Male Therapists in University District, Seattle, WA

Photo of James Evans, MA, LMHCA, MHP, P-RDT, Counselor
James Evans
Counselor, MA, LMHCA, MHP, P-RDT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
And I believe that even through the many challenges we face, we can use creative solutions to enlighten the hu man spirit, and create change that aligns with your needs and value.
Accepting Medicaid (Molina ONLY) 8/26. Our best contact method is via our website inquiry form. Do you often feel disconnected from yourself or misunderstood by others? Are you a parent worried about your child's difficulty forming connections or feeling a sense of belonging and developing new relationships? Finding someone who truly understands can be challenging. As an autistic therapist, I help individuals and families navigate a world that often views uniqueness as something to be changed, rather than celebrated. I focus on using your unique strengths to work towards a more fulfilling life, helping you embrace and thrive.
And I believe that even through the many challenges we face, we can use creative solutions to enlighten the hu man spirit, and create change that aligns with your needs and value.
Accepting Medicaid (Molina ONLY) 8/26. Our best contact method is via our website inquiry form. Do you often feel disconnected from yourself or misunderstood by others? Are you a parent worried about your child's difficulty forming connections or feeling a sense of belonging and developing new relationships? Finding someone who truly understands can be challenging. As an autistic therapist, I help individuals and families navigate a world that often views uniqueness as something to be changed, rather than celebrated. I focus on using your unique strengths to work towards a more fulfilling life, helping you embrace and thrive.
(206) 203-1511 x1 View (206) 203-1511 x1
Photo of John Ferraro, LMHCA, Counselor
John Ferraro
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
Everyone has a story to tell. I want to create a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space where clients can tell their story, reflect on where they have been, and make intentional choices that will get them closer to where they want to be. It's important to me to work with the whole person and to acknowledge the interconnected systems that we move through every day that affect us, our relationships, and our environment. Through trust, curiosity, and reflection, I am excited to work with clients to tell their own story the way they want to tell it.
Everyone has a story to tell. I want to create a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space where clients can tell their story, reflect on where they have been, and make intentional choices that will get them closer to where they want to be. It's important to me to work with the whole person and to acknowledge the interconnected systems that we move through every day that affect us, our relationships, and our environment. Through trust, curiosity, and reflection, I am excited to work with clients to tell their own story the way they want to tell it.
(206) 222-6712 View (206) 222-6712
Photo of Ryne Evans - Mindful Way Therapy, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mindful Way Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
Accepting Medicaid (Medicaid) 8/26. Our best contact method is via our website inquirry form. Are you feeling out of place in a world that seems to misunderstand you because of your identity? Perhaps you or your teen are navigating the challenges of being neurodiverse while trying to be successful in your job or at school. Or maybe you are struggling with intimacy, connection or communication with your spouse or partner because of unresolved experiences from your past. At Mindful Way, our therapists are ready to help you learn to let go of that idea that there is a "right" or "normal" way to exist, and begin to live your true self.
Accepting Medicaid (Medicaid) 8/26. Our best contact method is via our website inquirry form. Are you feeling out of place in a world that seems to misunderstand you because of your identity? Perhaps you or your teen are navigating the challenges of being neurodiverse while trying to be successful in your job or at school. Or maybe you are struggling with intimacy, connection or communication with your spouse or partner because of unresolved experiences from your past. At Mindful Way, our therapists are ready to help you learn to let go of that idea that there is a "right" or "normal" way to exist, and begin to live your true self.
(206) 737-1159 View (206) 737-1159
Photo of Ken Safley - Trauma And Anxiety Therapist, LMHCA, Counselor
Ken Safley - Trauma And Anxiety Therapist
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
Everyone experiences difficulty and pain, and for many of us, these stressors also prevent us from leading our most fulfilling lives. Oftentimes we may not even know why we feel or act a certain way, only that there must be a better option. I work with those 18+ who are trying to overcome these challenges to live effective and fulfilled lives, whatever their circumstance. I use a Hu manistic approach in therapy, focusing on understanding your perspective to collaboratively achieve your goals.
Everyone experiences difficulty and pain, and for many of us, these stressors also prevent us from leading our most fulfilling lives. Oftentimes we may not even know why we feel or act a certain way, only that there must be a better option. I work with those 18+ who are trying to overcome these challenges to live effective and fulfilled lives, whatever their circumstance. I use a Hu manistic approach in therapy, focusing on understanding your perspective to collaboratively achieve your goals.
(206) 785-1953 View (206) 785-1953
Photo of Michael R Allison, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Michael R Allison
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
My approach to therapy is relational, psychodynamic and hu manistic. I view the counseling process as a collaborative and empathic relationship of communication, investigation, exploration, reflection and insight. I believe it is the therapeutic relationship itself that is most important in creating the conditions for the deep exploratory work of psychotherapy, and discovering the possibility of self transformation.
My approach to therapy is relational, psychodynamic and hu manistic. I view the counseling process as a collaborative and empathic relationship of communication, investigation, exploration, reflection and insight. I believe it is the therapeutic relationship itself that is most important in creating the conditions for the deep exploratory work of psychotherapy, and discovering the possibility of self transformation.
(206) 673-5326 View (206) 673-5326
Photo of Clinton B McRay, LMHC, MCAP, MA, Counselor
Clinton B McRay
Counselor, LMHC, MCAP, MA
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105  (Online Only)
I am optimistic, and believe in the power of the hu man spirit to overcome hard times.
I am LGBTQ, Polyamory, and Kink competent and affirming. I am inclusive, non-judgmental and secular. If you are feeling depressed, anxious, or stressed out, or if your relationship(s) lack intimacy, warmth, or communication, then let's work together to restore joy and balance. I would love to accompany you on your journey back to a vibrant, happy wholeness.
I am optimistic, and believe in the power of the hu man spirit to overcome hard times.
I am LGBTQ, Polyamory, and Kink competent and affirming. I am inclusive, non-judgmental and secular. If you are feeling depressed, anxious, or stressed out, or if your relationship(s) lack intimacy, warmth, or communication, then let's work together to restore joy and balance. I would love to accompany you on your journey back to a vibrant, happy wholeness.
(425) 842-1899 View (425) 842-1899
Photo of Stephen J Delaney, PsyD, Psychologist
Stephen J Delaney
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
I help individuals improve the quality of their lives and life experiences. My work for the past eight years has been focused on general practice with a specialty in addiction and co-dependency all within a relaxed and respectful environment. I work with individuals and couples to promote hope, health, and wellness by creating a safe space conducive to facilitating change, reflection, and interpersonal growth. My goal is that each person feels supported to become the best possible expression of themselves, in a responsive and non-judgmental environment.
I help individuals improve the quality of their lives and life experiences. My work for the past eight years has been focused on general practice with a specialty in addiction and co-dependency all within a relaxed and respectful environment. I work with individuals and couples to promote hope, health, and wellness by creating a safe space conducive to facilitating change, reflection, and interpersonal growth. My goal is that each person feels supported to become the best possible expression of themselves, in a responsive and non-judgmental environment.
(206) 966-4294 View (206) 966-4294
Photo of Eric Dodd, MA, Counselor
Eric Dodd
Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105  (Online Only)
I work with people to address depression, anxiety, trauma, challenges around attention and life transitions over the lifespan. The approach to counseling is pragmatic, transparent, and collaborative. All sessions are done through confidential telehealth sessions and I accept most insurance programs. Contact me by email here through Psychology Today and I'll be happy to follow up with a brief consult to discuss possible next steps. Thanks!
I work with people to address depression, anxiety, trauma, challenges around attention and life transitions over the lifespan. The approach to counseling is pragmatic, transparent, and collaborative. All sessions are done through confidential telehealth sessions and I accept most insurance programs. Contact me by email here through Psychology Today and I'll be happy to follow up with a brief consult to discuss possible next steps. Thanks!
(425) 217-1835 View (425) 217-1835
Photo of Andrew Cyders, M Ed, MBA, LMHAC, Counselor
Andrew Cyders
Counselor, M Ed, MBA, LMHAC
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
Particular areas of expertise include men’s therapy, trauma/PTSD, addiction/recovery, somatic/body healing, anxiety/depression, career counseling, and more.
Counseling with me is not just “talking about problems” but looking at all of you and identifying how to help you feel more alive. I called my practice OpenHand Counseling as I believe almost anything worthwhile in life requires us to trust, collaborate, and extend ourselves. It's hard to hold a tool, cook a meal, garden, write, play a sport, give affection to another or a pet, or do almost anything without opening my fingers to meet the world. Whether you are processing past events, working towards achieving goals and plans for your life, or just need additional support, let’s work together to get you where you want to go.
Particular areas of expertise include men’s therapy, trauma/PTSD, addiction/recovery, somatic/body healing, anxiety/depression, career counseling, and more.
Counseling with me is not just “talking about problems” but looking at all of you and identifying how to help you feel more alive. I called my practice OpenHand Counseling as I believe almost anything worthwhile in life requires us to trust, collaborate, and extend ourselves. It's hard to hold a tool, cook a meal, garden, write, play a sport, give affection to another or a pet, or do almost anything without opening my fingers to meet the world. Whether you are processing past events, working towards achieving goals and plans for your life, or just need additional support, let’s work together to get you where you want to go.
(425) 842-0127 View (425) 842-0127
Photo of Michael Maguire, PsyD, Psychologist
Michael Maguire
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
I specialize in working with depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties (ro mantic, sexual, familial, and social), power/privilege, oppression/marginalization, trauma and abuse.
Just about everyone experiences difficult times in their lives. Sometimes these are temporary, such as during or after a life transition, and sometimes these are more chronic where we become stuck. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, work or school concerns, or something else, I imagine you are seeking help because you are not feeling the way you wish to feel. I also imagine that you have hope that it can get better.
I specialize in working with depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties (ro mantic, sexual, familial, and social), power/privilege, oppression/marginalization, trauma and abuse.
Just about everyone experiences difficult times in their lives. Sometimes these are temporary, such as during or after a life transition, and sometimes these are more chronic where we become stuck. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, work or school concerns, or something else, I imagine you are seeking help because you are not feeling the way you wish to feel. I also imagine that you have hope that it can get better.
(206) 535-1572 View (206) 535-1572
Photo of Daniel Littleton - Press Start Therapy - Daniel Littleton, LMHC, Counselor
Press Start Therapy - Daniel Littleton
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
University District, Seattle, WA 98105  (Online Only)
The journey towards healing & self-awareness can feel daunting but you don’t need to be on this quest (yes I'm British & a HUGE nerd, as well as use gaming as part of therapy too!) of self-identity, depression, anxiety, awkwardness, or confusion alone. I am here to support your every step, no matter where your personal adventure takes you. Whether you are looking to confront your fears or shame, to explore the depths of your past and reap the insights gained, or are a seeker of awareness, or neurodivergent, you are welcome here. For the burnt-out, the weary, the ones who don't feel heard or understood, you’re in the right place.
The journey towards healing & self-awareness can feel daunting but you don’t need to be on this quest (yes I'm British & a HUGE nerd, as well as use gaming as part of therapy too!) of self-identity, depression, anxiety, awkwardness, or confusion alone. I am here to support your every step, no matter where your personal adventure takes you. Whether you are looking to confront your fears or shame, to explore the depths of your past and reap the insights gained, or are a seeker of awareness, or neurodivergent, you are welcome here. For the burnt-out, the weary, the ones who don't feel heard or understood, you’re in the right place.
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Photo of Ryne Evans, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ryne Evans
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
I believe in the resilience of the hu man spirit and think that it is an act of courage and hope to engage in therapy.
Our best contact method is via our website and using our inquiry form. We all experience challenges in our lives. Sometimes we feel stuck in unhelpful thought patterns or behaviors. Perhaps you are struggling in with communication in your relationships. Or you have been noticing an inability to focus. There may even be times where you feel like you don't understand who you are. No matter what is bringing you to therapy, you are not broken. We are all shaped by our experiences, and my job is to guide you as we explore these experiences together to try and make sense of them and heal. Let's start your journey today.
I believe in the resilience of the hu man spirit and think that it is an act of courage and hope to engage in therapy.
Our best contact method is via our website and using our inquiry form. We all experience challenges in our lives. Sometimes we feel stuck in unhelpful thought patterns or behaviors. Perhaps you are struggling in with communication in your relationships. Or you have been noticing an inability to focus. There may even be times where you feel like you don't understand who you are. No matter what is bringing you to therapy, you are not broken. We are all shaped by our experiences, and my job is to guide you as we explore these experiences together to try and make sense of them and heal. Let's start your journey today.
(206) 558-0226 View (206) 558-0226
Photo of Jeff Grant - Jeff Grant, Ph.D, PhD, Psychologist
Jeff Grant, Ph.D
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
I help people who struggle with problems that they feel are impossible to change, understand, or even think about. I work well with individuals who are sensitive and creative, and need someone to help them understand what they've been through and how it impacts them in the here-and-now. In my experience, doing this kind of work with someone you trust offers the best hope for lasting change. I don't work well with people who want to be "fixed" without coming to know themselves better in the process.
I help people who struggle with problems that they feel are impossible to change, understand, or even think about. I work well with individuals who are sensitive and creative, and need someone to help them understand what they've been through and how it impacts them in the here-and-now. In my experience, doing this kind of work with someone you trust offers the best hope for lasting change. I don't work well with people who want to be "fixed" without coming to know themselves better in the process.
(206) 745-6651 View (206) 745-6651
Photo of Spencer Wallis, MS, LMFT, CST, Marriage & Family Therapist
Spencer Wallis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, CST
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with men around social and cultural expectations of gender.
I work with couples and individuals who wish to address emotional, relational, and identity conflict. This involves tailoring my treatment approach to the unique needs of each client. In my couple and family work, I aim to nurture clients' skills related to intimacy, shared understanding, communication, and connectedness, while respecting each partner's need for independent growth. I believe in the healing power of hu man connection, and that this bond can be a path to fulfillment and meaning in everyday life. My work with individuals addresses issues related to anxiety, depression, self-esteem, grief, sexuality, dating, and career.
I enjoy working with men around social and cultural expectations of gender.
I work with couples and individuals who wish to address emotional, relational, and identity conflict. This involves tailoring my treatment approach to the unique needs of each client. In my couple and family work, I aim to nurture clients' skills related to intimacy, shared understanding, communication, and connectedness, while respecting each partner's need for independent growth. I believe in the healing power of hu man connection, and that this bond can be a path to fulfillment and meaning in everyday life. My work with individuals addresses issues related to anxiety, depression, self-esteem, grief, sexuality, dating, and career.
(253) 509-7168 View (253) 509-7168
Photo of Robert F Hirsch - Hirsch Counseling & Consulting, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hirsch Counseling & Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
I've over 30 years experience helping couples and individuals with relationship issues, depression, sexual issues, including porn and sex addiction, and stress management. I have a holistic approach, helping clients examine what they do from when they awake to when they go to bed - what is helpful for their growth and well-being and what would be a better way to handle the challenges of their lives. Life is very challenging. It can be a hard school. Give yourself the gift of receiving compassionate, straightforward guidance.
I've over 30 years experience helping couples and individuals with relationship issues, depression, sexual issues, including porn and sex addiction, and stress management. I have a holistic approach, helping clients examine what they do from when they awake to when they go to bed - what is helpful for their growth and well-being and what would be a better way to handle the challenges of their lives. Life is very challenging. It can be a hard school. Give yourself the gift of receiving compassionate, straightforward guidance.
(844) 938-0994 View (844) 938-0994
Photo of Makoto Fujisaki, LMHCA, MS, MPhilEd, Counselor
Makoto Fujisaki
Counselor, LMHCA, MS, MPhilEd
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
University District, Seattle, WA 98105  (Online Only)
I work with many clients who struggle understanding and expressing emotions, managing anxiety, self doubts, career uncertainties, and relationship/family issues.
Immediate opening available. Therapist who understands and will work with you to manage anxiety, relationship conflict, boost your confidence and guide you to identify deeper root causes. Accepting Premera, BCBS, Anthem and Lifewise. Japanese available. Feeling overwhelmed, stressed and pressured? Struggling with low self-esteem? Keep comparing yourself to the others but don't know why? Need to improve communication skills with others? Have you wondered where your anxieties are coming from? Whether understanding yourself better, improving relationships or overcoming everyday life struggles, you are not alone and I’m here for you.
I work with many clients who struggle understanding and expressing emotions, managing anxiety, self doubts, career uncertainties, and relationship/family issues.
Immediate opening available. Therapist who understands and will work with you to manage anxiety, relationship conflict, boost your confidence and guide you to identify deeper root causes. Accepting Premera, BCBS, Anthem and Lifewise. Japanese available. Feeling overwhelmed, stressed and pressured? Struggling with low self-esteem? Keep comparing yourself to the others but don't know why? Need to improve communication skills with others? Have you wondered where your anxieties are coming from? Whether understanding yourself better, improving relationships or overcoming everyday life struggles, you are not alone and I’m here for you.
(206) 401-5763 View (206) 401-5763
Photo of Dominique Bailey, NCC, LMHCA, Counselor
Dominique Bailey
Counselor, NCC, LMHCA
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98195  (Online Only)
I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, and men’s issues using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), existential therapy, and psychoanalytic therapy.
Welcome! I am Dominique Bailey, a dedicated and compassionate therapist with professional experience spanning clinical, community, and higher education settings, I am equipped to support clients through a wide range of challenges and life transitions. Throughout my career, I have had the privilege of working with individuals from diverse backgrounds, focusing on areas such as anxiety, depression, and men’s issues. My specialization in these areas has allowed me to develop a deep understanding of the unique struggles and strengths that each client brings to therapy.
I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, and men’s issues using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), existential therapy, and psychoanalytic therapy.
Welcome! I am Dominique Bailey, a dedicated and compassionate therapist with professional experience spanning clinical, community, and higher education settings, I am equipped to support clients through a wide range of challenges and life transitions. Throughout my career, I have had the privilege of working with individuals from diverse backgrounds, focusing on areas such as anxiety, depression, and men’s issues. My specialization in these areas has allowed me to develop a deep understanding of the unique struggles and strengths that each client brings to therapy.
(425) 470-6759 View (425) 470-6759
Photo of James McBride, LCSW, LICSW, RCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
James McBride
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW, RCSW
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105  (Online Only)
Do you feel like you question yourself all the time, think of yourself as a failure, or not trust your relationships? I help individuals and couples to overcome cycles of doubt through a focused, non-judgmental approach to therapy. Self-doubt can cause us to lose trust ourselves, damage our relationships and careers, lead us to act in ways untrue to who we aspire to be, and can bring us to a place of shame. It can lead us to stagnation or being controlled by our fears. If you are looking to change how you feel about yourself or in your relationship, our work together can be the first step in that process.
Do you feel like you question yourself all the time, think of yourself as a failure, or not trust your relationships? I help individuals and couples to overcome cycles of doubt through a focused, non-judgmental approach to therapy. Self-doubt can cause us to lose trust ourselves, damage our relationships and careers, lead us to act in ways untrue to who we aspire to be, and can bring us to a place of shame. It can lead us to stagnation or being controlled by our fears. If you are looking to change how you feel about yourself or in your relationship, our work together can be the first step in that process.
(917) 924-4096 View (917) 924-4096
Photo of Scotty Sonntag, LICSW, MHA, MPA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Scotty Sonntag
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MHA, MPA
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105
I've worked with many different populations across my career from children up through adulthood.
Sonntag Counseling: Providing Hope, Awareness, & Direction. My experience consists of 19 years in academic medical centers, 14 of which was inpatient psychiatric care. I see therapy as a partnership between client and therapist with the goal of teaching skills to help individuals live and behave in ways consistent with their personal values, while also developing psychological flexibility. By recognizing ways in which our attempts to suppress, manage, and control emotional experiences can create challenges and strain relationships, we determine goals and work towards wellness, balance, and a life full of meaning.
I've worked with many different populations across my career from children up through adulthood.
Sonntag Counseling: Providing Hope, Awareness, & Direction. My experience consists of 19 years in academic medical centers, 14 of which was inpatient psychiatric care. I see therapy as a partnership between client and therapist with the goal of teaching skills to help individuals live and behave in ways consistent with their personal values, while also developing psychological flexibility. By recognizing ways in which our attempts to suppress, manage, and control emotional experiences can create challenges and strain relationships, we determine goals and work towards wellness, balance, and a life full of meaning.
(801) 898-2333 View (801) 898-2333
Photo of Jon Reeves, PhD, Psychologist
Jon Reeves
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
University District, Seattle, WA 98105  (Online Only)
Accepting New Telehealth Clients as of Aug 22! Do you struggle with loneliness, and relationships? Or perhaps anxiety about the climate or politics? Do you feel sad or helpless when you consider the challenges facing you? Whether you are looking into therapy to deal with a one-time event or to manage a lifetime stressor, together we can seek change that allows you to redirect your time and energy toward living a fulfilling life.
Accepting New Telehealth Clients as of Aug 22! Do you struggle with loneliness, and relationships? Or perhaps anxiety about the climate or politics? Do you feel sad or helpless when you consider the challenges facing you? Whether you are looking into therapy to deal with a one-time event or to manage a lifetime stressor, together we can seek change that allows you to redirect your time and energy toward living a fulfilling life.
(206) 516-2081 View (206) 516-2081
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See more therapy options for University District, Seattle

Male Therapists

As a man, why might I want to see a male therapist?

There are many reasons a man might wish to work with a male therapist, including a degree of shared identity, which may help client and therapist connect to each other and allow for a more free-flowing discussion of issues that can be deeply personal. Some men may feel more comfortable talking to a male therapist about relationship concerns, the pressures they feel around the roles society and family place on men, career or job challenges, self-esteem, or anger problems. For some men who have not had a male role models in their lives, a good male therapist may be especially helpful.

How can I find out about a therapist’s experience treating men?

Individuals looking for treatment should feel comfortable directly asking a therapist about their history treating men overall and the issues that arise in therapy with men. A good therapist will be happy to discuss such matters as well as their educational background, approach to treatment, and how they think they can aid a prospective client. Prospective clients should also ask what the expectation is for treatment, and what the fee structure is, and whether and which insurance plans are accepted.

Can clients benefit from having a therapist of the same gender?

Therapy is not gender-specific, but some men as well as women feel more comfortable opening up about their experiences and history with a male therapist. An individual may feel that they have to explain less background information and be on the same page more quickly, particularly when discussing gender-specific challenges, in the case of male clients. Some women have prior negative experiences with women that predispose them to prefer working with a male in therapy. That said, a good clinician can transcend most if not all gender concerns. Ultimately, the most important factor in therapy is the connection and trust the client is able to build with the practitioner.

Would a male therapist have specific training in treating men?

Generally, no. There are no certifications for treating men specifically, but there are continuing education classes that therapists may take that focus on treating men as a group. There are many therapists who focus on men and male issues in their treatment and therefore have experience and expertise in this domain.