Therapists in Reva, VA

Photo of Kaimare Laird, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kaimare Laird
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Reva, VA 22735
Kaimare, known to many as Kai, I was born and raised in the southern most isles of the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago. Devoted to supporting others grow and overcome any challenges they face, I began my career within the field of mental health in 2013 and have gained experience in a variety of clinical roles especially in an outpatient therapy setting where I have worked with hundreds of individuals managing challenges with depression, anxiety, self esteem and more.
Kaimare, known to many as Kai, I was born and raised in the southern most isles of the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago. Devoted to supporting others grow and overcome any challenges they face, I began my career within the field of mental health in 2013 and have gained experience in a variety of clinical roles especially in an outpatient therapy setting where I have worked with hundreds of individuals managing challenges with depression, anxiety, self esteem and more.
(804) 808-1779 View (804) 808-1779

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Nephetia Tryman Whittaker, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nephetia Tryman Whittaker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Brightwood, VA 22715
My name is Nephetia and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 10 years of experience providing mental health care for individuals. I have experience assisting and supporting clients to overcome and cope with depression, anxiety, grief, issues specific to women, low self-esteem, and anger. My experience ranges from teens to adults and I have worked with the LGBTQIA+ population. I use an integrative therapeutic approach, including CBT, Person-Centered, Motivational Interviewing, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - I believe that clients are in charge of their counseling experience so that treatment is individualized.
My name is Nephetia and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 10 years of experience providing mental health care for individuals. I have experience assisting and supporting clients to overcome and cope with depression, anxiety, grief, issues specific to women, low self-esteem, and anger. My experience ranges from teens to adults and I have worked with the LGBTQIA+ population. I use an integrative therapeutic approach, including CBT, Person-Centered, Motivational Interviewing, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - I believe that clients are in charge of their counseling experience so that treatment is individualized.
(434) 808-0404 View (434) 808-0404
Photo of Shannon Fowler, LCP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shannon Fowler
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCP
Verified Verified
Aroda, VA 22709
I am Shannon Fowler. I have a PhD in clinical psychology. I try to approach therapy as a collaborative process with each person. I also try to create an environment that is safe and respectful. I have experience entreating many different types of mental health concerns like depression, anxiety, trauma, and eating disorders. I also have experience helping with behavior change around medical issues like diabetes, obesity, chronic pain, etc.
I am Shannon Fowler. I have a PhD in clinical psychology. I try to approach therapy as a collaborative process with each person. I also try to create an environment that is safe and respectful. I have experience entreating many different types of mental health concerns like depression, anxiety, trauma, and eating disorders. I also have experience helping with behavior change around medical issues like diabetes, obesity, chronic pain, etc.
(571) 605-7399 View (571) 605-7399
Photo of Deborah Sabatino, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Deborah Sabatino
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Brightwood, VA 22715
My name is Deb Sabatino and I am and Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia. I use a gentle wholistic approach which is trauma-informed when working with clients. My speciality is working with young adults ages 18-30 who are experiencing anxiety due to life transitions. I also specialize in relationship trauma and helping clients restore themselves back to health after they have experienced abuse of any kind. I have experience working with Military, Law Enforcement and their families.
My name is Deb Sabatino and I am and Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia. I use a gentle wholistic approach which is trauma-informed when working with clients. My speciality is working with young adults ages 18-30 who are experiencing anxiety due to life transitions. I also specialize in relationship trauma and helping clients restore themselves back to health after they have experienced abuse of any kind. I have experience working with Military, Law Enforcement and their families.
(571) 630-3981 View (571) 630-3981
Photo of Wendy Swenson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Wendy Swenson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Culpeper, VA 22701
Not accepting new clients
Welcome. We sometimes need to seek help, and that takes courage. Seeking help, guidance, education, and information can be helpful. At times we need to explore our beliefs and see the connection to our past and present. Being willing to look at ourselves is brave and can make all the difference in our lives. Many things come our way, and we can suffer, struggle, or feel lost. Sometimes we find emotions and symptoms we are unable to deal with, including anxiety, depression, grief of various types, and life transitions that may awaken us to our need to get some help. Listen to yourself and find what you need. There is hope and help.
Welcome. We sometimes need to seek help, and that takes courage. Seeking help, guidance, education, and information can be helpful. At times we need to explore our beliefs and see the connection to our past and present. Being willing to look at ourselves is brave and can make all the difference in our lives. Many things come our way, and we can suffer, struggle, or feel lost. Sometimes we find emotions and symptoms we are unable to deal with, including anxiety, depression, grief of various types, and life transitions that may awaken us to our need to get some help. Listen to yourself and find what you need. There is hope and help.
(540) 679-7475 View (540) 679-7475
Photo of Donna Adams, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Donna Adams
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Radiant, VA 22732
Welcome! My name is Donna Adams and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Virginia with over 31 years of experience. I work with all ages, races and genders. I work with people who find the need to have assistance with regulating their world so that they are able to focus and balance themselves on a daily basis. My areas of focus include ADHD, anger management, behavioral issues, family conflict, and relationship issues. I work with each person on their level, and I do not assume that a certain therapeutic concept will work for anyone.
Welcome! My name is Donna Adams and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Virginia with over 31 years of experience. I work with all ages, races and genders. I work with people who find the need to have assistance with regulating their world so that they are able to focus and balance themselves on a daily basis. My areas of focus include ADHD, anger management, behavioral issues, family conflict, and relationship issues. I work with each person on their level, and I do not assume that a certain therapeutic concept will work for anyone.
(540) 502-4387 View (540) 502-4387
Photo of LeRoyal Parker, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
LeRoyal Parker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Aroda, VA 22709
LeRoyal Parker is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with a Master in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Regent University in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Theoretical approaches I use to draw from a range of evidence-based approaches, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). I believe that sometimes a smile can hide the pain that you would not want to share with anyone else. Anxiety issues, self-esteem issues, and even family issues can lead to difficulty forming lasting and healthy relationships, both personal and intimate.
LeRoyal Parker is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with a Master in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Regent University in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Theoretical approaches I use to draw from a range of evidence-based approaches, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). I believe that sometimes a smile can hide the pain that you would not want to share with anyone else. Anxiety issues, self-esteem issues, and even family issues can lead to difficulty forming lasting and healthy relationships, both personal and intimate.
(757) 993-4269 View (757) 993-4269
Photo of Derik Rice, MSSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Derik Rice
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSSW
Verified Verified
Madison, VA 22727
A guiding tenet in my practice is the belief that you are the expert on your own life. It's my job to help you discover your strengths and empower you to face and overcome whatever dilemmas, problems, or situations you are facing. I work with adults who are experiencing anxiety, depression, emotional dysregulation, trauma, substance abuse, relationship issues, and family and career transitions. As a master’s level social worker who entered the profession midlife, my depth and breadth of lived-life experiences enable me to support you from a place of empathy, compassion, and understanding.
A guiding tenet in my practice is the belief that you are the expert on your own life. It's my job to help you discover your strengths and empower you to face and overcome whatever dilemmas, problems, or situations you are facing. I work with adults who are experiencing anxiety, depression, emotional dysregulation, trauma, substance abuse, relationship issues, and family and career transitions. As a master’s level social worker who entered the profession midlife, my depth and breadth of lived-life experiences enable me to support you from a place of empathy, compassion, and understanding.
(434) 290-4207 View (434) 290-4207
Photo of Barbara Ann Gaddy - Monarch Journey Counseling Services LLC, LPC, COSTP, RPT-S, CSAC, ACS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Monarch Journey Counseling Services LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, COSTP, RPT-S, CSAC, ACS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Madison, VA 22727
Monarch Journey Counseling LLC is located at 146 Byrd Street Orange, Va. Hours are by appointment. We look forward to meeting you!
Monarch Journey Counseling LLC is located at 146 Byrd Street Orange, Va. Hours are by appointment. We look forward to meeting you!
(540) 360-1739 View (540) 360-1739
Photo of Daniel L. Price, PsyD, Psychologist
Daniel L. Price
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Culpeper, VA 22701
Psychotherapy helps people achieve what they want in their lives by mobilizing their energy in a positive way and problem solving the things that stand in their way. Emotional issues from the past can be worked through to happier healthier functioning. Improved mood and functioning without anxiety can be achieved.
Psychotherapy helps people achieve what they want in their lives by mobilizing their energy in a positive way and problem solving the things that stand in their way. Emotional issues from the past can be worked through to happier healthier functioning. Improved mood and functioning without anxiety can be achieved.
(540) 986-4459 View (540) 986-4459
Photo of Anita Wiles, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anita Wiles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Locust Dale, VA 22948
Sometimes we all feel overwhelmed and need to learn healthier ways to cope. Stress can impact your relationships, work, and your physical wellbeing. Whether your concern centers around family issues, work or school pressures, relationships, illness, or one of life's many unexpected challenges - we can work together to develop your strengths and coping skills, with the overall goal of you living a life of optimal wellness. I have been in the mental health field for over 25 years. I earned my MSW from Virginia Commonwealth University and have been a LCSW since 1995.
Sometimes we all feel overwhelmed and need to learn healthier ways to cope. Stress can impact your relationships, work, and your physical wellbeing. Whether your concern centers around family issues, work or school pressures, relationships, illness, or one of life's many unexpected challenges - we can work together to develop your strengths and coping skills, with the overall goal of you living a life of optimal wellness. I have been in the mental health field for over 25 years. I earned my MSW from Virginia Commonwealth University and have been a LCSW since 1995.
(757) 571-8708 View (757) 571-8708
Photo of Kristen Joback, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kristen Joback
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Etlan, VA 22719
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the commonwealth of Virginia, I have 15 years experience partnering with adults, children, couples, and families, seeking help with adjusting to life transitions, depression, anxiety, relationship issues and long lasting mental health challenges. I completed my Bachelor of Science in Psychology and Master of Arts in Professional Counseling from Liberty University. I value a person-centered, collaborative and integrative approach to treatment.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the commonwealth of Virginia, I have 15 years experience partnering with adults, children, couples, and families, seeking help with adjusting to life transitions, depression, anxiety, relationship issues and long lasting mental health challenges. I completed my Bachelor of Science in Psychology and Master of Arts in Professional Counseling from Liberty University. I value a person-centered, collaborative and integrative approach to treatment.
(571) 604-6614 View (571) 604-6614
Photo of Debbie Kirkwood, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Debbie Kirkwood
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Haywood, VA 22722
Hi, my name is Debbie Kirkwood, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Licensed Professional Counselor. Having been in the mental health field for over 20 years, I have worked with many people of every age group and from various backgrounds and cultures. My focuses are Anxiety, Job Stress, Life Coaching, Stress, and Relationship Issues. I use Coaching, Person-Centered, Solution Focused Brief (SFBT), Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), and Supportive. I believe in meeting the client where they are and not where I want them to be.
Hi, my name is Debbie Kirkwood, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Licensed Professional Counselor. Having been in the mental health field for over 20 years, I have worked with many people of every age group and from various backgrounds and cultures. My focuses are Anxiety, Job Stress, Life Coaching, Stress, and Relationship Issues. I use Coaching, Person-Centered, Solution Focused Brief (SFBT), Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), and Supportive. I believe in meeting the client where they are and not where I want them to be.
(571) 583-3963 View (571) 583-3963
Photo of Nathaniel Alexander, LPC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Nathaniel Alexander
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Syria, VA 22743
Hi there! I am Nathaniel "Nate" Alexander, a Licensed Professional Counselor with 26 years of experience. I am also a Certified Substance Abuse Counselor (CSAC) in Virginia. I specialize in the areas of addiction, codependency, life transitions, relapse prevention, and relationship issues, and I utilize treatment approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral, Couples Therapy, Marital, Motivational Interviewing, and Relational therapies. I believe that if a person uses sound common sense, their decision-making efforts and life outcomes will improve.
Hi there! I am Nathaniel "Nate" Alexander, a Licensed Professional Counselor with 26 years of experience. I am also a Certified Substance Abuse Counselor (CSAC) in Virginia. I specialize in the areas of addiction, codependency, life transitions, relapse prevention, and relationship issues, and I utilize treatment approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral, Couples Therapy, Marital, Motivational Interviewing, and Relational therapies. I believe that if a person uses sound common sense, their decision-making efforts and life outcomes will improve.
(571) 427-0849 View (571) 427-0849
Photo of Julie M Albert, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julie M Albert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Culpeper, VA 22701  (Online Only)
Feeling overwhelmed, difficulty making decisions? Sadness or anxiety ruling your life? Relationship struggles - with your partner or family? Traumatic memories keeping you stuck? Separation, divorce or even retirement challenging you to find the 'new normal?' Loss or grief causing a hole in your heart? Sometimes everything we know just isn't enough - perhaps psychotherapy can help. Learn new skills, insights and perceptions; navigate through the angst while strengthening your inner resilience.
Feeling overwhelmed, difficulty making decisions? Sadness or anxiety ruling your life? Relationship struggles - with your partner or family? Traumatic memories keeping you stuck? Separation, divorce or even retirement challenging you to find the 'new normal?' Loss or grief causing a hole in your heart? Sometimes everything we know just isn't enough - perhaps psychotherapy can help. Learn new skills, insights and perceptions; navigate through the angst while strengthening your inner resilience.
(703) 454-5315 View (703) 454-5315
Photo of Barbara Brown, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Barbara Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Culpeper, VA 22701  (Online Only)
Life can be extremely difficult to navigate at times, especially when going through major life transitions. Sometimes we feel numb or stuck and can’t figure out how to move forward or what to do next. I can help you navigate the choppy waters whether it’s from the loss of a loved one, relationship issues, or emotions that seem overwhelming. My personal and professional experiences have helped me understand that life can often make us feel lost. It challenges us and often makes us question who we are.
Life can be extremely difficult to navigate at times, especially when going through major life transitions. Sometimes we feel numb or stuck and can’t figure out how to move forward or what to do next. I can help you navigate the choppy waters whether it’s from the loss of a loved one, relationship issues, or emotions that seem overwhelming. My personal and professional experiences have helped me understand that life can often make us feel lost. It challenges us and often makes us question who we are.
(703) 420-7162 View (703) 420-7162
Photo of Cynthia R. M. Rafala, LPC, LMFT, Counselor
Cynthia R. M. Rafala
Counselor, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Culpeper, VA 22701
I have 25 plus years providing tailored, individualized services in a small private office, focused on helping clients find their most healthy, creative, and positive selves. This includes the clinical assessment and treatment of myriad challenges/diagnoses, both personally and relationally. I have positive working relationships with numerous community resources. My clinical style is informed by training and experience in person centered, interpersonal, cognitive behavioral, acceptance and commitment therapy, elements of internal family systems work, systematic desensitization, and concepts in neuropsychotherapy.
I have 25 plus years providing tailored, individualized services in a small private office, focused on helping clients find their most healthy, creative, and positive selves. This includes the clinical assessment and treatment of myriad challenges/diagnoses, both personally and relationally. I have positive working relationships with numerous community resources. My clinical style is informed by training and experience in person centered, interpersonal, cognitive behavioral, acceptance and commitment therapy, elements of internal family systems work, systematic desensitization, and concepts in neuropsychotherapy.
(540) 384-4631 View (540) 384-4631
Photo of Joan Ellen Russo - Blue Sky Counseling PLLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Blue Sky Counseling PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Culpeper, VA 22701
I have worked with clients that have severe psychiatric issues, including major depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder and many others disorders in both inpatient and outpatient settings. I enjoy the challenge of working with those that struggle with depression, anxiety issues, panic attacks, lack of self esteem, clients who need help limit setting with others and have difficulty defining themselves rather than others defining them. I also have experience helping clients that are dealing with substance abuse issues in conjunction with an outpatient substance abuse program, providing education, individual/family and group therapy.
I have worked with clients that have severe psychiatric issues, including major depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder and many others disorders in both inpatient and outpatient settings. I enjoy the challenge of working with those that struggle with depression, anxiety issues, panic attacks, lack of self esteem, clients who need help limit setting with others and have difficulty defining themselves rather than others defining them. I also have experience helping clients that are dealing with substance abuse issues in conjunction with an outpatient substance abuse program, providing education, individual/family and group therapy.
(540) 351-9573 View (540) 351-9573
Photo of Denise Booth, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Denise Booth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Culpeper, VA 22701
I am dedicated to helping children, adolescents, and adults navigate difficult circumstances while instilling hope to help reach their personal goals and lead more satisfying lives. I provide a safe, non-judgmental, compassionate environment to help individuals gain insight and improve coping skills in order to move forward with health and healing.
I am dedicated to helping children, adolescents, and adults navigate difficult circumstances while instilling hope to help reach their personal goals and lead more satisfying lives. I provide a safe, non-judgmental, compassionate environment to help individuals gain insight and improve coping skills in order to move forward with health and healing.
(703) 935-4209 View (703) 935-4209
Photo of Barbara Brown, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Barbara Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Culpeper, VA 22701  (Online Only)
Barbara Brown is a Licensed Professional Counselor in the Commonwealth of VA with over 30 years-experience working with individuals challenged with emotional, grief, loss, and life altering and changing experiences. Being human is not unique but how one copes and works through difficult experiences is. I have worked with many people of all ages, children, adolescents, adults and geriatrics in a variety of settings with differing challenges. The bottom line is we all struggle and we all deserve an opportunity to grasp the strength inside ourselves, to empower ourselves to move in ways that are more productive, more life affirming.
Barbara Brown is a Licensed Professional Counselor in the Commonwealth of VA with over 30 years-experience working with individuals challenged with emotional, grief, loss, and life altering and changing experiences. Being human is not unique but how one copes and works through difficult experiences is. I have worked with many people of all ages, children, adolescents, adults and geriatrics in a variety of settings with differing challenges. The bottom line is we all struggle and we all deserve an opportunity to grasp the strength inside ourselves, to empower ourselves to move in ways that are more productive, more life affirming.
(757) 367-8525 View (757) 367-8525

See more therapy options for Reva

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Reva, VA

< 10

Therapists in Reva, VA who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Anxiety
100% Life Coaching
100% Anger Management
100% Career Counseling
100% Behavioral Issues
100% Family Conflict

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Reva, VA see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Reva?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.