Therapists in West Springfield, VA

Photo of Sierra Thorpe, M Ed, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sierra Thorpe
Pre-Licensed Professional, M Ed
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
I have always had a desire to help others and create less suffering in those around me. As a resident in counseling, I am fairly new to the field, but have over 3 years of experience helping those who struggle with their mental health. I have worked with elementary aged children, adolescents and adults. I have found my niche in adolescent mental health, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, grief, multicultural concerns, and LGBTQIA+ concerns. I tend to focus heavily on the therapeutic relationship and guiding my clients through intense self-exploration. We all have a variety of identities that intersect and make us who we are.
I have always had a desire to help others and create less suffering in those around me. As a resident in counseling, I am fairly new to the field, but have over 3 years of experience helping those who struggle with their mental health. I have worked with elementary aged children, adolescents and adults. I have found my niche in adolescent mental health, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, grief, multicultural concerns, and LGBTQIA+ concerns. I tend to focus heavily on the therapeutic relationship and guiding my clients through intense self-exploration. We all have a variety of identities that intersect and make us who we are.
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Photo of Nazanin Saadati Altamirano, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nazanin Saadati Altamirano
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
Throughout our lives, we all find ourselves struggling with negative thoughts or engaging in behaviors that aren't serving us. Do you want to make real changes in your life? Would you like to have stronger boundaries? Do you need support with figuring out how to shape your life? Through therapy, you can explore your needs, emotions, beliefs, identities, relationships, values, goals, and so much more. Therapy can support you with developing skills and techniques to break habits and patterns that are no longer useful. I offer a nonjudgmental space in which you can feel safe to explore yourself.
Throughout our lives, we all find ourselves struggling with negative thoughts or engaging in behaviors that aren't serving us. Do you want to make real changes in your life? Would you like to have stronger boundaries? Do you need support with figuring out how to shape your life? Through therapy, you can explore your needs, emotions, beliefs, identities, relationships, values, goals, and so much more. Therapy can support you with developing skills and techniques to break habits and patterns that are no longer useful. I offer a nonjudgmental space in which you can feel safe to explore yourself.
(571) 998-1849 View (571) 998-1849
Photo of Kaitlyn Zito, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kaitlyn Zito
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
I have over 17 years of experience in the mental health field working with clients of all ages and presentations. I take a holistic, integrative approach to therapy and tailor treatment to individual client needs. I work with individuals, couples, and families who are struggling with a variety of issues. Some of my specialties include trauma, eating disorders, depression, anxiety disorders, addictive disorders, and dysfunctional relational patterns. www.crescentcounselingva.com Accepting New Clients! Telehealth available!
I have over 17 years of experience in the mental health field working with clients of all ages and presentations. I take a holistic, integrative approach to therapy and tailor treatment to individual client needs. I work with individuals, couples, and families who are struggling with a variety of issues. Some of my specialties include trauma, eating disorders, depression, anxiety disorders, addictive disorders, and dysfunctional relational patterns. www.crescentcounselingva.com Accepting New Clients! Telehealth available!
(571) 450-9908 View (571) 450-9908
Photo of Ji Young Yoon, MA, ATR, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ji Young Yoon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR, LPC
Verified Verified
West Springfield, VA 22152  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Many times we struggle with stress, overwhelming experiences, and disturbances in personal identity. We are confronted with situations in which our past experiences strongly affect our reactions, behaviors, and emotional state. Anxiety, depression, self-doubt, intrusive thoughts, and negative behavior patterns have the potential to challenge us and impede emotional growth. I believe that individuals have the ability to implement and follow through on necessary change. Through self-examination and the therapeutic process, we will begin to evolve and create a healthy life narrative.
Many times we struggle with stress, overwhelming experiences, and disturbances in personal identity. We are confronted with situations in which our past experiences strongly affect our reactions, behaviors, and emotional state. Anxiety, depression, self-doubt, intrusive thoughts, and negative behavior patterns have the potential to challenge us and impede emotional growth. I believe that individuals have the ability to implement and follow through on necessary change. Through self-examination and the therapeutic process, we will begin to evolve and create a healthy life narrative.
(540) 253-4600 View (540) 253-4600
Photo of E Nicole Wiederholt, MA, NCC, LPC-R, Pre-Licensed Professional
E Nicole Wiederholt
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
In-person sessions are available in Springfield, VA only. Virtual sessions are available anywhere in Virginia.
In-person sessions are available in Springfield, VA only. Virtual sessions are available anywhere in Virginia.
(571) 556-9813 View (571) 556-9813
Photo of Yesenia Zelaya-Alem, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Yesenia Zelaya-Alem
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West Springfield, VA 22152  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Whether it's everyday stress or more troubling feelings of depression, grief, anxiety, or family stress, we all need support. Your healing process can start here, with a therapist who will listen openly and provide a secure space to be authentic and work towards the emotional health you want and deserve. As my client, you will have the opportunity to work on life changes you believe are important and achieve the results you would like to see at the end of your therapy journey.
Whether it's everyday stress or more troubling feelings of depression, grief, anxiety, or family stress, we all need support. Your healing process can start here, with a therapist who will listen openly and provide a secure space to be authentic and work towards the emotional health you want and deserve. As my client, you will have the opportunity to work on life changes you believe are important and achieve the results you would like to see at the end of your therapy journey.
(703) 810-3943 View (703) 810-3943
Photo of Sally Valerio, M Ed, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sally Valerio
Licensed Professional Counselor, M Ed, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
Therapy can often be initially awkward or even bring out a vulnerability in the client. I believe it is important to develop trust and rapport very early to make the client feel comfortable, safe, and heard. Once trust is established, we work together to set goals and establish coping skills to handle struggles you might be faced with. Every client’s situation is unique and that would determine my therapeutic approach. I often draw from an eclectic treatment approach such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and Person-Centered Therapy and incorporate Mindfulness and elements of Play Therapy.
Therapy can often be initially awkward or even bring out a vulnerability in the client. I believe it is important to develop trust and rapport very early to make the client feel comfortable, safe, and heard. Once trust is established, we work together to set goals and establish coping skills to handle struggles you might be faced with. Every client’s situation is unique and that would determine my therapeutic approach. I often draw from an eclectic treatment approach such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and Person-Centered Therapy and incorporate Mindfulness and elements of Play Therapy.
(757) 908-3585 View (757) 908-3585
Photo of Maria Tanya Joseforsky, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Maria Tanya Joseforsky
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
Tanya has worked in the Mental Health Field for over 20 years. She brings her years of experience and training to guide individuals in their mental health journey. She is a bilingual therapist and can conduct sessions in English or Spanish. As an experienced therapist, Tanya helps individuals cope with anxiety, depression, grief & loss, parenting, anger management, separation & divorce, trauma, childhood disorders, self-esteem and individuals transitioning through the various stages of life. As a military spouse of 23 years, she has a passion for working military spouses, service members and their families.
Tanya has worked in the Mental Health Field for over 20 years. She brings her years of experience and training to guide individuals in their mental health journey. She is a bilingual therapist and can conduct sessions in English or Spanish. As an experienced therapist, Tanya helps individuals cope with anxiety, depression, grief & loss, parenting, anger management, separation & divorce, trauma, childhood disorders, self-esteem and individuals transitioning through the various stages of life. As a military spouse of 23 years, she has a passion for working military spouses, service members and their families.
(540) 307-2553 View (540) 307-2553
Photo of Joanne A. Washington, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Joanne A. Washington
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
West Springfield, VA 22152
Not accepting new clients
Life brings its own unique challenges. I know because I have had to face many challenges throughout my life and know these challenges can be overcome. That’s the good news! I am here to help you as you face those obstacles in life that are holding you back from living life to its fullness. I believe you, the client, are the center and focus of the counseling relationship. I will treat our therapeutic relationship with respect, dignity, and confidentiality. Most importantly, I will listen to you.
Life brings its own unique challenges. I know because I have had to face many challenges throughout my life and know these challenges can be overcome. That’s the good news! I am here to help you as you face those obstacles in life that are holding you back from living life to its fullness. I believe you, the client, are the center and focus of the counseling relationship. I will treat our therapeutic relationship with respect, dignity, and confidentiality. Most importantly, I will listen to you.
(703) 936-6411 View (703) 936-6411
Photo of Rebecca Ryberg, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rebecca Ryberg
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
Waitlist for new clients
Becca is a licensed professional counselor who has been working in the mental health care field since 2015. In addition to being a LPC, Becca is EMDR and TF-CBT Trained. Her heart is in adolescent mental health, trauma informed care, and eating disorder treatment. In person sessions located in Springfield ONLY. Virtual sessions available anywhere in Virginia.
Becca is a licensed professional counselor who has been working in the mental health care field since 2015. In addition to being a LPC, Becca is EMDR and TF-CBT Trained. Her heart is in adolescent mental health, trauma informed care, and eating disorder treatment. In person sessions located in Springfield ONLY. Virtual sessions available anywhere in Virginia.
(703) 420-7410 View (703) 420-7410
Photo of Jessica Taylor, MAEd, LPC, CGCS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jessica Taylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAEd, LPC, CGCS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
I consider myself a facilitator of change. Making steps to change parts of life that seem "fixed" or hopeless is an incredibly exhausting task. Getting stuck in a ''lather, rinse, repeat" lifestyle creates complacency and can lead to a comfort that can be stifling. Through collaboration, connection, processing, and exercising vulnerability, I aim to help clients find a path that is suited for the type of success they choose. I consider myself a balance of being warm, empathetic, but direct in order to assist others figure out where their personal contradictions lie and to remove barriers.
I consider myself a facilitator of change. Making steps to change parts of life that seem "fixed" or hopeless is an incredibly exhausting task. Getting stuck in a ''lather, rinse, repeat" lifestyle creates complacency and can lead to a comfort that can be stifling. Through collaboration, connection, processing, and exercising vulnerability, I aim to help clients find a path that is suited for the type of success they choose. I consider myself a balance of being warm, empathetic, but direct in order to assist others figure out where their personal contradictions lie and to remove barriers.
(703) 972-6867 View (703) 972-6867
Photo of Diamond Allen, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Diamond Allen
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
West Springfield, VA 22152
Hello! I am Diamond Allen, and I am a resident in counseling at Crescent Counseling Center. I graduated from Marymount University with two master’s degrees in clinical mental health counseling and forensic and legal psychology. I have worked in a variety of settings with diverse clientele and diverse presenting concerns. My therapeutic approach includes a mix of CBT, DBT, Psychodynamic, and Narrative Therapy techniques. I strive to provide a comfortable and open environment to help my clients to learn and grow. I understand that everyone is different, and it is my goal to tailor this experience to each individual.
Hello! I am Diamond Allen, and I am a resident in counseling at Crescent Counseling Center. I graduated from Marymount University with two master’s degrees in clinical mental health counseling and forensic and legal psychology. I have worked in a variety of settings with diverse clientele and diverse presenting concerns. My therapeutic approach includes a mix of CBT, DBT, Psychodynamic, and Narrative Therapy techniques. I strive to provide a comfortable and open environment to help my clients to learn and grow. I understand that everyone is different, and it is my goal to tailor this experience to each individual.
(571) 596-6085 View (571) 596-6085
Photo of Caroline E Phan, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Caroline E Phan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Springfield, VA 22152
Caroline is an LCSW with over 25 years of experience specializing in social services for children, adolescence, and families. Early in her career, Caroline worked with underserved families in Washington, D.C. before transitioning into the public school systems, where she provides care and resources for students and their families throughout the year. Caroline empowers parents and their children to regain control of their lives by teaching the skill sets necessary to navigate adolescence with the family. These tools include strengthening relationships, managing lifestress responses, optimizing social emotional health, among others
Caroline is an LCSW with over 25 years of experience specializing in social services for children, adolescence, and families. Early in her career, Caroline worked with underserved families in Washington, D.C. before transitioning into the public school systems, where she provides care and resources for students and their families throughout the year. Caroline empowers parents and their children to regain control of their lives by teaching the skill sets necessary to navigate adolescence with the family. These tools include strengthening relationships, managing lifestress responses, optimizing social emotional health, among others
(202) 838-4879 View (202) 838-4879
Photo of Karen Ann Creen, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Karen Ann Creen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
West Springfield, VA 22152
Waitlist for new clients
Karen is a licensed professional counselor in Virginia with over 15 years’ experience counseling children and families. She specializes in behavioral concerns, social skill development, anxiety, depression, parenting issues, trauma and divorce.
Karen is a licensed professional counselor in Virginia with over 15 years’ experience counseling children and families. She specializes in behavioral concerns, social skill development, anxiety, depression, parenting issues, trauma and divorce.
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Photo of Nina Garland
Nina Garland
Resident in Counseling
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
Are you truly ready to know yourself and embrace your emotional well-being? I am dedicated to guiding individuals through the intricate paths of their emotional and mental well-being. With a deep understanding rooted in my own family's experiences with mental illness and my personal journey as a Latina woman, I recognize the importance of creating tailored treatment plans that honor each person's unique needs. I hold honesty, respect, cultural proficiency, and confidentiality in the highest regard.
Are you truly ready to know yourself and embrace your emotional well-being? I am dedicated to guiding individuals through the intricate paths of their emotional and mental well-being. With a deep understanding rooted in my own family's experiences with mental illness and my personal journey as a Latina woman, I recognize the importance of creating tailored treatment plans that honor each person's unique needs. I hold honesty, respect, cultural proficiency, and confidentiality in the highest regard.
(571) 458-1516 View (571) 458-1516
Photo of Nadia Mihai, Pre-Licensed Professional
Nadia Mihai
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
I hold a strong belief in the transformative power of therapy and am deeply passionate about guiding individuals to overcome challenges and unlock their full potential. Utilizing a blend of empathy, active listening, and evidence-based techniques, I am committed to establishing a safe and supportive space. My goal is to empower clients to delve into their feelings and embark on a journey toward lasting change. With dedication, I aim to assist people in leading fulfilling and joyful lives.
I hold a strong belief in the transformative power of therapy and am deeply passionate about guiding individuals to overcome challenges and unlock their full potential. Utilizing a blend of empathy, active listening, and evidence-based techniques, I am committed to establishing a safe and supportive space. My goal is to empower clients to delve into their feelings and embark on a journey toward lasting change. With dedication, I aim to assist people in leading fulfilling and joyful lives.
(571) 771-1240 View (571) 771-1240
Photo of Jeanne A Martin, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jeanne A Martin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West Springfield, VA 22152
If you are experiencing intense anxiety, relationship issues, depression, and/or just feeling stuck, change is possible. I believe that the relationship between client and therapist opens pathways to healing and clients can discover the truth of their own inner strength and resources. I would like to help you on your journey to explore, learn, and encourage movement towards greater self-awareness, deeper peace, and achieve more meaning and joy from relationships. To achieve these goals, I believe that a customized approach in therapy is most effective in helping people make positive changes in their lives.
If you are experiencing intense anxiety, relationship issues, depression, and/or just feeling stuck, change is possible. I believe that the relationship between client and therapist opens pathways to healing and clients can discover the truth of their own inner strength and resources. I would like to help you on your journey to explore, learn, and encourage movement towards greater self-awareness, deeper peace, and achieve more meaning and joy from relationships. To achieve these goals, I believe that a customized approach in therapy is most effective in helping people make positive changes in their lives.
(434) 607-4066 View (434) 607-4066
Photo of John-Mike Nelson, PhD, LPC, LSATP, CSAC, DOT-SAP, Licensed Professional Counselor
John-Mike Nelson
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LSATP, CSAC, DOT-SAP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
You're not alone! Millions each year seek counseling and therapy for good reasons. For many it's a secret. You may have a challenge with drug or alcohol abuse that is causing you to lose sight of your career path or your family values. Counselors and therapists understand this and can provide the help you need to get back on track before it's too late. The help you need to get back to the person you used to be.
You're not alone! Millions each year seek counseling and therapy for good reasons. For many it's a secret. You may have a challenge with drug or alcohol abuse that is causing you to lose sight of your career path or your family values. Counselors and therapists understand this and can provide the help you need to get back on track before it's too late. The help you need to get back to the person you used to be.
(202) 630-1765 View (202) 630-1765
Photo of Beth Brocato, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Beth Brocato
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
New Patients: please contact me via email to get started! Welcome! I have deep admiration and respect for anyone willing to do the work to grow! I am well aware that the therapeutic process can be both healing and challenging as you are looking more closely at your emotional needs, thoughts, reactions, relationships, and struggles. Therefore, I highly value creating a space that feels safe, non-judgmental, and where you feel supported and validated. I understand you are bringing in personal and intimate details of your life and I treat those with the utmost respect.
New Patients: please contact me via email to get started! Welcome! I have deep admiration and respect for anyone willing to do the work to grow! I am well aware that the therapeutic process can be both healing and challenging as you are looking more closely at your emotional needs, thoughts, reactions, relationships, and struggles. Therefore, I highly value creating a space that feels safe, non-judgmental, and where you feel supported and validated. I understand you are bringing in personal and intimate details of your life and I treat those with the utmost respect.
(703) 291-1507 View (703) 291-1507
Photo of Kyle Stephan, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kyle Stephan
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, VA 22152
The building blocks of your identity are rooted in your experiences of relationships. You may have learned that some emotions or parts of you were not acceptable or loveable, needs might have to be met indirectly through adaptations (such as perfectionism, people pleasing, playing small, or withdrawing), and some needs might not be met at all and would need to be abandoned or minimized. My role is to help you understand how life has shaped your sense of self and your patterns of relating. I can support you to unburden yourself of old wounds, deepen your self-worth, rebuild trust, and create the relationships you long for.
The building blocks of your identity are rooted in your experiences of relationships. You may have learned that some emotions or parts of you were not acceptable or loveable, needs might have to be met indirectly through adaptations (such as perfectionism, people pleasing, playing small, or withdrawing), and some needs might not be met at all and would need to be abandoned or minimized. My role is to help you understand how life has shaped your sense of self and your patterns of relating. I can support you to unburden yourself of old wounds, deepen your self-worth, rebuild trust, and create the relationships you long for.
(571) 336-0976 View (571) 336-0976

See more therapy options for West Springfield

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in West Springfield, VA

20+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in West Springfield, VA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
91% Self Esteem
86% Coping Skills
82% Trauma and PTSD
73% Peer Relationships
73% Stress

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% CareFirst
79% BlueCross and BlueShield
68% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in West Springfield, VA see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

90% Female
10% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in West Springfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.