Therapists in Uptown, Chicago, IL

Photo of Renee Pruente, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Renee Pruente
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
Using a compassionate and collaborative approach to counseling, Renee works with people at all life cycle stages—children, adolescents and adults—helping them navigate a range of personal challenges, including life transitions, depression, anxiety, relationship issues and trauma. Renee also uses a strength-based and trauma informed perspective to empower individuals to build resilience while moving toward positive change.
Using a compassionate and collaborative approach to counseling, Renee works with people at all life cycle stages—children, adolescents and adults—helping them navigate a range of personal challenges, including life transitions, depression, anxiety, relationship issues and trauma. Renee also uses a strength-based and trauma informed perspective to empower individuals to build resilience while moving toward positive change.
(773) 900-4384 View (773) 900-4384
Photo of Brianna Sorensen - Practical Magic Healing, LCSW, PC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Practical Magic Healing
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PC
Verified Verified
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
Here at Practical Magic Healing, we embrace an abolitionist, humanist philosophy and prioritize meeting our clients on their own terms, in their own environment, as the expert on their own experiences. We are here to follow your lead and find what works for you rather than centering our own expertise or standardized, dime-a-dozen psychological assessments and interventions.
Here at Practical Magic Healing, we embrace an abolitionist, humanist philosophy and prioritize meeting our clients on their own terms, in their own environment, as the expert on their own experiences. We are here to follow your lead and find what works for you rather than centering our own expertise or standardized, dime-a-dozen psychological assessments and interventions.
(773) 985-7180 View (773) 985-7180
Photo of Daniel Morjal, PsyD, MSCP, Psychologist
Daniel Morjal
Psychologist, PsyD, MSCP
Verified Verified
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
As a Prescribing Psychologist, I am able to take a more comprehensive and individualized approach to your health and well-being. Whether it be therapy, medication management, or a combination, working together gives us multiple options to find what works best for you. Whether its depression, anxiety, dealing with past traumas, the struggles of substance use, anger management, personal or professional relationship difficulties, existential concerns, or simply the desire to know yourself better, they are all worthwhile endeavors. Regardless of the topic, I provide a supportive and collaborative environment, free of judgment.
As a Prescribing Psychologist, I am able to take a more comprehensive and individualized approach to your health and well-being. Whether it be therapy, medication management, or a combination, working together gives us multiple options to find what works best for you. Whether its depression, anxiety, dealing with past traumas, the struggles of substance use, anger management, personal or professional relationship difficulties, existential concerns, or simply the desire to know yourself better, they are all worthwhile endeavors. Regardless of the topic, I provide a supportive and collaborative environment, free of judgment.
(773) 800-1513 View (773) 800-1513
Photo of Andie Baumgartner - Rowan Tree Counseling, MA, LCPC, Counselor
Rowan Tree Counseling
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
Life is full of “shoulds.” Family, friends, and society often have a very clear idea of the path we’re supposed to be on, but we believe that peace and empowerment lie in finding your own path- worrying less about the expectations of others and more about what you want your life to look like. Taking an alternative path or changing route along the way is difficult. Therapy can help as you strive to be true to yourself on the journey. We offer a space where individuals learn to utilize their personal strengths to live their most meaningful lives, develop fulfilling relationships, and find true liberation.
Life is full of “shoulds.” Family, friends, and society often have a very clear idea of the path we’re supposed to be on, but we believe that peace and empowerment lie in finding your own path- worrying less about the expectations of others and more about what you want your life to look like. Taking an alternative path or changing route along the way is difficult. Therapy can help as you strive to be true to yourself on the journey. We offer a space where individuals learn to utilize their personal strengths to live their most meaningful lives, develop fulfilling relationships, and find true liberation.
(872) 205-3335 View (872) 205-3335
Photo of Alex Tisman, LCSW, MST, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alex Tisman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MST
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
Not accepting new clients
I have been honored to share and co-create space with folx of vastly different experiences and intersections of identity. I work with LGB, trans*, and gender-expansive folx; poly and kinky folx; HIV-impacted folx; young people, disabled folx; and individuals with histories of chronic homelessness, and/or issues related to substance use. I also have experience working with individuals impacted by anxiety, trauma, discomfort, depression, chronic and persistent mental illness, and a range of neurodiversity. The space we share is built of mutual regard and destruction of the "therapist is expert" paradigm.
I have been honored to share and co-create space with folx of vastly different experiences and intersections of identity. I work with LGB, trans*, and gender-expansive folx; poly and kinky folx; HIV-impacted folx; young people, disabled folx; and individuals with histories of chronic homelessness, and/or issues related to substance use. I also have experience working with individuals impacted by anxiety, trauma, discomfort, depression, chronic and persistent mental illness, and a range of neurodiversity. The space we share is built of mutual regard and destruction of the "therapist is expert" paradigm.
(917) 456-9322 View (917) 456-9322
Photo of Amy McNew - Amy McNew, LLC - Luminations Psychotherapy, PsyD, Psychologist
Amy McNew, LLC - Luminations Psychotherapy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
Welcome to my practice. I am a licensed clinical psychologist and bodyworker. I take a holistic, collaborative approach to helping clients heal by using a combination of psychotherapy, biofeedback, and craniosacral therapy to help clients move toward a sense of peace and balance in their lives. For many, this means that we will work together to heal from past traumas, overcome symptoms of depression and anxiety, learn to be more self-accepting, cultivate more fulfilling relationships, and find deeper meaning in life.
Welcome to my practice. I am a licensed clinical psychologist and bodyworker. I take a holistic, collaborative approach to helping clients heal by using a combination of psychotherapy, biofeedback, and craniosacral therapy to help clients move toward a sense of peace and balance in their lives. For many, this means that we will work together to heal from past traumas, overcome symptoms of depression and anxiety, learn to be more self-accepting, cultivate more fulfilling relationships, and find deeper meaning in life.
(773) 358-1022 View (773) 358-1022
Photo of Megan Szudarski, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan Szudarski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
With over 8 years of experience as a therapist, I have supported and worked with diverse populations of children, adolescents, adults, and couples through a variety of life challenges. My clinical interests include working with adults and couples to maneuver life challenges around identity and narrative work, role exploration, attachment, and understanding complexities around family dynamics as an adult. I’m interested in exploring the ways intersectionalities and intergenerational trauma show up within mental health. I’ve enjoyed working with and supporting women’s health and exploring the many societal pressures women often face.
With over 8 years of experience as a therapist, I have supported and worked with diverse populations of children, adolescents, adults, and couples through a variety of life challenges. My clinical interests include working with adults and couples to maneuver life challenges around identity and narrative work, role exploration, attachment, and understanding complexities around family dynamics as an adult. I’m interested in exploring the ways intersectionalities and intergenerational trauma show up within mental health. I’ve enjoyed working with and supporting women’s health and exploring the many societal pressures women often face.
(773) 231-5291 View (773) 231-5291
Photo of Sarah Ward, MA, LPC, ATR, Art Therapist
Sarah Ward
Art Therapist, MA, LPC, ATR
Verified Verified
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
As a Licensed Professional Counselor and a trauma-informed clinical practitioner, with over 25 years of experience, I am committed to helping children, teens and adults on their healing journey. I work with clients who have mood/anxiety disorders, OCD, addiction, self-esteem, grief, relationship issues, SA, DV, life transitions, sexuality, trauma and C-PTSD, adjustment challenges and identity exploration. I work with people therapeutically to make desired changes or simply improve well-being and sense of self. My experience includes people from all racial/cultural backgrounds, sexual preferences and gender identifications.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor and a trauma-informed clinical practitioner, with over 25 years of experience, I am committed to helping children, teens and adults on their healing journey. I work with clients who have mood/anxiety disorders, OCD, addiction, self-esteem, grief, relationship issues, SA, DV, life transitions, sexuality, trauma and C-PTSD, adjustment challenges and identity exploration. I work with people therapeutically to make desired changes or simply improve well-being and sense of self. My experience includes people from all racial/cultural backgrounds, sexual preferences and gender identifications.
(773) 923-2975 View (773) 923-2975
Photo of Alicia Gee, EdS, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Alicia Gee
Pre-Licensed Professional, EdS, MSW
Verified Verified
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60613  (Online Only)
I am a licensed social worker and educator experienced in working with adults living with trauma in the form of domestic violence, family, and general mental health wellness. My ideal client is someone who is ready to begin the journey of healing. I use narrative therapy, goal-setting, and strengths based thinking to help individuals become the best version of themselves. I am also a member and an ally of the LGBTQIA+ community.
I am a licensed social worker and educator experienced in working with adults living with trauma in the form of domestic violence, family, and general mental health wellness. My ideal client is someone who is ready to begin the journey of healing. I use narrative therapy, goal-setting, and strengths based thinking to help individuals become the best version of themselves. I am also a member and an ally of the LGBTQIA+ community.
(773) 692-6305 View (773) 692-6305
Photo of Tori Hairston, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Tori Hairston
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
Are you ready for breakthrough or simply desiring to heal on a deeper level? Well— as a compassionate, trauma-informed therapist, I am honored to walk alongside clients on their road to freedom through mental health healing. I endeavor to provide a safe space to bear witness to your innermost thoughts, feelings, & emotions while honoring them compassionately & without judgement. This therapeutic journey will lead you to heal your childhood & relationship wounds, break free from old behavioral patterns or negative thought loops, explore your identity, navigate life transitions, change the narrative of your story, & restore your hope.
Are you ready for breakthrough or simply desiring to heal on a deeper level? Well— as a compassionate, trauma-informed therapist, I am honored to walk alongside clients on their road to freedom through mental health healing. I endeavor to provide a safe space to bear witness to your innermost thoughts, feelings, & emotions while honoring them compassionately & without judgement. This therapeutic journey will lead you to heal your childhood & relationship wounds, break free from old behavioral patterns or negative thought loops, explore your identity, navigate life transitions, change the narrative of your story, & restore your hope.
(847) 750-4709 View (847) 750-4709
Photo of Karla A Rennhofer, PhD, ABPP, BCETS, PSYPACT, Psychologist
Karla A Rennhofer
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP, BCETS, PSYPACT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60613  (Online Only)
Hello, and welcome to my page! I work with people who have a wide variety of conditions stemming from relational and environmental stress. I believe that we are naturally programmed to heal, but often we rely on past coping skills that are no longer functional, and this blocks the path to healing. I think every symptom once served a purpose and that change can occur by looking at how and why these symptoms developed, while at the same time trying new behaviors.
Hello, and welcome to my page! I work with people who have a wide variety of conditions stemming from relational and environmental stress. I believe that we are naturally programmed to heal, but often we rely on past coping skills that are no longer functional, and this blocks the path to healing. I think every symptom once served a purpose and that change can occur by looking at how and why these symptoms developed, while at the same time trying new behaviors.
(847) 796-8438 View (847) 796-8438
Photo of Patrick Gehrlich - Patrick Gehrlich LCSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Patrick Gehrlich LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60613
I am a strong believer that with the aid of a trusting, warm, skillful and open minded therapist people can bring about real, positive changes to their lives. I work with my clients in an empathetic and open dialogue to not only find the root causes of current behaviors and thinking patterns but also to help change them. I do so understanding that each individual is the expert on themselves so the entire process is collaborative.
I am a strong believer that with the aid of a trusting, warm, skillful and open minded therapist people can bring about real, positive changes to their lives. I work with my clients in an empathetic and open dialogue to not only find the root causes of current behaviors and thinking patterns but also to help change them. I do so understanding that each individual is the expert on themselves so the entire process is collaborative.
(312) 564-5821 View (312) 564-5821
Photo of Joey Rea, PsyD, Psychologist
Joey Rea
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
Many of us have been wounded at some point in our lives. Psychological wounds have the capacity to change the way we view ourselves and the way we view and interact with others. Sometimes people experience difficulties articulating the way they feel or find themselves stuck in the same maladaptive patterns in relationships. Therapy can be a useful way to make sense of how your past may be affecting your emotional well being in the here-and-now by putting some of these unformulated experiences into words to help you heal.
Many of us have been wounded at some point in our lives. Psychological wounds have the capacity to change the way we view ourselves and the way we view and interact with others. Sometimes people experience difficulties articulating the way they feel or find themselves stuck in the same maladaptive patterns in relationships. Therapy can be a useful way to make sense of how your past may be affecting your emotional well being in the here-and-now by putting some of these unformulated experiences into words to help you heal.
(773) 786-9117 View (773) 786-9117
Photo of Dr. Caleb Chadwick, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Caleb Chadwick
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
Therapy works when we click. That’s why I work to create an experience that is as warm and welcoming as it is challenging and real, where you feel uniquely and deeply understood. The path to that understanding can be hard work, but you might be surprised to find how much laughter and joy are a part of it, too. I believe that this kind of highly connected therapeutic relationship lets us dig in about the important things, setting the stage for development of insight, skills, vulnerability, and the kind of change that runs deep.
Therapy works when we click. That’s why I work to create an experience that is as warm and welcoming as it is challenging and real, where you feel uniquely and deeply understood. The path to that understanding can be hard work, but you might be surprised to find how much laughter and joy are a part of it, too. I believe that this kind of highly connected therapeutic relationship lets us dig in about the important things, setting the stage for development of insight, skills, vulnerability, and the kind of change that runs deep.
(773) 917-1106 View (773) 917-1106
Photo of Dr. Trina Armstrong, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dr. Trina Armstrong
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
Thank you for stepping out of the shadows so you don't feel invisible to important people. To create the relationships you desire, you must face the causes of anxiety, depression, perfectionism, procrastination, self-criticism, or insecurities. The time has come for you to love yourself unconditionally and put yourself first! My goal is to help you feel more connected, empowered, and secure in your life and relationships, whether it's your first time in therapy, your return, or you're looking for a new therapist. Now is your time!
Thank you for stepping out of the shadows so you don't feel invisible to important people. To create the relationships you desire, you must face the causes of anxiety, depression, perfectionism, procrastination, self-criticism, or insecurities. The time has come for you to love yourself unconditionally and put yourself first! My goal is to help you feel more connected, empowered, and secure in your life and relationships, whether it's your first time in therapy, your return, or you're looking for a new therapist. Now is your time!
(312) 616-5438 View (312) 616-5438
Photo of Robin Shannon, LCPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Robin Shannon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
My clients seek to understand and accept themselves and their life experiences. Together we will explore how your past is impacting your present, so you can ultimately move toward a better future.
My clients seek to understand and accept themselves and their life experiences. Together we will explore how your past is impacting your present, so you can ultimately move toward a better future.
(773) 382-1146 View (773) 382-1146
Photo of Monique Spells, LSW
Monique Spells
Licensed Social Worker, LSW
Verified Verified
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
I have experience working with adolescents and at-risk youth in a school setting; as well as working with displaced families and individuals who have experienced homelessness. I work with clients who have: anxiety, depression, sociocultural stressors and other concerns.
I have experience working with adolescents and at-risk youth in a school setting; as well as working with displaced families and individuals who have experienced homelessness. I work with clients who have: anxiety, depression, sociocultural stressors and other concerns.
(773) 819-6846 View (773) 819-6846
Photo of Marco Coleman, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Marco Coleman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
For most people, we often find ourselves stuck in patterns, overwhelmed with circumstances and life can be unfair at the worst times. Life has a lot of metaphors for journeys because of how much they shape and twist around us, we can still get lost on the path forward. I believe that by building awareness in our behaviors, identity, emotions, social connections and past, will give you the best road map to really understand what is best for you. By acknowledging each client's unique background and identity (personality, goals, passions) I can create a strong and tailored treatment plan for their possible symptoms and concerns.
For most people, we often find ourselves stuck in patterns, overwhelmed with circumstances and life can be unfair at the worst times. Life has a lot of metaphors for journeys because of how much they shape and twist around us, we can still get lost on the path forward. I believe that by building awareness in our behaviors, identity, emotions, social connections and past, will give you the best road map to really understand what is best for you. By acknowledging each client's unique background and identity (personality, goals, passions) I can create a strong and tailored treatment plan for their possible symptoms and concerns.
(773) 923-2898 View (773) 923-2898
Photo of Sydney Rinehart, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sydney Rinehart
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640
As a trauma and couples therapist, I work with survivors of sexual and interpersonal violence and those impacted by traumatic generational cycles or systemic oppression. Depression, anxiety, issues with focus and attention, rumination, chronic pain, identity crisis, and relationship issues act as alarms that tell us things need to change. Seeking therapy can be an empowering first step in reclaiming trust in yourself, your body, and your relationships. In couples therapy, we will work on communication, rebuilding intimacy and sexuality, and creating security and stability while ditching social scripts that don't serve you anymore.
As a trauma and couples therapist, I work with survivors of sexual and interpersonal violence and those impacted by traumatic generational cycles or systemic oppression. Depression, anxiety, issues with focus and attention, rumination, chronic pain, identity crisis, and relationship issues act as alarms that tell us things need to change. Seeking therapy can be an empowering first step in reclaiming trust in yourself, your body, and your relationships. In couples therapy, we will work on communication, rebuilding intimacy and sexuality, and creating security and stability while ditching social scripts that don't serve you anymore.
(773) 825-8609 View (773) 825-8609
Photo of Sandra Zakowski, PhD, Psychologist
Sandra Zakowski
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Uptown, Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
I am experienced in working with people who are dealing with a variety of issues including trauma, depression, anxiety, loss, acculturation, chronic medical problems, relationship problems, academic issues, and adjustment to other life stressors. Each individual requires a unique approach when seeking help in coping with problems of daily living, and I am dedicated to creating a collaborative therapy environment that is based on safety and mutual respect. I tend to be direct and interactive in therapy using an integrative approach and work to empower clients to access their strengths in coping with life issues.
I am experienced in working with people who are dealing with a variety of issues including trauma, depression, anxiety, loss, acculturation, chronic medical problems, relationship problems, academic issues, and adjustment to other life stressors. Each individual requires a unique approach when seeking help in coping with problems of daily living, and I am dedicated to creating a collaborative therapy environment that is based on safety and mutual respect. I tend to be direct and interactive in therapy using an integrative approach and work to empower clients to access their strengths in coping with life issues.
(773) 236-8242 View (773) 236-8242

See more therapy options for Uptown, Chicago

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Uptown, Chicago, IL

600+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Uptown, Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
90% Depression
86% Relationship Issues
80% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
72% Life Transitions
69% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

98% BlueCross and BlueShield
64% Aetna
43% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Uptown, Chicago, IL see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

67% Female
27% Male
6% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Uptown, Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.