their life. Counseling can be hard at times, yet very rewarding, and it is important to find the right counselor for you. I practice from a primarily Solution Focused background while including techniques from CBT, REBT, and Adlerian theory. I aim to bring honesty, authenticity, and reliability into each session.
I enjoy working with clients from all different backgrounds who are willing to make a change in their life. Counseling can be hard at times, yet very rewarding, and it is important to find the right counselor for you. I practice from a primarily Solution Focused background while including techniques from CBT, REBT, and Adlerian theory. I aim to bring honesty, authenticity, and reliability into each session.
(503) 694-3598 View (503) 694-3598
Photo of Anthony Gagliardo, MSW, LCSW, MAC, CCHT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anthony Gagliardo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, MAC, CCHT
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97301
Not accepting new clients
Many of my clients would agree that what they look for in a counselor is someone who "has been there themselves." They look for someone that has the education and experience to successfully assist them. I have that combination of personal experiences and educational background. My goal is to help you feel better, cope with life, and get on the path to a more happy and productive life. I will teach you to identify, solve, and cope with problems. I am Psychedelic's friendly.
Many of my clients would agree that what they look for in a counselor is someone who "has been there themselves." They look for someone that has the education and experience to successfully assist them. I have that combination of personal experiences and educational background. My goal is to help you feel better, cope with life, and get on the path to a more happy and productive life. I will teach you to identify, solve, and cope with problems. I am Psychedelic's friendly.
(503) 581-7550 View (503) 581-7550
Photo of Maribeth Kallemeyn - Maribeth Kallemeyn, PhD, PhD, Psychologist
Maribeth Kallemeyn, PhD
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97301
Not accepting new clients
My psychotherapy approach values you as a whole person, in depth. I relate to each individual as a person rather than a label, and so each person's therapy experience is unique. Those who come to me for therapy bring a wide range of concerns, aims and hopes. I work with people struggling, for example, with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, trauma, grief, life transitions, spiritual concerns, work concerns, physical illness/pain, search for meaning and purpose, and creativity concerns. I see the difficulties and suffering an individual brings to therapy as an entry point toward healing and growth.
My psychotherapy approach values you as a whole person, in depth. I relate to each individual as a person rather than a label, and so each person's therapy experience is unique. Those who come to me for therapy bring a wide range of concerns, aims and hopes. I work with people struggling, for example, with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, trauma, grief, life transitions, spiritual concerns, work concerns, physical illness/pain, search for meaning and purpose, and creativity concerns. I see the difficulties and suffering an individual brings to therapy as an entry point toward healing and growth.
(971) 803-3872 View (971) 803-3872
Photo of Brianne DeYoung, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brianne DeYoung
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97303
Life is a continual marathon, growth is an ongoing process, success is not defined by a tangible finish line and we as humans can do hard things; however, sometimes seeking therapy helps us get through hard things with the help and guidance of another person. At times, we are able to manage and navigate our struggles and other times our struggles are overwhelmingly difficult. If you feel that you have reached a point where would like assistance improving mental or emotional distress, then you have come to the right place! Email me or visit www.arisecounselingservice.com today!
Life is a continual marathon, growth is an ongoing process, success is not defined by a tangible finish line and we as humans can do hard things; however, sometimes seeking therapy helps us get through hard things with the help and guidance of another person. At times, we are able to manage and navigate our struggles and other times our struggles are overwhelmingly difficult. If you feel that you have reached a point where would like assistance improving mental or emotional distress, then you have come to the right place! Email me or visit www.arisecounselingservice.com today!
(503) 386-0335 View (503) 386-0335
Photo of Trevor Mcmurray, MSW, LCSW, MAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Trevor Mcmurray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, MAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Salem, OR 97304
Hi, I'm Trevor and I am accepting new clients! I have served in the mental health field for nearly two decades, assisting countless people overcome challenges and lead more fulfilling lives. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Master Addiction Counselor assisting. My practice is grounded in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and other evidence - based interventions. I also use EMDR to assist clients experiencing the emotional and physical impact of traumatic events.
Hi, I'm Trevor and I am accepting new clients! I have served in the mental health field for nearly two decades, assisting countless people overcome challenges and lead more fulfilling lives. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Master Addiction Counselor assisting. My practice is grounded in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and other evidence - based interventions. I also use EMDR to assist clients experiencing the emotional and physical impact of traumatic events.
(503) 376-6734 View (503) 376-6734

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Salem, OR

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Salem, OR who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
85% Depression
73% Trauma and PTSD
72% Relationship Issues
70% Stress
69% Self Esteem
65% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% PacificSource
49% Providence
47% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Salem, OR see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
21% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Salem?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.