Therapists in Williamsburg, VA

Photo of Renee Champagne-Davis, MEd
Renee Champagne-Davis
Resident in Counseling, MEd
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
I am a US Air Force Veteran and currently a Resident in Counseling. I received my masters from The College of William and Mary in mental health counseling. I am practicing under my supervisor Dane Wendel, LPC. Optional services for my clients include parent training, consultation, IEP assistance and advocacy, as well as individualized behavioral plans.
I am a US Air Force Veteran and currently a Resident in Counseling. I received my masters from The College of William and Mary in mental health counseling. I am practicing under my supervisor Dane Wendel, LPC. Optional services for my clients include parent training, consultation, IEP assistance and advocacy, as well as individualized behavioral plans.
(703) 939-5631 View (703) 939-5631
Photo of Stacie Otey-Scott - Doctor SOS, Psy D, Psychologist
Doctor SOS
Psychologist, Psy D
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188  (Online Only)
My mission is to support families, couples, and individuals with developing healthy relationships with themselves and one another with God leading the way. I'll do so by providing practical insights, techniques, and resources, via counseling, education, and support.
My mission is to support families, couples, and individuals with developing healthy relationships with themselves and one another with God leading the way. I'll do so by providing practical insights, techniques, and resources, via counseling, education, and support.
(757) 210-7604 View (757) 210-7604
Photo of Angela Poythress, Licensed Professional Counselor
Angela Poythress
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
Thank you for taking the time to learn more about me! I focus on a client centered approach tailoring therapy to meet clients where they are and helping them realize and get to where they want to be. I utilize a cognitive behavioral approach and motivation interviewing to empower the client to identify what is keeping them stuck and help them move forward. I have practiced in the field of behavioral health for the last 30 years. I become Licensed as a Professional Counseling (LPC) in the state of Virginia in 1999. I am trained to work with individuals, couples and families.
Thank you for taking the time to learn more about me! I focus on a client centered approach tailoring therapy to meet clients where they are and helping them realize and get to where they want to be. I utilize a cognitive behavioral approach and motivation interviewing to empower the client to identify what is keeping them stuck and help them move forward. I have practiced in the field of behavioral health for the last 30 years. I become Licensed as a Professional Counseling (LPC) in the state of Virginia in 1999. I am trained to work with individuals, couples and families.
(757) 551-9989 View (757) 551-9989
Photo of Haley Cutler, MA, LPC
Haley Cutler
MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Waitlist for new clients
My work focuses on individuals between the ages of 12-25. Our youth is facing so much societal pressure, so I strive to provide a safe and comfortable space for my clients to feel supported and understood. We will work together to build a tool box of coping skills. I have lots of experience in working with individuals who are struggling with OCD, intrusive thoughts, anxiety, depression, self harm, adjustment concerns, and self esteem. I also have some experience in working with youth who may be in early stages of eating disorders.
My work focuses on individuals between the ages of 12-25. Our youth is facing so much societal pressure, so I strive to provide a safe and comfortable space for my clients to feel supported and understood. We will work together to build a tool box of coping skills. I have lots of experience in working with individuals who are struggling with OCD, intrusive thoughts, anxiety, depression, self harm, adjustment concerns, and self esteem. I also have some experience in working with youth who may be in early stages of eating disorders.
(757) 207-2762 View (757) 207-2762
Photo of Dr. Brent C. Peterson, PhD, MS, LPC, ATR, TCMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Brent C. Peterson
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MS, LPC, ATR, TCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
We have expanded and have added to the team and can now see ages 5 and up for verbal and Art Therapy. Still seeing individuals for diagnostic testing, Parental Capacity Evals, and ADHD testing. Wait times are less than 1 month. My first rule of therapy you must laugh every session. Laughter truly is the best medicine.
We have expanded and have added to the team and can now see ages 5 and up for verbal and Art Therapy. Still seeing individuals for diagnostic testing, Parental Capacity Evals, and ADHD testing. Wait times are less than 1 month. My first rule of therapy you must laugh every session. Laughter truly is the best medicine.
(757) 707-8053 View (757) 707-8053
Photo of Kimberly Harlow, LPC, MEd, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kimberly Harlow
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd, NCC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
The most important aspect of counseling is to establish clear goals that the client and counselor set together. I have worked with many families in the Juvenile Justice Department as well as individual and couples counseling. Life can be overwhelming at times and that is why goals and collaborative contracts within the therapeutic relationship help to sort each issue out individually while working towards the desired outcome. I have treated symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, adjustment disorders, marital conflict, tic disorders, and oppositional defiant disorder as well as conduct disorder.
The most important aspect of counseling is to establish clear goals that the client and counselor set together. I have worked with many families in the Juvenile Justice Department as well as individual and couples counseling. Life can be overwhelming at times and that is why goals and collaborative contracts within the therapeutic relationship help to sort each issue out individually while working towards the desired outcome. I have treated symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, adjustment disorders, marital conflict, tic disorders, and oppositional defiant disorder as well as conduct disorder.
(757) 517-3865 View (757) 517-3865
Photo of Amber Kuszak, PsyD, LCP, Psychologist
Amber Kuszak
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Waitlist for new clients
You’ve been told to “get over it,” that you “shouldn’t feel that way,” and that you’re “so negative.” So you tried to ignore your pain and it got stronger. You reprimanded yourself when difficult emotions surfaced. You found yourself feigning happiness to please those you spend time with. You’ve bottled up the past, feel unsteady in the present, and fear the future. Your ability to balance family commitments, work responsibilities, and social obligations is put to the test each day. You’re losing sight of who you are and where you’re going, but you haven’t lost your hope.
You’ve been told to “get over it,” that you “shouldn’t feel that way,” and that you’re “so negative.” So you tried to ignore your pain and it got stronger. You reprimanded yourself when difficult emotions surfaced. You found yourself feigning happiness to please those you spend time with. You’ve bottled up the past, feel unsteady in the present, and fear the future. Your ability to balance family commitments, work responsibilities, and social obligations is put to the test each day. You’re losing sight of who you are and where you’re going, but you haven’t lost your hope.
(757) 210-5941 View (757) 210-5941
Photo of Antonina (Toni) Vitale, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Antonina (Toni) Vitale
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Not accepting new clients
Please EMAIL. I create a safe holding space where people can deeply explore what is blocking them from enjoying their lives to the fullest. Life is going to present challenges, there is no getting around that. What we do now and how we move forward is what matters. I welcome you to come explore your negative beliefs and strengthen new positive adaptive beliefs that allow you to thrive in your daily life. My experiences enable me to effectively work with people on a wide range of problems, including PTSD, CPTSD, attachment, relationships, low self-esteem, co-dependency, anxiety, abuse, neglect, and recovery from addiction.
Please EMAIL. I create a safe holding space where people can deeply explore what is blocking them from enjoying their lives to the fullest. Life is going to present challenges, there is no getting around that. What we do now and how we move forward is what matters. I welcome you to come explore your negative beliefs and strengthen new positive adaptive beliefs that allow you to thrive in your daily life. My experiences enable me to effectively work with people on a wide range of problems, including PTSD, CPTSD, attachment, relationships, low self-esteem, co-dependency, anxiety, abuse, neglect, and recovery from addiction.
(757) 758-6635 View (757) 758-6635
Photo of Crystal Hollinger, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Crystal Hollinger
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Life can sometimes feel like a never-ending struggle. Overwhelming emotions such as sadness, anger, or disappointment can make everything seem impossible to handle. But you don't have to go through these tough times alone. Imagine having a safe space where you feel heard, understood, and your emotions are given the attention they deserve. This space can be your haven, a starting point for your journey towards relief from stress, freedom, and a brighter future. Your journey towards freedom, stress release, and a brighter tomorrow starts here.
Life can sometimes feel like a never-ending struggle. Overwhelming emotions such as sadness, anger, or disappointment can make everything seem impossible to handle. But you don't have to go through these tough times alone. Imagine having a safe space where you feel heard, understood, and your emotions are given the attention they deserve. This space can be your haven, a starting point for your journey towards relief from stress, freedom, and a brighter future. Your journey towards freedom, stress release, and a brighter tomorrow starts here.
(757) 799-1137 View (757) 799-1137
Photo of Kathy Verano, EdS, LPC, LMFT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kathy Verano
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
*WILLIAM AND MARY STUDENT AND STAFF experienced. I provide a positive, supportive and nurturing environment for exploration of challenges such as anxiety, depression, life transitions and adjustment issues, relationship problems, grief, trauma, academic and job performance and chronic illness. I am experienced in many approaches including mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, family systems and creative and alternative therapies such as expressive arts.
*WILLIAM AND MARY STUDENT AND STAFF experienced. I provide a positive, supportive and nurturing environment for exploration of challenges such as anxiety, depression, life transitions and adjustment issues, relationship problems, grief, trauma, academic and job performance and chronic illness. I am experienced in many approaches including mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, family systems and creative and alternative therapies such as expressive arts.
(804) 255-9718 View (804) 255-9718
Photo of Susan Amory, Licensed Professional Counselor
Susan Amory
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and have been practicing since 2014. I have a Bachelor of Science in Social Work from Radford University (1992), Master of Arts in Education from Norfolk State University (1997), and Master of Arts in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Adams State University (2015). I was a high school teacher for 21 years teaching students with special needs before beginning my career in clinical counseling.
Hello! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and have been practicing since 2014. I have a Bachelor of Science in Social Work from Radford University (1992), Master of Arts in Education from Norfolk State University (1997), and Master of Arts in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Adams State University (2015). I was a high school teacher for 21 years teaching students with special needs before beginning my career in clinical counseling.
(757) 996-4924 View (757) 996-4924
Photo of Gwyneth Limber, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Gwyneth Limber
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Gwyn Limber is an LPC who has over 20 years of experience in the field treating trauma, LGBTQA+ issues, women's issues, and more. Gwyn has worked with children, pre-teens, teens and adults in multiple different settings. She has been a counselor and therapist in group homes, domestic violence shelters, substance abuse centers, in-home, and multiple outpatient settings. Gwyn completed her Master of Science (MS) at the University of Kentucky. She began as an art major, but found her passion in psychology and helping others.
Gwyn Limber is an LPC who has over 20 years of experience in the field treating trauma, LGBTQA+ issues, women's issues, and more. Gwyn has worked with children, pre-teens, teens and adults in multiple different settings. She has been a counselor and therapist in group homes, domestic violence shelters, substance abuse centers, in-home, and multiple outpatient settings. Gwyn completed her Master of Science (MS) at the University of Kentucky. She began as an art major, but found her passion in psychology and helping others.
(757) 520-0509 View (757) 520-0509
Photo of Kendra Rascoe, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kendra Rascoe
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
My name is Kendra Rascoe, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and graduated from Liberty University with an M.A. in Marriage and Family Therapy. I work with clients in Virginia statewide through telehealth. I work with adults, adolescents, and children. I specialize in anxiety, stress, life transitions, and relationships. I utilize an integrative and person-centered approach using a combination of theories such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, Family systems, and Solution-focused.
My name is Kendra Rascoe, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and graduated from Liberty University with an M.A. in Marriage and Family Therapy. I work with clients in Virginia statewide through telehealth. I work with adults, adolescents, and children. I specialize in anxiety, stress, life transitions, and relationships. I utilize an integrative and person-centered approach using a combination of theories such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, Family systems, and Solution-focused.
(757) 866-4970 View (757) 866-4970
Photo of Jamie G Shawn, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jamie G Shawn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Jamie is a Licensed Professional Counselor with experience in a variety of settings and populations. In individual counseling, Jamie has assisted clients to manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorder. He has provided mental health services to youth in many contexts including schools, homes, residential facilities, and outpatient environments, and has helped many couples and families find improved communication, cooperation, and closeness.
Jamie is a Licensed Professional Counselor with experience in a variety of settings and populations. In individual counseling, Jamie has assisted clients to manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorder. He has provided mental health services to youth in many contexts including schools, homes, residential facilities, and outpatient environments, and has helped many couples and families find improved communication, cooperation, and closeness.
(757) 982-2368 View (757) 982-2368
Photo of Dr. Cassie DeSena-Jacobs, DSW, LCSW, MS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Cassie DeSena-Jacobs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW, MS
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
My goal as a psychotherapist over the last 18 years has been to be nonjudgmental and highlight a person's strengths as a way to process trauma and life events. I incorporate various techniques to empower clients, promote and identify resiliency, and identify/rebuild strengths.
My goal as a psychotherapist over the last 18 years has been to be nonjudgmental and highlight a person's strengths as a way to process trauma and life events. I incorporate various techniques to empower clients, promote and identify resiliency, and identify/rebuild strengths.
(757) 654-4660 View (757) 654-4660
Photo of Amanda Wheeler, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amanda Wheeler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Amanda Wheeler is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who has been practicing since 2020. She has a Masters in Social Work. Amanda partners with individuals to promote overall wellness using a variety of strategies, including cognitive behavioral therapy and solution focused approaches. She has more than 15 years of experience working with families with young children. More recently, her work has been primarily with perinatal mothers and other individuals who are experiencing depression, anxiety, communication barriers, and social isolation.
Amanda Wheeler is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who has been practicing since 2020. She has a Masters in Social Work. Amanda partners with individuals to promote overall wellness using a variety of strategies, including cognitive behavioral therapy and solution focused approaches. She has more than 15 years of experience working with families with young children. More recently, her work has been primarily with perinatal mothers and other individuals who are experiencing depression, anxiety, communication barriers, and social isolation.
(757) 654-5436 View (757) 654-5436
Photo of Romina Abawi-Wooten - Two Rivers Wellness Center, LLC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Two Rivers Wellness Center, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
12 years and older may receive treatment for various mental health conditions. Our staff is able to address issues of self-esteem, anger management, substance abuse, depression or anxiety, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, immigration assessments and various other mental health disorders. Children, the elderly and anyone in between in search of validation, resources and adaptive tools will find a safe space based on mutual trust and authenticity.
12 years and older may receive treatment for various mental health conditions. Our staff is able to address issues of self-esteem, anger management, substance abuse, depression or anxiety, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, immigration assessments and various other mental health disorders. Children, the elderly and anyone in between in search of validation, resources and adaptive tools will find a safe space based on mutual trust and authenticity.
(757) 260-4099 View (757) 260-4099
Photo of Dr. Aimee R. Harris - Ie Wellness Center | Dr. Aimee Harris, PhD, LPC, RPT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ie Wellness Center | Dr. Aimee Harris
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, RPT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
I help address the root causes of behavioral disorders and mental health issues, whether stress in the home, work related stressors, physical, relational, etc. I use an array of psychotherapy modalities including child centered play therapy (sand, art, dance, music), cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, family counseling as well as industrial organizational psychology modalities for work related stressors. The goal is to decrease the behavioral disorders and / or mental health symptoms to restore optimal functioning in the home and work environment.
I help address the root causes of behavioral disorders and mental health issues, whether stress in the home, work related stressors, physical, relational, etc. I use an array of psychotherapy modalities including child centered play therapy (sand, art, dance, music), cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, family counseling as well as industrial organizational psychology modalities for work related stressors. The goal is to decrease the behavioral disorders and / or mental health symptoms to restore optimal functioning in the home and work environment.
(757) 794-4893 View (757) 794-4893
Photo of Amber Butler, M Ed, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amber Butler
Licensed Professional Counselor, M Ed, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
Life can be tough...especially when we try to tackle its challenges alone. No matter the size of your struggles, they are valid and worth addressing. Whether you are dealing with anxiety, relationship challenges, depression, low self-esteem, or just feeling a bit overwhelmed, I am here to support, guide, and empower you to make positive changes in your life. I will walk with you on your personal journey and help you face the obstacles that are on your path…and if you don’t yet know where you want your path to lead and you are struggling to find your sense of meaning and purpose, I am here to help you with that too.
Life can be tough...especially when we try to tackle its challenges alone. No matter the size of your struggles, they are valid and worth addressing. Whether you are dealing with anxiety, relationship challenges, depression, low self-esteem, or just feeling a bit overwhelmed, I am here to support, guide, and empower you to make positive changes in your life. I will walk with you on your personal journey and help you face the obstacles that are on your path…and if you don’t yet know where you want your path to lead and you are struggling to find your sense of meaning and purpose, I am here to help you with that too.
(757) 453-1392 View (757) 453-1392
Photo of Jeremiah Vivero
Jeremiah Vivero
Resident in Counseling
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
I believe that every individual has the strength to navigate life’s challenges, and I am honored to meet you where you are, bringing compassion and empathy to support you in uncovering your own unique path. I utilize person-centered cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and other evidence-based interventions in working with children, adolescents, and adults of all ages who have experienced trauma, anxiety, depression, ADHD and more. My role is to advocate for and empower you to live a more authentic and meaningful life. I look forward to meeting with you!
I believe that every individual has the strength to navigate life’s challenges, and I am honored to meet you where you are, bringing compassion and empathy to support you in uncovering your own unique path. I utilize person-centered cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and other evidence-based interventions in working with children, adolescents, and adults of all ages who have experienced trauma, anxiety, depression, ADHD and more. My role is to advocate for and empower you to live a more authentic and meaningful life. I look forward to meeting with you!
(757) 996-5070 View (757) 996-5070
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Williamsburg, VA

300+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Williamsburg, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
71% Stress
69% Trauma and PTSD
63% Coping Skills
60% Self Esteem
58% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Elevance
73% Cigna and Evernorth
72% Aetna

How Therapists in Williamsburg, VA see their clients

58% In Person and Online
42% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Williamsburg?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.