Therapists in Washington County, VT

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Photo of Margo Kelly, LICSW, MEd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Margo Kelly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montpelier, VT 05602
Waitlist for new clients
I work with adolescents and young adults to strengthen awareness, joy, and sense of power in relationship to self, others, and systems you interact with. We are living in a tumultuous time in which many systems and institutions are actively constricting aliveness in our natural world and within us as individuals. This can manifest in feeling angry, apathetic, or powerless, or leave you searching for meaning and how to move forward. I work with individuals to cultivate your wild and authentic self as a beautiful form of vulnerability, resistance, and living wholeheartedly.
I work with adolescents and young adults to strengthen awareness, joy, and sense of power in relationship to self, others, and systems you interact with. We are living in a tumultuous time in which many systems and institutions are actively constricting aliveness in our natural world and within us as individuals. This can manifest in feeling angry, apathetic, or powerless, or leave you searching for meaning and how to move forward. I work with individuals to cultivate your wild and authentic self as a beautiful form of vulnerability, resistance, and living wholeheartedly.
(802) 988-6165 View (802) 988-6165
Photo of Susan A Atwood, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Susan A Atwood
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montpelier, VT 05602
Waitlist for new clients
Currently offering on-line and in-person counseling, I work with adults ranging from college-age to elders to help develop self-understanding and healing during times of loss, transition, anxiety, depression and relationship difficulties.
Currently offering on-line and in-person counseling, I work with adults ranging from college-age to elders to help develop self-understanding and healing during times of loss, transition, anxiety, depression and relationship difficulties.
(802) 392-2586 View (802) 392-2586
Photo of Moxie Craig, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Moxie Craig
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Waterbury, VT 05676
Waitlist for new clients
Are you struggling to find your place within your community or within yourself? Together we can seek out clarity, navigate transition, and strengthen relationships. Our therapeutic work centers around creating a deeper understanding of self, diving into your beliefs and values, and the cycles we play out in relationships with others.
Are you struggling to find your place within your community or within yourself? Together we can seek out clarity, navigate transition, and strengthen relationships. Our therapeutic work centers around creating a deeper understanding of self, diving into your beliefs and values, and the cycles we play out in relationships with others.
(802) 909-3492 View (802) 909-3492
Photo of Steven Ferrari, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Steven Ferrari
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Barre, VT 05641
***Limited Spaces Available. Currently Accepting New Clients. Due to the large amount of families that I see, I can only accept new, adult individuals at this time. I'm available in Barre, VT*** Throughout my years in the field of mental health I've had the incredible opportunity to work with a wide range of clients from several different cultures, backgrounds, and socio-economic status. In addition to my strong clinical background, I have also worked in the field of forensics and substance abuse recovery.
***Limited Spaces Available. Currently Accepting New Clients. Due to the large amount of families that I see, I can only accept new, adult individuals at this time. I'm available in Barre, VT*** Throughout my years in the field of mental health I've had the incredible opportunity to work with a wide range of clients from several different cultures, backgrounds, and socio-economic status. In addition to my strong clinical background, I have also worked in the field of forensics and substance abuse recovery.
(802) 521-0135 View (802) 521-0135
Photo of Juniper Rian Johns, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Juniper Rian Johns
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Montpelier, VT 05601
Not accepting new clients
Welcome to exploring Counseling- I'm Juniper Johns a Psychotherapist, Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW). I offer individual counseling for adults, children, teens and families.I value the therapeutic relationship as central to this work. I weave a range of interventions, to both allow space for process based insight and reflection; as well as, to develop concrete skills to feel better. My approach is often described as warm, encouraging, compassionate, and collaborative.
Welcome to exploring Counseling- I'm Juniper Johns a Psychotherapist, Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW). I offer individual counseling for adults, children, teens and families.I value the therapeutic relationship as central to this work. I weave a range of interventions, to both allow space for process based insight and reflection; as well as, to develop concrete skills to feel better. My approach is often described as warm, encouraging, compassionate, and collaborative.
(802) 780-2757 View (802) 780-2757
Photo of Jennifer Overton, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Jennifer Overton
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
West Berlin, VT 05663
Waitlist for new clients
I am currently making a waitlist for new clients! Welcome to Joyful Otter Therapy. I offer in-person and telehealth counseling and psychotherapy services for children, adolescents, adults and families, ages 4 and up. Through a holistic approach, I strive to provide a safe and accessible environment to explore your strengths and needs, and develop goals that fit your current situation. Using evidence-based therapy, such as cognitive behavioral (CBT), mindfulness-based, and play therapy, I incorporate expressive arts to allow for more accessible treatment.
I am currently making a waitlist for new clients! Welcome to Joyful Otter Therapy. I offer in-person and telehealth counseling and psychotherapy services for children, adolescents, adults and families, ages 4 and up. Through a holistic approach, I strive to provide a safe and accessible environment to explore your strengths and needs, and develop goals that fit your current situation. Using evidence-based therapy, such as cognitive behavioral (CBT), mindfulness-based, and play therapy, I incorporate expressive arts to allow for more accessible treatment.
(802) 328-9434 View (802) 328-9434
Photo of Alanna M Hayden
Alanna M Hayden
Unlicensed Psychotherapist
Not Verified Not Verified
Montpelier, VT 05602  (Online Only)
* Online * Intuitive * Integrative * When I first started searching for guidance years ago, I wanted something different than traditional psychotherapy. Something deeper. I felt stuck despite knowing many techniques that should have helped. Yes, I wanted someone to help me get unstuck and finally make the tangible, practical, positive changes necessary in my life -- and at the same time, I longed for something more meaningful than simply improving my daily existence. My years of seeking, study, and deep personal work have led me to the unique blend of psychology, spirituality, intuitive guidance, and energy work I now practice.
* Online * Intuitive * Integrative * When I first started searching for guidance years ago, I wanted something different than traditional psychotherapy. Something deeper. I felt stuck despite knowing many techniques that should have helped. Yes, I wanted someone to help me get unstuck and finally make the tangible, practical, positive changes necessary in my life -- and at the same time, I longed for something more meaningful than simply improving my daily existence. My years of seeking, study, and deep personal work have led me to the unique blend of psychology, spirituality, intuitive guidance, and energy work I now practice.
(802) 391-9302 View (802) 391-9302
Photo of Michael Anderson III - Michael Anderson Counseling Services, LLC, MA,
Michael Anderson Counseling Services, LLC
MA,
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Montpelier, VT 05602
Our minds are powerful. The mind controls our whole body and especially our thoughts. As we go through our journeys of life, we oftentimes process our experiences inaccurately leaving a lasting impact on our mind, body, and behavior. Now, you may have realized the way you are thinking, feeling, or behaving is no longer working for you. Let's see what we can do together to overcome this difficult time.
Our minds are powerful. The mind controls our whole body and especially our thoughts. As we go through our journeys of life, we oftentimes process our experiences inaccurately leaving a lasting impact on our mind, body, and behavior. Now, you may have realized the way you are thinking, feeling, or behaving is no longer working for you. Let's see what we can do together to overcome this difficult time.
(802) 200-2873 View (802) 200-2873
Photo of Glenn Soberman, PhD, Psychologist
Glenn Soberman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Moretown, VT 05660
You have struggled for so long to overcome your suffering and have tried various coping strategies – overeating, perhaps overdrinking, overworking, and numbing out. Maybe, you even tried individual therapy. Has any of this helped? Hopefully, your effort has sometimes taken the edge off your suffering, but you still feel ashamed and guilty while thinking, “What’s wrong with me?” Why can’t I stop feeling, thinking, and acting this way? You deserve credit for not giving up and keeping a glimmer of hope alive that change is possible despite not finding a solution to your pain and suffering. But something has to change.
You have struggled for so long to overcome your suffering and have tried various coping strategies – overeating, perhaps overdrinking, overworking, and numbing out. Maybe, you even tried individual therapy. Has any of this helped? Hopefully, your effort has sometimes taken the edge off your suffering, but you still feel ashamed and guilty while thinking, “What’s wrong with me?” Why can’t I stop feeling, thinking, and acting this way? You deserve credit for not giving up and keeping a glimmer of hope alive that change is possible despite not finding a solution to your pain and suffering. But something has to change.
(845) 271-2179 View (845) 271-2179
Photo of Darlene Furey, MSS, MLSP, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Darlene Furey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, MLSP, LICSW
Verified Verified
Marshfield, VT 05658  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical social worker. My online practice is with adults, couples and families of all kinds, including lgbtqia and folx who practice polyamory or ENM. I have a great deal experience with individuals, couples and families who are undergoing a transition: marriage, coming out as an lgbtq person, birth, divorce or separation, chronic illness or disability or loss. Using a client centered, empowerment approach, I utilize traditional "talk therapy" I emphasize the relational aspect of therapy, providing a safe, non-judgmental atmosphere for clients to explore their concerns as they move towards healing and growth.
I am a licensed clinical social worker. My online practice is with adults, couples and families of all kinds, including lgbtqia and folx who practice polyamory or ENM. I have a great deal experience with individuals, couples and families who are undergoing a transition: marriage, coming out as an lgbtq person, birth, divorce or separation, chronic illness or disability or loss. Using a client centered, empowerment approach, I utilize traditional "talk therapy" I emphasize the relational aspect of therapy, providing a safe, non-judgmental atmosphere for clients to explore their concerns as they move towards healing and growth.
(802) 455-4660 View (802) 455-4660
Photo of Christopher Steller, LICSW, MA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christopher Steller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MA
Verified Verified
Montpelier, VT 05602
My goal in all my work with all my different clients is to help them better understand themselves, their lives and their struggles. With honesty, compassion, warmth, humor and respect, as well as my own insights and knowledge gained from my work and my life, I help people more fully become who they wish to be. Whether their issues are behavioral, emotional, relational or involving more specific challenges, I use different strategies from different disciplines to assist my clients in reaching their goals.
My goal in all my work with all my different clients is to help them better understand themselves, their lives and their struggles. With honesty, compassion, warmth, humor and respect, as well as my own insights and knowledge gained from my work and my life, I help people more fully become who they wish to be. Whether their issues are behavioral, emotional, relational or involving more specific challenges, I use different strategies from different disciplines to assist my clients in reaching their goals.
(802) 231-2327 View (802) 231-2327
Photo of Terry Padilla - Terry Padilla LCMHC, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
Terry Padilla LCMHC
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Montpelier, VT 05602
Over the years, I have recognized that each of us has a wisdom that resides within.This wisdom within our mind/body system holds the solution. We are designed for balance- yes, we do get off-balance. I will help you understand what your body/mind is attempting to communicate. It is often a simple process. We all have beliefs that originate from our culture, our society, and our family. Some beliefs are helpful, some are not. It is our beliefs that guide our behavior. Beliefs are the 'fuel' that move us. We will discover the 'outdated' beliefs.
Over the years, I have recognized that each of us has a wisdom that resides within.This wisdom within our mind/body system holds the solution. We are designed for balance- yes, we do get off-balance. I will help you understand what your body/mind is attempting to communicate. It is often a simple process. We all have beliefs that originate from our culture, our society, and our family. Some beliefs are helpful, some are not. It is our beliefs that guide our behavior. Beliefs are the 'fuel' that move us. We will discover the 'outdated' beliefs.
(802) 992-1405 View (802) 992-1405
Photo of Hillary Martin, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Hillary Martin
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
Montpelier, VT 05602
Waitlist for new clients
My approach is rooted in the belief that all humans possess an innate capacity for healing. Humans are social creatures, and healing and growth are nurtured in safe, compassionate, and empowering relationships. Together, with a relational foundation built on trust, empathy, and warmth, we will sit with challenging feelings, painful experiences, and the full complexity of the human experience. You are the expert on yourself, and I am honored to be your companion as you explore your inner- and outer-worlds, and move toward greater fulfillment of your goals.
My approach is rooted in the belief that all humans possess an innate capacity for healing. Humans are social creatures, and healing and growth are nurtured in safe, compassionate, and empowering relationships. Together, with a relational foundation built on trust, empathy, and warmth, we will sit with challenging feelings, painful experiences, and the full complexity of the human experience. You are the expert on yourself, and I am honored to be your companion as you explore your inner- and outer-worlds, and move toward greater fulfillment of your goals.
(802) 210-3570 View (802) 210-3570
Photo of Jeffrey Dworkin, MA, JD, Psychologist
Jeffrey Dworkin
Psychologist, MA, JD
Verified Verified
Montpelier, VT 05602  (Online Only)
I focus on relationships, including the formative ones from childhood, current relationship dilemmas, and one's relationship to him/herself. I help clients identify their patterns which contribute to chronic and current life issues, including anxiety, depression and "stuckness", and to imagine new and more creative approaches to these problems. I emphasize the importance of emotional awareness to the goal of therapeutic change. With couples and families, I emphasize styles of communication and the cultivation of non-reactive listening.
I focus on relationships, including the formative ones from childhood, current relationship dilemmas, and one's relationship to him/herself. I help clients identify their patterns which contribute to chronic and current life issues, including anxiety, depression and "stuckness", and to imagine new and more creative approaches to these problems. I emphasize the importance of emotional awareness to the goal of therapeutic change. With couples and families, I emphasize styles of communication and the cultivation of non-reactive listening.
(802) 357-4090 View (802) 357-4090
Photo of Michele Delaney, MEd, MS, LCMHC, Counselor
Michele Delaney
Counselor, MEd, MS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Montpelier, VT 05602
Not accepting new clients
Finding someone with whom you feel comfortable and understood is the most important factor in effective therapy. I offer a safe place to explore your concerns while learning healthy and effective ways to manage intense feelings and resolve problems. Our work together can help you uncover ways your past may be impacting your present, learn new ways of looking at things, and grow confidence in your ability to live well.
Finding someone with whom you feel comfortable and understood is the most important factor in effective therapy. I offer a safe place to explore your concerns while learning healthy and effective ways to manage intense feelings and resolve problems. Our work together can help you uncover ways your past may be impacting your present, learn new ways of looking at things, and grow confidence in your ability to live well.
(802) 552-8301 View (802) 552-8301
Photo of Jennifer Degen, MA, Registered Psychotherapist
Jennifer Degen
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Waitsfield, VT 05673
Has a recent life event, such as a job transition, a shift in your relationships, or unsettling medical news, triggered these feelings of unease? Did you know that the body's natural response to stress includes restless, on edge wound up feelings? Stress also compromises our attention? You might feel digestive and sleep issues, feelings of anxiousness, and dis-ease. It's essential to recognize that such moments of high alert often present remarkable opportunities for personal growth, even though they may not initially feel terrible, awful or unsettling. From experience, I can help you find brightness in the darker stuck places.
Has a recent life event, such as a job transition, a shift in your relationships, or unsettling medical news, triggered these feelings of unease? Did you know that the body's natural response to stress includes restless, on edge wound up feelings? Stress also compromises our attention? You might feel digestive and sleep issues, feelings of anxiousness, and dis-ease. It's essential to recognize that such moments of high alert often present remarkable opportunities for personal growth, even though they may not initially feel terrible, awful or unsettling. From experience, I can help you find brightness in the darker stuck places.
(802) 392-4214 View (802) 392-4214
Photo of Hannah Carpenter, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
Hannah Carpenter
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Montpelier, VT 05602  (Online Only)
Welcome! Sometimes we can find ourselves needing to reset and evaluate the inevitable ruts of life. As psychotherapy is a very personal experience, I strive to provide an empathetic and collaborative therapeutic environment for my clients to explore life’s challenges, increase better self-understanding, identify and make the changes that they seek, and invite bringing oneself back into alignment. Once in alignment with our authentic self, we know freedom.
Welcome! Sometimes we can find ourselves needing to reset and evaluate the inevitable ruts of life. As psychotherapy is a very personal experience, I strive to provide an empathetic and collaborative therapeutic environment for my clients to explore life’s challenges, increase better self-understanding, identify and make the changes that they seek, and invite bringing oneself back into alignment. Once in alignment with our authentic self, we know freedom.
(802) 397-9516 View (802) 397-9516
Photo of Jim Pugliese, MS, LCMHC, Counselor
Jim Pugliese
Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Barre, VT 05641
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed mental health counselor based in Barre, Vermont. I have been serving people since 1989 in a variety of helping relationships, including: case management, career counseling, emergency mental health intervention, and psychotherapy. I use an integrative approach to therapy customized to my client's needs, including: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), positive psychology, supportive counseling, mindfulness, Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). I offer individual and couples counseling. Treatment can be as brief as one session or can extend over time.
I am a licensed mental health counselor based in Barre, Vermont. I have been serving people since 1989 in a variety of helping relationships, including: case management, career counseling, emergency mental health intervention, and psychotherapy. I use an integrative approach to therapy customized to my client's needs, including: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), positive psychology, supportive counseling, mindfulness, Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). I offer individual and couples counseling. Treatment can be as brief as one session or can extend over time.
(802) 277-3080 View (802) 277-3080
Photo of Sarah Norton, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
Sarah Norton
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Montpelier, VT 05602
My role as a psychotherapist is to help you develop a stronger sense of self-presence and self worth, to help you understand and validate feelings, to provide support for anxiety, depression and grief, and to help you develop the ability to find comfort and wisdom within yourself. Psychotherapy as I practice it is a collaborative exploration between you and me in an atmosphere of empathy and without judgment. Sessions take place in a confidential setting and follow the lead of your needs, thus validating your integrity, uniqueness and depth.
My role as a psychotherapist is to help you develop a stronger sense of self-presence and self worth, to help you understand and validate feelings, to provide support for anxiety, depression and grief, and to help you develop the ability to find comfort and wisdom within yourself. Psychotherapy as I practice it is a collaborative exploration between you and me in an atmosphere of empathy and without judgment. Sessions take place in a confidential setting and follow the lead of your needs, thus validating your integrity, uniqueness and depth.
(802) 328-9943 View (802) 328-9943
Photo of Toby White, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
Toby White
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Barre, VT 05641
Not accepting new clients
I see clients for a variety of reasons including individual therapy, marriage counseling, group therapy, and family therapy. My current practice includes young children, adolescents, young adults, adults, families and couples. I have been serving clients in the central Vermont area since 2013 in a variety of helping relationships and roles including crisis counseling, career counseling, sports performance based life coaching case management, and psychotherapy. I apply an integrative approach and walk along side clients in their time of need. My goal is to help you find a solution that fits your individual situation.
I see clients for a variety of reasons including individual therapy, marriage counseling, group therapy, and family therapy. My current practice includes young children, adolescents, young adults, adults, families and couples. I have been serving clients in the central Vermont area since 2013 in a variety of helping relationships and roles including crisis counseling, career counseling, sports performance based life coaching case management, and psychotherapy. I apply an integrative approach and walk along side clients in their time of need. My goal is to help you find a solution that fits your individual situation.
(802) 277-3237 View (802) 277-3237
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Washington County, VT

300+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Washington County, VT who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
84% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
72% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
62% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
80% Medicaid
58% MVP Health Care

How Therapists in Washington County, VT see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

70% Female
26% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Washington County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.