Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

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Photo of Irma Hagarty, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Irma Hagarty
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63119
I serve individuals, couples, and families seeking professional therapeutic services. My areas of expertise include relationship and family dynamic concerns, grief and loss, perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, infertility counseling, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders.
I serve individuals, couples, and families seeking professional therapeutic services. My areas of expertise include relationship and family dynamic concerns, grief and loss, perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, infertility counseling, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders.
(314) 310-0743 View (314) 310-0743
Photo of Erin McDyer - Sandhill Counseling, MA, PLPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Erin McDyer - Sandhill Counseling
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, PLPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63128
Everyone has different feelings about therapy. Some people are excited about it and jump at the opportunity to dive into the deepest parts of themselves, but some might find it nerve-racking, scary, or just straight up unpleasant. Maybe you’re nervous you’ll be told nothing is wrong with you or that you will be dismissed. Regardless of your feelings coming into therapy, my goal is the same: to create a space where you feel truly comfortable to express yourself, to be vulnerable, and where you feel heard and valued.
Everyone has different feelings about therapy. Some people are excited about it and jump at the opportunity to dive into the deepest parts of themselves, but some might find it nerve-racking, scary, or just straight up unpleasant. Maybe you’re nervous you’ll be told nothing is wrong with you or that you will be dismissed. Regardless of your feelings coming into therapy, my goal is the same: to create a space where you feel truly comfortable to express yourself, to be vulnerable, and where you feel heard and valued.
(636) 422-5791 x1029 View (636) 422-5791 x1029
Photo of Rachael M Carr, MA, LPC, Counselor
Rachael M Carr
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63118  (Online Only)
I am passionate about coming alongside clients as they seek to find comfort, peace, and healing in the midst of the many difficulties that life can bring. From the moment you walk in my office, my goal is to provide you with a place where you feel safe to work through issues at your own pace, while experiencing both comfort and understanding. Since I work with many clients experiencing trauma and cPTSD, consent and safety are of the utmost importance to me. I strive to create an environment where clients can feel seen and heard without experiencing shame.
I am passionate about coming alongside clients as they seek to find comfort, peace, and healing in the midst of the many difficulties that life can bring. From the moment you walk in my office, my goal is to provide you with a place where you feel safe to work through issues at your own pace, while experiencing both comfort and understanding. Since I work with many clients experiencing trauma and cPTSD, consent and safety are of the utmost importance to me. I strive to create an environment where clients can feel seen and heard without experiencing shame.
(314) 549-5842 View (314) 549-5842
Photo of Joanna Brodersen, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Joanna Brodersen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63108  (Online Only)
Welcome and congratulations on starting your counseling journey! If you’re tired of feeling like you can’t understand why you don’t have energy, are confused about your life decisions, or continuing to cancel plans due to anxiety, I can help. I work primarily with individuals struggling with OCD, anxiety, trauma, life changes, and negative thoughts about yourself.
Welcome and congratulations on starting your counseling journey! If you’re tired of feeling like you can’t understand why you don’t have energy, are confused about your life decisions, or continuing to cancel plans due to anxiety, I can help. I work primarily with individuals struggling with OCD, anxiety, trauma, life changes, and negative thoughts about yourself.
(314) 648-3745 View (314) 648-3745
Photo of Ja'nai Barnes, LCSW, CEAP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ja'nai Barnes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEAP
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63146  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with anxiety, stress, or changes in relationships or friendships? Are you feeling overwhelmed with the pressures of every day life and struggling to figure out next steps? Life transitions such as starting a new path, making a career change and figuring out who you are and what you want to be and do can all feel overwhelming. I can provide a supportive and empathetic space to explore the present and obstacles and challenges that are being faced.
Are you struggling with anxiety, stress, or changes in relationships or friendships? Are you feeling overwhelmed with the pressures of every day life and struggling to figure out next steps? Life transitions such as starting a new path, making a career change and figuring out who you are and what you want to be and do can all feel overwhelming. I can provide a supportive and empathetic space to explore the present and obstacles and challenges that are being faced.
(314) 897-7438 View (314) 897-7438
Photo of Gerarda (Geri) Weis, RN, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gerarda (Geri) Weis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, RN, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63126
With my nursing and social work background I offer a unique understanding working with clients. Using both my counseling and medical knowledge and expertise, I teach clients how to care for themselves emotionally and physically, using their strengths and talents and letting go of habits that are no longer helpful for them. I work with individuals ages 14 and older and couples who are struggling through a difficult time or have been struggling their whole life. There are answers to your concerns. I can help you find those answers that will work for you.
With my nursing and social work background I offer a unique understanding working with clients. Using both my counseling and medical knowledge and expertise, I teach clients how to care for themselves emotionally and physically, using their strengths and talents and letting go of habits that are no longer helpful for them. I work with individuals ages 14 and older and couples who are struggling through a difficult time or have been struggling their whole life. There are answers to your concerns. I can help you find those answers that will work for you.
(314) 230-9394 x3 View (314) 230-9394 x3
Photo of Regina Whittington - Intentional Services, LLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Intentional Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63127
I'm a licensed clinical social worker with 15+ years of experience. I work with many individuals who are incredibly resourceful, able to embrace change, and have strong emotional intelligence. Even with these overarching strengths, it can still be tough to navigate the complexities of life at times. This is where I can help. I build on your individual strengths and work with you to establish a plan and make real progress.
I'm a licensed clinical social worker with 15+ years of experience. I work with many individuals who are incredibly resourceful, able to embrace change, and have strong emotional intelligence. Even with these overarching strengths, it can still be tough to navigate the complexities of life at times. This is where I can help. I build on your individual strengths and work with you to establish a plan and make real progress.
(314) 310-1897 View (314) 310-1897
Jean Caine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63117
Jean Stanton Caine, LCSW, LMFT, a Menninger trained family therapist, specializes in many issues affecting individuals and families i.e.: grief, illness, sexual and physical abuse, marital stress, child and adolescent problems. She has an eclectic researched approach in her family practice using both short term and long-term therapy. Jean has been in practice for 25 years. She has been past president on St. Louis MAMFT board and the Missouri board of Family Therapy. She has taught for 20 years at Washington University. Jean does accept most insurance plans.
Jean Stanton Caine, LCSW, LMFT, a Menninger trained family therapist, specializes in many issues affecting individuals and families i.e.: grief, illness, sexual and physical abuse, marital stress, child and adolescent problems. She has an eclectic researched approach in her family practice using both short term and long-term therapy. Jean has been in practice for 25 years. She has been past president on St. Louis MAMFT board and the Missouri board of Family Therapy. She has taught for 20 years at Washington University. Jean does accept most insurance plans.
(314) 828-2601 View (314) 828-2601
Photo of Susie Berg, MEd, LPC, NCC, CPAT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Susie Berg
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC, CPAT
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63141
I believe a core element of growth lies in the understanding that the only thing you have control over is your thinking and response to any given situation. I seek to provide an atmosphere of non-judgmental support so that you can educate and empower yourself to no longer believe your happiness and contentment lies in anything outside yourself. I invite you, from the heart, to start your journey and discover how to take charge of your wellbeing.
I believe a core element of growth lies in the understanding that the only thing you have control over is your thinking and response to any given situation. I seek to provide an atmosphere of non-judgmental support so that you can educate and empower yourself to no longer believe your happiness and contentment lies in anything outside yourself. I invite you, from the heart, to start your journey and discover how to take charge of your wellbeing.
(314) 470-9217 View (314) 470-9217
Photo of McKayla (Kagie) Robinson, MA, SMFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
McKayla (Kagie) Robinson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, SMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63109  (Online Only)
The therapeutic relationship is one of healing and hope. Facilitating that relationship is very important because I understand the value of working with someone not pushing their usually well-intentioned agenda onto your situation. Someone outside our problems who has no investment in how we handle those problems can offer limitless perspective and an abundance of compassion. In addition to being a listening ear, therapists have many resources and tools to help us navigate whatever challenges and changes life throws at us. This is the type of therapist I strive to be.
The therapeutic relationship is one of healing and hope. Facilitating that relationship is very important because I understand the value of working with someone not pushing their usually well-intentioned agenda onto your situation. Someone outside our problems who has no investment in how we handle those problems can offer limitless perspective and an abundance of compassion. In addition to being a listening ear, therapists have many resources and tools to help us navigate whatever challenges and changes life throws at us. This is the type of therapist I strive to be.
(314) 207-9904 View (314) 207-9904
Photo of Emily Hudson, ND, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Emily Hudson
Licensed Professional Counselor, ND, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63118
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with the state of Missouri. I received a Masters in Counseling Psychology as well as a Doctorate in Naturopathic Medicine from Bastyr University in 2017. During my studies, I was a staff counselor at Bastyr University. In addition, I offered low cost therapy to the community at a year long internship at Seattle Therapy Alliance. I spent 4 years as a clinical fellow at Roots Renewal Counseling in St. Louis, MO. I enjoy working with adults experiencing issues related to anxiety, depression, OCD, grief/loss, chronic illness, identity development, career, body image and self confidence.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with the state of Missouri. I received a Masters in Counseling Psychology as well as a Doctorate in Naturopathic Medicine from Bastyr University in 2017. During my studies, I was a staff counselor at Bastyr University. In addition, I offered low cost therapy to the community at a year long internship at Seattle Therapy Alliance. I spent 4 years as a clinical fellow at Roots Renewal Counseling in St. Louis, MO. I enjoy working with adults experiencing issues related to anxiety, depression, OCD, grief/loss, chronic illness, identity development, career, body image and self confidence.
(314) 626-8862 View (314) 626-8862
Photo of Denise Frisella, LCSW, EMDR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Denise Frisella
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63127  (Online Only)
I specialize in EMDR trauma therapy, grief and loss, depression and fostering general mental health and wellness. My practice is anchored in offering a compassionate space that promotes healing. Together we'll work toward releasing blockages and nurturing your path to recovery as you evolve and deepen your self connection. ​
I specialize in EMDR trauma therapy, grief and loss, depression and fostering general mental health and wellness. My practice is anchored in offering a compassionate space that promotes healing. Together we'll work toward releasing blockages and nurturing your path to recovery as you evolve and deepen your self connection. ​
(636) 422-5684 View (636) 422-5684
Photo of Katie Boyd, PsyD, Psychologist
Katie Boyd
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63131
I am passionate about psychology and making a positive difference in people's lives. As a generalist, I conduct individual therapy for a variety of concerns, with specialties in treating anxiety, panic attacks, perfectionism, obsessive thinking, women's issues, and codependency. I am both knowledgeable and compassionate, professional and relatable. My approach in therapy is collaborative, in which I empower my clients to help themselves. In my role as a therapist, I can be a supportive listener or active "coach," depending on need. I utilize a wide range of interventions tailored to the specific needs of each individual.
I am passionate about psychology and making a positive difference in people's lives. As a generalist, I conduct individual therapy for a variety of concerns, with specialties in treating anxiety, panic attacks, perfectionism, obsessive thinking, women's issues, and codependency. I am both knowledgeable and compassionate, professional and relatable. My approach in therapy is collaborative, in which I empower my clients to help themselves. In my role as a therapist, I can be a supportive listener or active "coach," depending on need. I utilize a wide range of interventions tailored to the specific needs of each individual.
(314) 230-9679 View (314) 230-9679
Photo of Tristan Connor, LCSW, CADC, CCM, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tristan Connor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC, CCM
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63116  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
As a transgender therapist, one of my passions is working with clients who identify as part of the LGBTQIA+ population. I enjoy collaborating with individuals who are exploring their gender and/or sexual identities and hope to offer guidance and compassion as they let go of any residual societal expectations. I have undergone the entire process of hormones, top surgery, and bottom surgeries, and I am open with my clients about my experiences as we work to decrease their gender dysphoria and move toward the eventual goal of gender euphoria.
As a transgender therapist, one of my passions is working with clients who identify as part of the LGBTQIA+ population. I enjoy collaborating with individuals who are exploring their gender and/or sexual identities and hope to offer guidance and compassion as they let go of any residual societal expectations. I have undergone the entire process of hormones, top surgery, and bottom surgeries, and I am open with my clients about my experiences as we work to decrease their gender dysphoria and move toward the eventual goal of gender euphoria.
(314) 501-6096 View (314) 501-6096
Photo of Ashley Bell - Footsteps Counseling, LLC, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Footsteps Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63109
Are you just f-ing tired? A car accident left you emotionally paralyzed. An assault shook up your life. A recent medical diagnosis or crisis has you questioning what's next. All the "why" questions are flying through your head and the constant noise is driving you nuts. You want things to make sense. You want to feel like yourself again. Most of all, you want to go back in time to the thing that changed your body or your life and do everything in your power to prevent it from happening. The problem is that no one prepared you for this or understands how to help.
Are you just f-ing tired? A car accident left you emotionally paralyzed. An assault shook up your life. A recent medical diagnosis or crisis has you questioning what's next. All the "why" questions are flying through your head and the constant noise is driving you nuts. You want things to make sense. You want to feel like yourself again. Most of all, you want to go back in time to the thing that changed your body or your life and do everything in your power to prevent it from happening. The problem is that no one prepared you for this or understands how to help.
(314) 916-4603 View (314) 916-4603
Photo of Brett Moser, MSW, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brett Moser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63139
Many of us enter therapy believing that we are lost causes or somehow don’t belong in this space. Let me be the first to affirm: you are whole, you do not need to be ‘fixed’, you belong. In therapy, the needs of each person are unique, but our shared humanity connects us in deep and meaningful ways, so our time together will bring both of these to the fore. We will need your self-determination and tenacity, and we will also need one another — the relationship between client and therapist is in fact the vehicle for healing and recovery. My deepest wish is to be a guide and fellow human as we journey toward change.
Many of us enter therapy believing that we are lost causes or somehow don’t belong in this space. Let me be the first to affirm: you are whole, you do not need to be ‘fixed’, you belong. In therapy, the needs of each person are unique, but our shared humanity connects us in deep and meaningful ways, so our time together will bring both of these to the fore. We will need your self-determination and tenacity, and we will also need one another — the relationship between client and therapist is in fact the vehicle for healing and recovery. My deepest wish is to be a guide and fellow human as we journey toward change.
(314) 501-6405 View (314) 501-6405
Photo of Katie Willard Virant, JD, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katie Willard Virant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, JD, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63117
We thrive as humans when we understand ourselves. I work creatively and compassionately with adults and adolescents to deepen and broaden self-understanding. Emotional pain - like physical pain - is a signal that help is needed and that something must change. Psychotherapy can be that powerful catalyst for healing. I believe in meeting people where they are, listening intently, and co-creating a safe and brave space where my clients can grow.
We thrive as humans when we understand ourselves. I work creatively and compassionately with adults and adolescents to deepen and broaden self-understanding. Emotional pain - like physical pain - is a signal that help is needed and that something must change. Psychotherapy can be that powerful catalyst for healing. I believe in meeting people where they are, listening intently, and co-creating a safe and brave space where my clients can grow.
(314) 667-4811 View (314) 667-4811
Photo of Maria Kuhn, MEd, LPC, RSAP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Maria Kuhn
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, RSAP
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63105
I started to work in the Psychology field in 1989. I have experience in counseling many different clients from several different backgrounds. I provided personal counseling for employees, individual and group counseling for adolescents an adults. Currently, I provide Couples/Marriage Counseling and Individual Counseling for adults. I hold a BA in Psychology, and earned my Masters degree in Community Counseling from the University of Missouri-St.Louis.
I started to work in the Psychology field in 1989. I have experience in counseling many different clients from several different backgrounds. I provided personal counseling for employees, individual and group counseling for adolescents an adults. Currently, I provide Couples/Marriage Counseling and Individual Counseling for adults. I hold a BA in Psychology, and earned my Masters degree in Community Counseling from the University of Missouri-St.Louis.
(636) 486-3608 View (636) 486-3608
Photo of Dr. Vivian Marie Sierra - Couples Counseling STL, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Couples Counseling STL
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63132
Hello, I'm Dr. Vivian! I focus my practice on relationship counseling and coaching to help improve the quality of relationships whether romantic, family or work-related. I will teach you vital relationship skills, and facilitate your own self-awareness in order to empower change. My approach gives relief from the suffering that accompanies the painful experience of family estrangement and relationship issues. No matter what you bring to therapy, I offer empathy, support, a safe, nonjudgmental space. I use evidence-based therapy and empathic approach to discover ways for you to heal, learn, grow and find peace of mind.
Hello, I'm Dr. Vivian! I focus my practice on relationship counseling and coaching to help improve the quality of relationships whether romantic, family or work-related. I will teach you vital relationship skills, and facilitate your own self-awareness in order to empower change. My approach gives relief from the suffering that accompanies the painful experience of family estrangement and relationship issues. No matter what you bring to therapy, I offer empathy, support, a safe, nonjudgmental space. I use evidence-based therapy and empathic approach to discover ways for you to heal, learn, grow and find peace of mind.
(314) 907-2317 View (314) 907-2317
Photo of Danielle Endejan, MA, NCC, PLPC, CRAADC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Danielle Endejan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, PLPC, CRAADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63130
I look forward to meeting you! I was born and raised in St. Louis, & obtained my undergraduate degree with honors in Counseling and Education followed by a Master of Arts in Counseling for Licensure in Professional Counseling from MBU. I utilize empirically proven interventions (such as Motivational Interviewing, CBT, DBT) interwoven with compassionate wisdom for the therapeutic goal of coming alongside you in your unique journey and extending the opportunity and hope for healing & growth through the situation you find yourself in. My desire is to provide an authentic and compassionate environment that fosters continuous healing.
I look forward to meeting you! I was born and raised in St. Louis, & obtained my undergraduate degree with honors in Counseling and Education followed by a Master of Arts in Counseling for Licensure in Professional Counseling from MBU. I utilize empirically proven interventions (such as Motivational Interviewing, CBT, DBT) interwoven with compassionate wisdom for the therapeutic goal of coming alongside you in your unique journey and extending the opportunity and hope for healing & growth through the situation you find yourself in. My desire is to provide an authentic and compassionate environment that fosters continuous healing.
(314) 470-9169 View (314) 470-9169
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

1,000+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Saint Louis, MO who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
69% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aetna
74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Saint Louis, MO see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Louis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.