Therapists in Spotsylvania County, VA

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Photo of Lisa McIntosh, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lisa McIntosh
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Spotsylvania, VA 22551
My name is Lisa McIntosh, LPC License 0701008421. I have more than 20 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. My holistic approach focuses on the individual's emotional, psychological, and social well-being. I also focus on rapport building, goal setting, and implementing evidence-based treatment to help individuals and families identify and change their troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.
My name is Lisa McIntosh, LPC License 0701008421. I have more than 20 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. My holistic approach focuses on the individual's emotional, psychological, and social well-being. I also focus on rapport building, goal setting, and implementing evidence-based treatment to help individuals and families identify and change their troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.
(540) 264-9722 View (540) 264-9722
Photo of Joanne Thomas, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Joanne Thomas
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Have you been struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma history, or relationship conflicts? Are you looking for someone with an empathetic ear? Have you been looking for the type of counselor who will be honest and interject humor while providing encouragement to achieve your goals?
Have you been struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma history, or relationship conflicts? Are you looking for someone with an empathetic ear? Have you been looking for the type of counselor who will be honest and interject humor while providing encouragement to achieve your goals?
(540) 724-8620 View (540) 724-8620
Photo of Karmaria Negron - Centre for Holistic Therapies, PLLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Centre for Holistic Therapies, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with people who are striving to rise from a place of brokenness; those who need help seeing their innate value and worth. There can be many things that block our vision of ourselves as being great. My goal is to work with clients who need help dusting off their glasses and learning how to reframe their way of seeing the world. Whether it is depression, anxiety, trauma, abuse, infidelity, self-hatred, or fear that is stopping you; if you are willing to be vulnerable, then you can experience change. The goal being a new or improved vision for a new and improved you.
I enjoy working with people who are striving to rise from a place of brokenness; those who need help seeing their innate value and worth. There can be many things that block our vision of ourselves as being great. My goal is to work with clients who need help dusting off their glasses and learning how to reframe their way of seeing the world. Whether it is depression, anxiety, trauma, abuse, infidelity, self-hatred, or fear that is stopping you; if you are willing to be vulnerable, then you can experience change. The goal being a new or improved vision for a new and improved you.
(540) 698-3928 View (540) 698-3928
Photo of Maggie Cooper - Courage Health & Wellness, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Courage Health & Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Hello, I’m Maggie Cooper, a therapist dedicated to helping children and adults overcome depression, anxiety, and trauma. I work with a diverse range of clients, from children as young as 7 to older adults. Each session is tailored to meet you where you are in your journey. Whether you're facing the challenges of anxiety, the weight of depression, or the complexities of trauma, I’m here to guide you with empathy and expertise. I feel honored in helping youth and supporting parents who want answers to help their child that is struggling with emotions, behaviors, and relationships.
Hello, I’m Maggie Cooper, a therapist dedicated to helping children and adults overcome depression, anxiety, and trauma. I work with a diverse range of clients, from children as young as 7 to older adults. Each session is tailored to meet you where you are in your journey. Whether you're facing the challenges of anxiety, the weight of depression, or the complexities of trauma, I’m here to guide you with empathy and expertise. I feel honored in helping youth and supporting parents who want answers to help their child that is struggling with emotions, behaviors, and relationships.
(540) 596-5424 View (540) 596-5424
Photo of Carmen Greiner - Lighthouse Counseling of Fredericksburg, PLC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lighthouse Counseling of Fredericksburg, PLC
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lighthouse Counseling of Fredericksburg, PLC is a group practice committed to working with those who are suffering, marginalized, and feeling like no one understands. So many times, we all struggle to verbalize and contend with emotional difficulties and finding someone to walk that path with you, can be healing and hopeful. We strive to make our practice “A Place to find Hope” using evidence-based therapeutic interventions provided in a compassionate and validating environment.
Lighthouse Counseling of Fredericksburg, PLC is a group practice committed to working with those who are suffering, marginalized, and feeling like no one understands. So many times, we all struggle to verbalize and contend with emotional difficulties and finding someone to walk that path with you, can be healing and hopeful. We strive to make our practice “A Place to find Hope” using evidence-based therapeutic interventions provided in a compassionate and validating environment.
(540) 469-5033 View (540) 469-5033
Photo of Dr. Claire Hill, PsyD, LCP, Psychologist
Dr. Claire Hill
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP
Verified Verified
Eating disorders, body image concerns, and body dissatisfaction have been on the rise for years, with many reporting an increase in these concerns since the pandemic. Recovery can feel daunting and near impossible, but it is an attainable reality. I work with teens and young adults who are navigating recovery from eating disorders and negative body image, healing sexual trauma, processing relationship distress, and facing the unique challenges of adolescence and early adulthood.
Eating disorders, body image concerns, and body dissatisfaction have been on the rise for years, with many reporting an increase in these concerns since the pandemic. Recovery can feel daunting and near impossible, but it is an attainable reality. I work with teens and young adults who are navigating recovery from eating disorders and negative body image, healing sexual trauma, processing relationship distress, and facing the unique challenges of adolescence and early adulthood.
(540) 584-8366 View (540) 584-8366
Photo of Dr. Bridgette Y. Williams, PhD, CSAC, MAC-NCC, DOT, SAP, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Dr. Bridgette Y. Williams
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, PhD, CSAC, MAC-NCC, DOT, SAP
Verified Verified
I believe that every person has the ability to break through barriers that we are faced with in life, but sometimes we may need some assistance, and this is when I come in. I enjoy helping people navigate change, promote growth, healing and restore hope. I take an active role in helping you to clarify your issues and identify an effective solution that fits your personal need. When I work with clients, I employ evidenced-based treatment including cognitive-behavioral therapy, crisis-intervention, bereavement counseling, Solution-Focused Brief therapy and spiritual counseling.
I believe that every person has the ability to break through barriers that we are faced with in life, but sometimes we may need some assistance, and this is when I come in. I enjoy helping people navigate change, promote growth, healing and restore hope. I take an active role in helping you to clarify your issues and identify an effective solution that fits your personal need. When I work with clients, I employ evidenced-based treatment including cognitive-behavioral therapy, crisis-intervention, bereavement counseling, Solution-Focused Brief therapy and spiritual counseling.
(540) 328-9615 View (540) 328-9615
Photo of Dianne Bachman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dianne Bachman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
As a psychotherapist, I believe that each of us holds the capacity to utilize our personal creativity to resolve life's challenges. I seek to assist the folks I work with to find their strengths. I utilize a number of therapeutic modalities, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused, Interactive Guided Imagery, Ericksonian Hypnosis, and elements of Internal Family Systems and psychological astrology. Upon the initial therapy session, we will work together to determine the most beneficial modality for you, your family, or your child. In addition, I may suggest expressive arts as a vehicle to create life changes.
As a psychotherapist, I believe that each of us holds the capacity to utilize our personal creativity to resolve life's challenges. I seek to assist the folks I work with to find their strengths. I utilize a number of therapeutic modalities, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused, Interactive Guided Imagery, Ericksonian Hypnosis, and elements of Internal Family Systems and psychological astrology. Upon the initial therapy session, we will work together to determine the most beneficial modality for you, your family, or your child. In addition, I may suggest expressive arts as a vehicle to create life changes.
(540) 302-5806 View (540) 302-5806
Photo of Meg McSherry - Courage Health & Wellness, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Courage Health & Wellness
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Waitlist for new clients
I help people overcome fear and sadness so they can have time for what matters most. I have found the most effective strategic tools which prove that change does not have to take years. With the right tools, any of us can make the change we desire. I teach you how to use tools from these proven treatment strategies so that you can spend time focusing on what matters to you. I work with all ages in additional areas of post-traumatic stress, grief and loss, low self-esteem, parenting, career transition, and life stressors.
I help people overcome fear and sadness so they can have time for what matters most. I have found the most effective strategic tools which prove that change does not have to take years. With the right tools, any of us can make the change we desire. I teach you how to use tools from these proven treatment strategies so that you can spend time focusing on what matters to you. I work with all ages in additional areas of post-traumatic stress, grief and loss, low self-esteem, parenting, career transition, and life stressors.
(540) 358-8677 View (540) 358-8677
Photo of Kat Devereaux - Phases Therapy, Inc., LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Phases Therapy, Inc.
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
We believe everyone deserves access to compassionate, empowering & affirming care! Our practice is proudly owned & operated by queer, alternative, multiracial folx who understand the unique challenges & experiences of our diverse clients. We are deeply committed to social justice & helping with the needs of marginalized communities. We believe that each person has the ability to lead their most powerful, productive & positive life. We believe in fostering an environment that is safe, supportive, & non-judgmental. Our core values center around advocacy, authenticity, safety, being trauma informed, empowerment, & compassion.
We believe everyone deserves access to compassionate, empowering & affirming care! Our practice is proudly owned & operated by queer, alternative, multiracial folx who understand the unique challenges & experiences of our diverse clients. We are deeply committed to social justice & helping with the needs of marginalized communities. We believe that each person has the ability to lead their most powerful, productive & positive life. We believe in fostering an environment that is safe, supportive, & non-judgmental. Our core values center around advocacy, authenticity, safety, being trauma informed, empowerment, & compassion.
(540) 416-2850 View (540) 416-2850
Photo of Brittani Sanders, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brittani Sanders
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22408  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hi! I am Brittani Sanders and I’m so excited you’ve decided to stop by! First and foremost, I want to applaud you for taking the first step toward your healing and restoration. It is God’s desire of us to be whole and live in the fullness of who we are created to be. Whether you are in an unhealthy behavioral cycle, random obstacles, or other various stressors, we can end up ready to throw in the proverbial towel on life. My passion is the mental and spiritual health of God's people. I firmly believe that our spiritual health is directly impacted by our emotional health and the way we lead and live our lives.
Hi! I am Brittani Sanders and I’m so excited you’ve decided to stop by! First and foremost, I want to applaud you for taking the first step toward your healing and restoration. It is God’s desire of us to be whole and live in the fullness of who we are created to be. Whether you are in an unhealthy behavioral cycle, random obstacles, or other various stressors, we can end up ready to throw in the proverbial towel on life. My passion is the mental and spiritual health of God's people. I firmly believe that our spiritual health is directly impacted by our emotional health and the way we lead and live our lives.
(540) 253-1698 View (540) 253-1698
Photo of Wunesh W Bairu, MA, CAGS, LMHC, LPC, Counselor
Wunesh W Bairu
Counselor, MA, CAGS, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Spotsylvania, VA 22551  (Online Only)
If you or your loved ones are feeling helplessly overwhelmed, depressed, or anxious my professional guidance and support may help restore wellness. The ultimate power for change to a productive life is yours. As a licensed counselor, my role is to help you connect with your thoughts, feelings, your present state of being, and your desired meaningful life style. My goal is that you acquire coping strategies to be in control of your situation.
If you or your loved ones are feeling helplessly overwhelmed, depressed, or anxious my professional guidance and support may help restore wellness. The ultimate power for change to a productive life is yours. As a licensed counselor, my role is to help you connect with your thoughts, feelings, your present state of being, and your desired meaningful life style. My goal is that you acquire coping strategies to be in control of your situation.
(401) 237-3111 View (401) 237-3111
Photo of Brandy Fallon, MEd
Brandy Fallon
Resident in Counseling, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I work mainly with highly motivated people who are open to change and guidance to improve their communication, establish healthy boundaries and self-care, and I help them heal and move on from painful experiences so they can work towards a future they value. If you are interested in learning new skills, are action-oriented, and are willing to question and experiment with your current beliefs about yourself, give me a call and we can discuss your individual needs!
I work mainly with highly motivated people who are open to change and guidance to improve their communication, establish healthy boundaries and self-care, and I help them heal and move on from painful experiences so they can work towards a future they value. If you are interested in learning new skills, are action-oriented, and are willing to question and experiment with your current beliefs about yourself, give me a call and we can discuss your individual needs!
(540) 274-1346 View (540) 274-1346
Photo of Michelle Patton Swisher, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Patton Swisher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spotsylvania, VA 22551  (Online Only)
Life can take many turns along the way. I am here to help navigate the way and assist with techniques for personal and professional growth. Depression, anxiety, work and family relationships and dynamics of everyday life are areas that can hinder our authentic self. I will help you explore ways for positive growth in all areas of your life. Do not let roadblocks of self doubt, mental health drain, and relationship woes keep that from you. Call me today for a consultation to discuss ways to get you to the other side.
Life can take many turns along the way. I am here to help navigate the way and assist with techniques for personal and professional growth. Depression, anxiety, work and family relationships and dynamics of everyday life are areas that can hinder our authentic self. I will help you explore ways for positive growth in all areas of your life. Do not let roadblocks of self doubt, mental health drain, and relationship woes keep that from you. Call me today for a consultation to discuss ways to get you to the other side.
(540) 802-4235 View (540) 802-4235
Photo of Stephanie Scott-Lewis, MS, LPC, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Stephanie Scott-Lewis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22408  (Online Only)
Got Trauma and life is hard right now? I am here to help; Trauma is my jam! I'm a queer therapist. I am trans-affirming, poly/kink allied as well as sex worker allied. I have worked with children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. I've also worked with populations presenting with mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar, and post-traumatic stress disorder among others. My approach is integrative where I utilize different techniques from multiple theories to best help my clients. I have been a military spouse for over 16 years. Je parles Français.
Got Trauma and life is hard right now? I am here to help; Trauma is my jam! I'm a queer therapist. I am trans-affirming, poly/kink allied as well as sex worker allied. I have worked with children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. I've also worked with populations presenting with mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar, and post-traumatic stress disorder among others. My approach is integrative where I utilize different techniques from multiple theories to best help my clients. I have been a military spouse for over 16 years. Je parles Français.
(757) 774-6184 View (757) 774-6184
Photo of Lauren Harcourt, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lauren Harcourt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
You’re not feeling like yourself, maybe you haven’t felt like yourself for a long time. You’re not sure where to turn, you’ve been pushing yourself to keep going, and it’s getting harder to do. Maybe you’ve lost relationships or had a set back in your life plans. What you know is you’re stuck and you don’t know how to move forward. Sometimes you feel like giving up, but right now you’re looking for help. You want to feel hope again, you want to pull your life together, find that next step. You’d also like to work on relationships, and set new goals for your life.
You’re not feeling like yourself, maybe you haven’t felt like yourself for a long time. You’re not sure where to turn, you’ve been pushing yourself to keep going, and it’s getting harder to do. Maybe you’ve lost relationships or had a set back in your life plans. What you know is you’re stuck and you don’t know how to move forward. Sometimes you feel like giving up, but right now you’re looking for help. You want to feel hope again, you want to pull your life together, find that next step. You’d also like to work on relationships, and set new goals for your life.
(540) 215-7361 View (540) 215-7361
Photo of Teresa McCrossin - Teresa McCrossin LCSW, LCSW, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Teresa McCrossin LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Often, the reality of becoming pregnant and having a baby is different from what we imagined it would be. If your experience is not what you expected for your fertility journey, pregnancy, or infancy of your child, you may feel overwhelmed, alone, or lost. I am Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia and a Certified Perinatal Mental Health Counselor. I have been in private practice over 20 yrs and specialize in infertility, third party reproduction (use of donor sperm, donor eggs, and donor embryo), miscarriage, stillbirth, fetal anomalies, postpartum depression and reproductive health, grief, anxiety and depression.
Often, the reality of becoming pregnant and having a baby is different from what we imagined it would be. If your experience is not what you expected for your fertility journey, pregnancy, or infancy of your child, you may feel overwhelmed, alone, or lost. I am Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia and a Certified Perinatal Mental Health Counselor. I have been in private practice over 20 yrs and specialize in infertility, third party reproduction (use of donor sperm, donor eggs, and donor embryo), miscarriage, stillbirth, fetal anomalies, postpartum depression and reproductive health, grief, anxiety and depression.
(540) 779-1535 View (540) 779-1535
Photo of Dr. Kelly Campbell, PhD, LCP, Psychologist
Dr. Kelly Campbell
Psychologist, PhD, LCP
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22408  (Online Only)
Life is full of complicated and unpredictable challenges. From the stress of a job, school, and finances to relationships, marriage, and family, we are inundated with issues impacting our mental and physical wellbeing. I understand how this can feel defeating and overwhelming; however, healing and fortitude is possible.
Life is full of complicated and unpredictable challenges. From the stress of a job, school, and finances to relationships, marriage, and family, we are inundated with issues impacting our mental and physical wellbeing. I understand how this can feel defeating and overwhelming; however, healing and fortitude is possible.
(540) 452-4320 View (540) 452-4320
Photo of Sarah Burlar, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Burlar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22408  (Online Only)
Are you feeling anxious and/or depressed? Are you stuck in a pattern of unhelpful behaviors and thoughts? Do you feel exhausted from trying to please everyone but have no time left for you? Do you worry about what other people think of you? Do you struggle to implement healthy boundaries? Are relationships with others becoming exhausting or unfulfilling? Do you want to feel more confident and comfortable in your role at work, in your marriage, in your family, friends and co-workers?
Are you feeling anxious and/or depressed? Are you stuck in a pattern of unhelpful behaviors and thoughts? Do you feel exhausted from trying to please everyone but have no time left for you? Do you worry about what other people think of you? Do you struggle to implement healthy boundaries? Are relationships with others becoming exhausting or unfulfilling? Do you want to feel more confident and comfortable in your role at work, in your marriage, in your family, friends and co-workers?
(540) 328-9366 View (540) 328-9366
Photo of Michele L Neverdon, LPC, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Michele L Neverdon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
I am the owner and sole practitioner of The Hope Connection. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP). I believe that all my clients have the ability to heal and learn restorative skills so that they can have a fulfilling life. My specialty is trauma and I'm trained and certified in EMDR. I utilize many different types of therapeutic methodologies given the issues, nature and personality of my clients.
I am the owner and sole practitioner of The Hope Connection. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP). I believe that all my clients have the ability to heal and learn restorative skills so that they can have a fulfilling life. My specialty is trauma and I'm trained and certified in EMDR. I utilize many different types of therapeutic methodologies given the issues, nature and personality of my clients.
(540) 361-6449 View (540) 361-6449

See more therapy options for Spotsylvania County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Spotsylvania County, VA

80+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Spotsylvania County, VA who prioritize treating:

98% Anxiety
93% Depression
83% Coping Skills
81% Self Esteem
76% Relationship Issues
76% Stress
68% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
89% Anthem | Elevance
66% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Spotsylvania County, VA see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

90% Female
10% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Spotsylvania County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.