Trauma and PTSD Therapists in Bellingham, WA

Photo of Olivia Olmsted, LMCHA, Counselor
Olivia Olmsted
Counselor, LMCHA
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
I offer somatic interventions to address the trauma, nervous system dysregulation, and interpersonal and societal issues that may present themselves during our work together.
It is brave to recognize that you need help. I offer a gentle, warm, client-centered space to unpack the challenges you are experiencing. I am LGBTQ+ and BIPOC inclusive, and work from a somatic, feminist, and liberation orientation. I accept adults with a variety of presenting issues including childhood trauma, chronic stress, and perinatal mood disorders - I specialize in working within the perinatal period (conception to 3 years postpartum).
I offer somatic interventions to address the trauma, nervous system dysregulation, and interpersonal and societal issues that may present themselves during our work together.
It is brave to recognize that you need help. I offer a gentle, warm, client-centered space to unpack the challenges you are experiencing. I am LGBTQ+ and BIPOC inclusive, and work from a somatic, feminist, and liberation orientation. I accept adults with a variety of presenting issues including childhood trauma, chronic stress, and perinatal mood disorders - I specialize in working within the perinatal period (conception to 3 years postpartum).
(360) 940-0497 View (360) 940-0497
Photo of Lees Hopkins, LMHC, Counselor
Lees Hopkins
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98229
Do you want to spend more time in nature to support your mental health? I meet with participants age 18+ in a wonderful forest in Geneva neighborhood of Bellingham. If you’re feeling stuck in anxious & depressive, possibly trauma-based patterns, or if the changes you want to make have been confined by the therapy office or the computer screen, join me for Ecotherapy and Brainspotting (BSP). Research & wisdom show that our bodies + minds settle when we are mindful of nature. Let's get grounded and enjoy the birdsong while we work towards your goals. I am happy to accommodate your accessibility needs & I offer telehealth on Thursdays!
Do you want to spend more time in nature to support your mental health? I meet with participants age 18+ in a wonderful forest in Geneva neighborhood of Bellingham. If you’re feeling stuck in anxious & depressive, possibly trauma-based patterns, or if the changes you want to make have been confined by the therapy office or the computer screen, join me for Ecotherapy and Brainspotting (BSP). Research & wisdom show that our bodies + minds settle when we are mindful of nature. Let's get grounded and enjoy the birdsong while we work towards your goals. I am happy to accommodate your accessibility needs & I offer telehealth on Thursdays!
(360) 614-2029 View (360) 614-2029
Photo of Jamie Collins, MA, MDiv, LMHCA, Counselor
Jamie Collins
Counselor, MA, MDiv, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
In my practice, I have worked with First Responders and clients who have been in highly stressed vocations and have accumulated trauma-related symptoms impacting them in all aspects of their lives.
Your story is important and unique to you. What you bring into the counseling session is more than a diagnosis or problems you are struggling with. Reaching out for support today is a significant step in getting to where you want to go - congrats! I am a collaborative therapist who sits with people empathetically and kindly.  I work with clients hearing their story and listening for the sticking points that need attention.  My approach is client-centered that builds a relationship with the client. I draw on the many interventions I am trained in; trauma-informed CBT, Acceptance Commitment Therapy, Motivational Interviewing.
In my practice, I have worked with First Responders and clients who have been in highly stressed vocations and have accumulated trauma-related symptoms impacting them in all aspects of their lives.
Your story is important and unique to you. What you bring into the counseling session is more than a diagnosis or problems you are struggling with. Reaching out for support today is a significant step in getting to where you want to go - congrats! I am a collaborative therapist who sits with people empathetically and kindly.  I work with clients hearing their story and listening for the sticking points that need attention.  My approach is client-centered that builds a relationship with the client. I draw on the many interventions I am trained in; trauma-informed CBT, Acceptance Commitment Therapy, Motivational Interviewing.
(360) 800-3752 View (360) 800-3752
Photo of Chericka L Ashmann - Swell Sessions w/ Chericka Ashmann, LICSW, MHP, CMHS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Swell Sessions w/ Chericka Ashmann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MHP, CMHS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98229
I have found EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) to be exceptionally effective in treating trauma.
As a multi-racial, formally diagnosed autistic individual with lived experiences of systemic violence, I bring a unique and deeply empathetic perspective to therapy. These experiences have shaped my understanding of how trauma impacts vulnerable populations differently and often more severely. My commitment to civil rights advocacy is driven by a passion for addressing systemic violence against marginalized communities, including people of color, LGBTQIA+ individuals, those living in poverty, and people with disabilities.
I have found EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) to be exceptionally effective in treating trauma.
As a multi-racial, formally diagnosed autistic individual with lived experiences of systemic violence, I bring a unique and deeply empathetic perspective to therapy. These experiences have shaped my understanding of how trauma impacts vulnerable populations differently and often more severely. My commitment to civil rights advocacy is driven by a passion for addressing systemic violence against marginalized communities, including people of color, LGBTQIA+ individuals, those living in poverty, and people with disabilities.
(360) 215-2551 View (360) 215-2551
Photo of Sears Taylor, MA, MBA, LMHC, Counselor
Sears Taylor
Counselor, MA, MBA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98229
I use meaning and purpose to help client focus on what’s really important I use EMDR and one eye intergration to relieve trauma effects.
I’m very experienced with trauma and can resolve its effects very quickly I also am very effective with addiction problems
I use meaning and purpose to help client focus on what’s really important I use EMDR and one eye intergration to relieve trauma effects.
I’m very experienced with trauma and can resolve its effects very quickly I also am very effective with addiction problems
(360) 526-0074 View (360) 526-0074
Photo of Kirsten Van Wingerden, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Kirsten Van Wingerden
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
Waitlist for new clients
I work with PTSD, trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship stressors, and mother wounds.
Does it feel like something just isn't quite right in life? Oftentimes, we can feel burnt out by the expectations and pressures from our lives. I work with teens, adults and couples living with anxiety, PTSD (C- PTSD), depression, perfectionism, challenging parent relationships and ongoing life stressors. We can work together to heal these symptoms and understand the root of your pain to find freedom in your true self. Together, we seek to have a deeper connection to your life that is compassionate and promotes agency in order to restore and create safe relationships with others.
I work with PTSD, trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship stressors, and mother wounds.
Does it feel like something just isn't quite right in life? Oftentimes, we can feel burnt out by the expectations and pressures from our lives. I work with teens, adults and couples living with anxiety, PTSD (C- PTSD), depression, perfectionism, challenging parent relationships and ongoing life stressors. We can work together to heal these symptoms and understand the root of your pain to find freedom in your true self. Together, we seek to have a deeper connection to your life that is compassionate and promotes agency in order to restore and create safe relationships with others.
(360) 968-6969 View (360) 968-6969
Photo of Eric Mann, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Eric Mann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
While I don't view caring for our mental health as a checklist, I do have a strong passion in helping you navigate self-esteem challenges, anxiety, depression, life changes and struggles, trauma, PTSD, mood issues, and relationship challenges.
It's difficult to start therapy. The desire to seek out change and dig into your feelings can often be coupled with feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or not knowing if it's the right time or decision for you. Whatever your reasons or hesitations, choosing to start therapy is courageous and once you arrive at this decision, you're not in it alone.
While I don't view caring for our mental health as a checklist, I do have a strong passion in helping you navigate self-esteem challenges, anxiety, depression, life changes and struggles, trauma, PTSD, mood issues, and relationship challenges.
It's difficult to start therapy. The desire to seek out change and dig into your feelings can often be coupled with feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or not knowing if it's the right time or decision for you. Whatever your reasons or hesitations, choosing to start therapy is courageous and once you arrive at this decision, you're not in it alone.
(206) 693-2955 View (206) 693-2955
Photo of Stephanie Padich, MS, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Stephanie Padich
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225  (Online Only)
I often use a somatic therapy called Lifespan Integration for trauma processing, as well as DBT in my practice.
As a therapist, I have worked with folks struggling with life transitions, mood disorders, complex trauma/ PTSD, and family of origin issues. I have a passion for working with clients healing from intergenerational trauma and wanting to catch their body up with their mind; teaching the body that it is now safe in the present and no longer needs to live in survival mode.
I often use a somatic therapy called Lifespan Integration for trauma processing, as well as DBT in my practice.
As a therapist, I have worked with folks struggling with life transitions, mood disorders, complex trauma/ PTSD, and family of origin issues. I have a passion for working with clients healing from intergenerational trauma and wanting to catch their body up with their mind; teaching the body that it is now safe in the present and no longer needs to live in survival mode.
(360) 503-0365 View (360) 503-0365
Photo of Christina Perez, MA, LSWAIC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christina Perez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98229  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients! Hello there! I'm Christina, and I'm thrilled to have the opportunity to connect with you. I'm accepting new clients with availability within the week. My passion has always been centered around helping others live their best lives, and I bring a wealth of experience to the table. I understand the challenges of navigating anxiety, depression, building coping strategies, addiction, and trauma. Through my journey and professional work, I've had the privilege of supporting individuals of all ages and backgrounds, offering individual, family, and group therapy services.
Accepting new clients! Hello there! I'm Christina, and I'm thrilled to have the opportunity to connect with you. I'm accepting new clients with availability within the week. My passion has always been centered around helping others live their best lives, and I bring a wealth of experience to the table. I understand the challenges of navigating anxiety, depression, building coping strategies, addiction, and trauma. Through my journey and professional work, I've had the privilege of supporting individuals of all ages and backgrounds, offering individual, family, and group therapy services.
(206) 590-7460 View (206) 590-7460
Photo of April E Mullen - Bloom Therapy & Wellness LLC., MA, LMHC, Counselor
Bloom Therapy & Wellness LLC.
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225  (Online Only)
I believe in the strength, resiliency and beauty of the human spirit. I also believe in co-creating opportunities to bring forth our best self. By changing the stories we tell ourselves, we can overcome extreme adversity and trauma. Through self actualization and awareness we can become our true selves and live the life we truly want to live. In my training and career, the focus of my work has been in treating adolescents and adults suffering from mood disorders, anxiety, depression, PTSD, LGBTQ issues, Sex Positive & Kink issues as well as issues of Grief and Loss/Death & Dying.
I believe in the strength, resiliency and beauty of the human spirit. I also believe in co-creating opportunities to bring forth our best self. By changing the stories we tell ourselves, we can overcome extreme adversity and trauma. Through self actualization and awareness we can become our true selves and live the life we truly want to live. In my training and career, the focus of my work has been in treating adolescents and adults suffering from mood disorders, anxiety, depression, PTSD, LGBTQ issues, Sex Positive & Kink issues as well as issues of Grief and Loss/Death & Dying.
(425) 842-1398 View (425) 842-1398
Photo of Leslie Doyle, MA, LMHC, LPC, NCC, Counselor
Leslie Doyle
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225  (Online Only)
I care deeply about supporting others to feel at home within themselves. I am dedicated to nurturing authenticity, presenting opportunities for personal development, and empowering you in your healing journey. I work with a wide range of client experiences and have a special interest in supporting trauma survivors (developmental, acute, and complex,) caregivers (therapists welcome!), military families, and foster families.
I care deeply about supporting others to feel at home within themselves. I am dedicated to nurturing authenticity, presenting opportunities for personal development, and empowering you in your healing journey. I work with a wide range of client experiences and have a special interest in supporting trauma survivors (developmental, acute, and complex,) caregivers (therapists welcome!), military families, and foster families.
(253) 509-7619 View (253) 509-7619
Photo of Bailey Rahn, MA, LMHCA, SUDPT
Bailey Rahn
Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA, LMHCA, SUDPT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
I use strategies like EMDR and attachment theory to address substance use and other addictive tendencies at their roots, which is so often trauma, isolation, and relationship wounds.
Thinking of cutting back on substance use after seeing its impact on your relationships and health? And yet, does it feel like the only way to disconnect from stress and reconnect with others is with the help of alcohol or drugs? If you’re struggling to build healthier relationships to substances and others, it might be just the time for support. I avidly believe that everyone has the natural ability to heal, especially when provided with a nonjudgmental space to process life’s challenges. Guided by your own self-selected goals, therapy is intended to blaze a path forward using the strengths and values already within you.
I use strategies like EMDR and attachment theory to address substance use and other addictive tendencies at their roots, which is so often trauma, isolation, and relationship wounds.
Thinking of cutting back on substance use after seeing its impact on your relationships and health? And yet, does it feel like the only way to disconnect from stress and reconnect with others is with the help of alcohol or drugs? If you’re struggling to build healthier relationships to substances and others, it might be just the time for support. I avidly believe that everyone has the natural ability to heal, especially when provided with a nonjudgmental space to process life’s challenges. Guided by your own self-selected goals, therapy is intended to blaze a path forward using the strengths and values already within you.
(360) 845-1221 View (360) 845-1221
Photo of Kendra Buerger, MA, LMHC, LPC
Kendra Buerger
Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98226  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I utilize Inner Relationship Focusing (somatic attachment), IFS (Parts Work), and Inner Child work for processing unresolved trauma and to build secure relationship with self and others.
I believe you have the strength, wisdom, and capability to heal innately within you and that you deserve to live a life of happiness and meaning in alignment with your values and dreams. I hold space with presence, compassion, curiosity, and non-judgement for you to process, heal, and transform. I will be a guide and witness to highlight patterns, provide tools, and offer perspective while empowering you to develop trust and confidence in self. We will untangle where past influences present, rewrite limiting beliefs and stories, and work to bring integration, stability, clarity, and deeper connections. I offer Dream Work.
I utilize Inner Relationship Focusing (somatic attachment), IFS (Parts Work), and Inner Child work for processing unresolved trauma and to build secure relationship with self and others.
I believe you have the strength, wisdom, and capability to heal innately within you and that you deserve to live a life of happiness and meaning in alignment with your values and dreams. I hold space with presence, compassion, curiosity, and non-judgement for you to process, heal, and transform. I will be a guide and witness to highlight patterns, provide tools, and offer perspective while empowering you to develop trust and confidence in self. We will untangle where past influences present, rewrite limiting beliefs and stories, and work to bring integration, stability, clarity, and deeper connections. I offer Dream Work.
(360) 685-1054 View (360) 685-1054
Photo of DeeAnn K Schmucker, LCSW, LICSW, Author, Speaker, Coach, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
DeeAnn K Schmucker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW, Author, Speaker, Coach
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225  (Online Only)
Do you feel out of control or experience confusion in your relationships? In conversations with significant others do you often feel you hold all the responsibility or are to blame? Do keep having the same unproductive conversations, fights, quarrels? Are you struggling with chronic health issues that affect your relationships? I work with adults who are struggling with relationship, trauma or health challenges to get to the root of their challenges so they can feel better for good. I have specialized training in integrative approaches and have innovated new therapy modalities.
Do you feel out of control or experience confusion in your relationships? In conversations with significant others do you often feel you hold all the responsibility or are to blame? Do keep having the same unproductive conversations, fights, quarrels? Are you struggling with chronic health issues that affect your relationships? I work with adults who are struggling with relationship, trauma or health challenges to get to the root of their challenges so they can feel better for good. I have specialized training in integrative approaches and have innovated new therapy modalities.
(360) 230-6594 View (360) 230-6594
Photo of Dan Enselman, LMHC, SUDP, Counselor
Dan Enselman
Counselor, LMHC, SUDP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
There are times in life when things begin to feel out of control. Major life changes, past trauma, or increasing anxiety can lead to troubles with relationships, work, or at home. Maybe you have found yourself relying more on alcohol or substances to get through the day. You have been doing the best you can to manage, but sometimes we all need extra support.
There are times in life when things begin to feel out of control. Major life changes, past trauma, or increasing anxiety can lead to troubles with relationships, work, or at home. Maybe you have found yourself relying more on alcohol or substances to get through the day. You have been doing the best you can to manage, but sometimes we all need extra support.
(360) 512-7566 View (360) 512-7566
Photo of Sara Hutchinson - Rule and Associates, LSWAIC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rule and Associates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
I offer therapy and counseling services to support folks in moving through trauma, anxiety, depression, life transitions and many other challenges.
I work with a wide variety of folks who are experiencing mental health, trauma, family, and life related stressors. With experience supporting children ages 3 and up, teens, adults, and families I aim to provide holistic services meeting folks where they are at in their journey. My work includes providing affirming services for LGBTQ+ and Non-monogamous folks. I am skilled at providing services for neurodivergent (ADHD/Autistic) folks aimed at increasing self-understanding and coping with the stressors of the outside world.
I offer therapy and counseling services to support folks in moving through trauma, anxiety, depression, life transitions and many other challenges.
I work with a wide variety of folks who are experiencing mental health, trauma, family, and life related stressors. With experience supporting children ages 3 and up, teens, adults, and families I aim to provide holistic services meeting folks where they are at in their journey. My work includes providing affirming services for LGBTQ+ and Non-monogamous folks. I am skilled at providing services for neurodivergent (ADHD/Autistic) folks aimed at increasing self-understanding and coping with the stressors of the outside world.
(360) 531-6411 View (360) 531-6411
Photo of Jamie Fredeen, MA, LMFT, MHP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jamie Fredeen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, MHP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98226  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
You may notice that past experiences are holding you back. You are looking for support in building self-worth. Often experiences of grief, depression, trauma or anxiety can keep us stuck. You want to explore and strengthen your voice and self-awareness. You are looking for lasting changes and want more than talk therapy. I offer compassionate support and believe you do not need to do this alone. I respect the courage and strength it takes to be vulnerable. My first goal is to understand your goals and then learn about your identities and experiences. I am passionate about people defining their own path and recovery.
You may notice that past experiences are holding you back. You are looking for support in building self-worth. Often experiences of grief, depression, trauma or anxiety can keep us stuck. You want to explore and strengthen your voice and self-awareness. You are looking for lasting changes and want more than talk therapy. I offer compassionate support and believe you do not need to do this alone. I respect the courage and strength it takes to be vulnerable. My first goal is to understand your goals and then learn about your identities and experiences. I am passionate about people defining their own path and recovery.
(206) 558-9135 View (206) 558-9135
Photo of Mary L Hansen, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Mary L Hansen
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
I have an interest and training in Attachment and Trauma.
Remember to recognize joy and excitement when it happens. When you are feeling depressed or anxious-when you have just lost someone or have been through a difficult or traumatic event, it may be very difficult to enjoy or even notice life. I work with individuals, couples and families to help them grow to be stronger and to share the joy and reciprocity of building healthy connections and then grow into who they want and need to be.
I have an interest and training in Attachment and Trauma.
Remember to recognize joy and excitement when it happens. When you are feeling depressed or anxious-when you have just lost someone or have been through a difficult or traumatic event, it may be very difficult to enjoy or even notice life. I work with individuals, couples and families to help them grow to be stronger and to share the joy and reciprocity of building healthy connections and then grow into who they want and need to be.
(360) 207-2514 View (360) 207-2514
Photo of Marion Murray, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Marion Murray
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
As a LMFT I have worked over the past 15 years extensively with adults and adolescents experiencing traumas. Trauma can spill over onto family systems, causing pain and suffering to those we love and who love us. Whether our focus together is healing past traumas, unhappiness in relationships, or finding a way to navigate bringing together a new family system - lets start. I strongly believe in the ability of people to heal, grow, and improve their lives within a safe therapeutic environment, to explore their feelings and experiences. I would be honored to be the person you choose to help the healing begin.
As a LMFT I have worked over the past 15 years extensively with adults and adolescents experiencing traumas. Trauma can spill over onto family systems, causing pain and suffering to those we love and who love us. Whether our focus together is healing past traumas, unhappiness in relationships, or finding a way to navigate bringing together a new family system - lets start. I strongly believe in the ability of people to heal, grow, and improve their lives within a safe therapeutic environment, to explore their feelings and experiences. I would be honored to be the person you choose to help the healing begin.
(360) 233-8775 View (360) 233-8775
Photo of Beverly Brashen, PhD, Counselor
Beverly Brashen
Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
I combine neurofeedback (also known as EEG Biofeedback) training, cognitive-behavioral therapies and yoga psychology to help individuals achieve and maintain happier lives. My work is result oriented and I have maintained a successful practice for over 40 years in the Seattle – Bellevue - Bellingham area. During this time, I have worked with adults and children with a wide range of issues ranging from anxiety, depression, relationship issues, attentional issues, sleep disturbances, chronic headaches, developmental trauma, post traumatic stress disorder to stress related autoimmune disturbances.
I combine neurofeedback (also known as EEG Biofeedback) training, cognitive-behavioral therapies and yoga psychology to help individuals achieve and maintain happier lives. My work is result oriented and I have maintained a successful practice for over 40 years in the Seattle – Bellevue - Bellingham area. During this time, I have worked with adults and children with a wide range of issues ranging from anxiety, depression, relationship issues, attentional issues, sleep disturbances, chronic headaches, developmental trauma, post traumatic stress disorder to stress related autoimmune disturbances.
(425) 321-0173 View (425) 321-0173
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Trauma and PTSD Therapists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.