Therapists in Manassas, VA

Photo of Shervonne Banks, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shervonne Banks
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Manassas, VA 20110  (Online Only)
I have over 13 years of experience with mental health, medical social work, and community-based care programs. Before starting my own practice, I was a psychotherapist and acute care clinician traveling across the United States partnering with adolescents' adults, families, and providers to bridge integrated care with mental health. Prior to that, I helped to advocate for geriatric communities with a variety of complex aging issues pertaining to Medicaid, Medicare, accessibility to services, placement, and managing caregiver burnout. All appointments are virtual as of 2/8/2023; unless clients are open to meeting on Wednesday at our
I have over 13 years of experience with mental health, medical social work, and community-based care programs. Before starting my own practice, I was a psychotherapist and acute care clinician traveling across the United States partnering with adolescents' adults, families, and providers to bridge integrated care with mental health. Prior to that, I helped to advocate for geriatric communities with a variety of complex aging issues pertaining to Medicaid, Medicare, accessibility to services, placement, and managing caregiver burnout. All appointments are virtual as of 2/8/2023; unless clients are open to meeting on Wednesday at our
(571) 603-7761 View (571) 603-7761
Photo of Lawrence Franco, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lawrence Franco
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20110
Not accepting new clients
Navigating distress on your own can be difficult, overwhelming, and even insurmountable. Maybe you feel stuck, misunderstood, or even lost. Seeking guidance to help with this navigation may seem even more daunting. I open a door for you to explore this in a way that seeks to connect with you, your identity, and life experience. My approach is multi-dimensional, integrating a variety of techniques, customized to you. Each of us is unique in our own way and I will honor that through a multicultural lens. We can work together to make sense of what challenges you, through your own eyes & voice, to build long lasting feelings of courage.
Navigating distress on your own can be difficult, overwhelming, and even insurmountable. Maybe you feel stuck, misunderstood, or even lost. Seeking guidance to help with this navigation may seem even more daunting. I open a door for you to explore this in a way that seeks to connect with you, your identity, and life experience. My approach is multi-dimensional, integrating a variety of techniques, customized to you. Each of us is unique in our own way and I will honor that through a multicultural lens. We can work together to make sense of what challenges you, through your own eyes & voice, to build long lasting feelings of courage.
(571) 470-7002 View (571) 470-7002
Photo of Jordan Toney, MA
Jordan Toney
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
Manassas, VA 20110
I specialize in the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders, helping clients navigate challenges related to emotional regulation, life transitions, and stress management. I also work with individuals on money-related concerns, such as financial anxiety, compulsive spending, or gambling. Additionally, I offer couples therapy to support partners in enhancing communication, resolving conflicts, rebuilding trust, and strengthening their connection. I create a safe, non-judgmental environment where couples can explore their past dynamics and cultivate deeper intimacy and understanding.
I specialize in the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders, helping clients navigate challenges related to emotional regulation, life transitions, and stress management. I also work with individuals on money-related concerns, such as financial anxiety, compulsive spending, or gambling. Additionally, I offer couples therapy to support partners in enhancing communication, resolving conflicts, rebuilding trust, and strengthening their connection. I create a safe, non-judgmental environment where couples can explore their past dynamics and cultivate deeper intimacy and understanding.
(571) 506-2103 x733 View (571) 506-2103 x733
Abiding Hope Counseling Services
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Manassas, VA 20110
Often times as a client when talking to Therapist, counselors you feel like your voice is not being heard or just another notch under their belts. As your resident Therapist your voice will be heard and you will be treated with the utmost respect.
Often times as a client when talking to Therapist, counselors you feel like your voice is not being heard or just another notch under their belts. As your resident Therapist your voice will be heard and you will be treated with the utmost respect.
(571) 778-3532 View (571) 778-3532
Photo of Patrick Bobst, MA
Patrick Bobst
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
Manassas, VA 20110  (Online Only)
Patrick provides online/telehealth counseling services to individuals, couples, and groups. He works with clients on issues including depression, anxiety, grief, life-stage transitions, self-esteem, communication and interpersonal relationships and other mental health concerns. Patrick believes that the key to a successful therapeutic relationship is the establishment of a genuine and trusting rapport with his clients.
Patrick provides online/telehealth counseling services to individuals, couples, and groups. He works with clients on issues including depression, anxiety, grief, life-stage transitions, self-esteem, communication and interpersonal relationships and other mental health concerns. Patrick believes that the key to a successful therapeutic relationship is the establishment of a genuine and trusting rapport with his clients.
(571) 901-1294 x728 View (571) 901-1294 x728
Photo of Brooke Utley, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brooke Utley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20110
Waitlist for new clients
*Currently only accepting new clients for group therapy* My goal is to help children, adolescents, and adults develop confidence and self-awareness, discover their resilience, and find their voice so they can effectively navigate through difficult life situations, and come out of those circumstances feeling empowered.
*Currently only accepting new clients for group therapy* My goal is to help children, adolescents, and adults develop confidence and self-awareness, discover their resilience, and find their voice so they can effectively navigate through difficult life situations, and come out of those circumstances feeling empowered.
(571) 366-9770 x700 View (571) 366-9770 x700
Photo of Amber Eason, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amber Eason
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Manassas, VA 20110  (Online Only)
The importance of understanding the mind and its profound complexity, establishes the central role, that I help to facilitate between identifying, addressing, and alleviating one's presenting concerns. This requires a great deal of commitment, that I look forward to exploring with you as we navigate this focused time together. Choosing to establish roots in this profession brings great satisfaction, both professionally and personally, to me, as I assist in one's intimate journey of mental health. I received a Bachelor's in Social Work in 2010, from the University of West Florida and began a post-graduation career in child-welfare.
The importance of understanding the mind and its profound complexity, establishes the central role, that I help to facilitate between identifying, addressing, and alleviating one's presenting concerns. This requires a great deal of commitment, that I look forward to exploring with you as we navigate this focused time together. Choosing to establish roots in this profession brings great satisfaction, both professionally and personally, to me, as I assist in one's intimate journey of mental health. I received a Bachelor's in Social Work in 2010, from the University of West Florida and began a post-graduation career in child-welfare.
(571) 568-7323 View (571) 568-7323
Photo of Ashleigh Jackson, MA, NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ashleigh Jackson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20110  (Online Only)
As a graduate of Liberty University, I am excited to exercise the knowledge learned in the classroom, as well as the experience gained in the field. In my three years of experience, I have worked with adults and adolescents facing various challenges. These include depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, feeling overwhelmed, grief, assertiveness, communication skills and more.
As a graduate of Liberty University, I am excited to exercise the knowledge learned in the classroom, as well as the experience gained in the field. In my three years of experience, I have worked with adults and adolescents facing various challenges. These include depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, feeling overwhelmed, grief, assertiveness, communication skills and more.
(571) 475-9139 x720 View (571) 475-9139 x720
Photo of Amber Couch, MSW, SISW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Amber Couch
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, SISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20110
The primary goal of psychotherapy is to help you understand what you want and need to make your life more meaningful, productive and fulfilling. Being true to yourself is an extraordinary, revolutionary act and is the means to living your best life and contributing your greatest gifts to the world. As your therapist, I want to help you realize and utilize your full potential by guiding you through your fears and self-doubt. My theoretical orientation integrates psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral theories to assist you in addressing past and present challenges to improve connections and increase insight as you navigate life.
The primary goal of psychotherapy is to help you understand what you want and need to make your life more meaningful, productive and fulfilling. Being true to yourself is an extraordinary, revolutionary act and is the means to living your best life and contributing your greatest gifts to the world. As your therapist, I want to help you realize and utilize your full potential by guiding you through your fears and self-doubt. My theoretical orientation integrates psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral theories to assist you in addressing past and present challenges to improve connections and increase insight as you navigate life.
(571) 520-9037 View (571) 520-9037
Photo of Silvia Portillo, MEd, CSOTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Silvia Portillo
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, CSOTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20110  (Online Only)
Sometimes life can be overwhelming. Have you found the need to talk to someone and not know where to turn to? Everyday stressors can take a toll on the body. Looking for a therapist you can trust can be a process. I have been known to have a listening and empathic ear for clients in need. I will be an advocate in your journey. You will find that the traits of a supportive and nonjudgmental therapist will be important in your search. A veces la vida puede ser abrumadora. ¿Ha encontrado la necesidad de hablar con alguien y no sabe a quién recurrir? Los factores estresantes cotidianos pueden afectar el cuerpo. Yo puedo ser un apoyo.
Sometimes life can be overwhelming. Have you found the need to talk to someone and not know where to turn to? Everyday stressors can take a toll on the body. Looking for a therapist you can trust can be a process. I have been known to have a listening and empathic ear for clients in need. I will be an advocate in your journey. You will find that the traits of a supportive and nonjudgmental therapist will be important in your search. A veces la vida puede ser abrumadora. ¿Ha encontrado la necesidad de hablar con alguien y no sabe a quién recurrir? Los factores estresantes cotidianos pueden afectar el cuerpo. Yo puedo ser un apoyo.
(571) 568-7282 View (571) 568-7282
Photo of John Shaw, MA, MSc, Licensed Professional Counselor
John Shaw
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MSc
Verified Verified
Manassas, VA 20110
I have over eight years of experience working with people from diverse backgrounds in a variety of environments. I work with individuals, families, and couples to provide help coping with the stresses of everyday life as well as crisis situations. If you are paying out of pocket, please ask me about my sliding scale fees. I look forward to meeting you.
I have over eight years of experience working with people from diverse backgrounds in a variety of environments. I work with individuals, families, and couples to provide help coping with the stresses of everyday life as well as crisis situations. If you are paying out of pocket, please ask me about my sliding scale fees. I look forward to meeting you.
(571) 297-8842 View (571) 297-8842
Photo of Heather Doute, MA, LPC, CSOTP, Counselor
Heather Doute
Counselor, MA, LPC, CSOTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20110
Welcome to your new beginning! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who works with those that suffer from sexual related issues to include sex therapy and sexual deviancy, anxiety, LGBTQ+ issues, stress, and relationship dysfunction utilizing a Cognitive Behavioral Approach. My goal is to join with my clients to discuss current stressors, process emotions, and assist in determining solutions together. Whether you choose to focus on your current issues or issues from your past, together, we can work through those issues and develop appropriate coping skills which will lead to manageable behaviors.
Welcome to your new beginning! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who works with those that suffer from sexual related issues to include sex therapy and sexual deviancy, anxiety, LGBTQ+ issues, stress, and relationship dysfunction utilizing a Cognitive Behavioral Approach. My goal is to join with my clients to discuss current stressors, process emotions, and assist in determining solutions together. Whether you choose to focus on your current issues or issues from your past, together, we can work through those issues and develop appropriate coping skills which will lead to manageable behaviors.
(571) 506-6514 View (571) 506-6514
Photo of Kimberly Gary, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kimberly Gary
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Manassas, VA 20110  (Online Only)
Life is a journey that takes us through various peaks and valleys. Our strength, patience, and resilience can be tested during these difficult times and cause us to feel that no one understands. These valleys can greatly affect our mental health and our ability to operate as our best version of ourselves. It is during these times that we can benefit from a therapeutic relationship with an empathic professional. I am a licensed professional counselor (LPC) with over 15 years experience in the field
Life is a journey that takes us through various peaks and valleys. Our strength, patience, and resilience can be tested during these difficult times and cause us to feel that no one understands. These valleys can greatly affect our mental health and our ability to operate as our best version of ourselves. It is during these times that we can benefit from a therapeutic relationship with an empathic professional. I am a licensed professional counselor (LPC) with over 15 years experience in the field
(571) 586-9968 View (571) 586-9968
Photo of Saffire McCool-Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Saffire McCool-Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Manassas, VA 20110  (Online Only)
My name is Saffire McCool-Smith, LCSW. I have had the privilege of working in the mental health field for over 10 years. I have two Bachelor's Degrees, one in psychology and one in law studies from Marquette University as well as a Masters Degree in Social Work from the University of South Carolina. I work/worked within several settings to include psychiatric hospitals, outpatient clinics, within the community and via virtual platforms. In each of these settings, my focus is always to provide individualized services to each and every client while providing an environment of warmth, mutual respect, trust, and understanding.
My name is Saffire McCool-Smith, LCSW. I have had the privilege of working in the mental health field for over 10 years. I have two Bachelor's Degrees, one in psychology and one in law studies from Marquette University as well as a Masters Degree in Social Work from the University of South Carolina. I work/worked within several settings to include psychiatric hospitals, outpatient clinics, within the community and via virtual platforms. In each of these settings, my focus is always to provide individualized services to each and every client while providing an environment of warmth, mutual respect, trust, and understanding.
(571) 604-6848 View (571) 604-6848
Photo of Patrice A. Alvarado, PhD, Psychologist
Patrice A. Alvarado
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20110
If you, or a family member, are struggling with anxiety, excessive worry, depression, or emotional distress, a mindfulness-based mental health program can help. My therapeutic model is evidence-based, grounded in current research on what works to alleviate distress and increase coping. It is also holistic, encompassing the interconnectedness of the mind, body, and life spirit. And it is experiential and mindfulness-based. I offer time-limited group programs for teens and adults, both online and in-person, based on mindfulness psychology, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and self-compassion training.
If you, or a family member, are struggling with anxiety, excessive worry, depression, or emotional distress, a mindfulness-based mental health program can help. My therapeutic model is evidence-based, grounded in current research on what works to alleviate distress and increase coping. It is also holistic, encompassing the interconnectedness of the mind, body, and life spirit. And it is experiential and mindfulness-based. I offer time-limited group programs for teens and adults, both online and in-person, based on mindfulness psychology, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and self-compassion training.
(571) 495-3910 View (571) 495-3910
Photo of Keri Marie Scribner, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Keri Marie Scribner
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Manassas, VA 20110  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe that one of most valuable terms in the English language is: "journey." Being a licensed therapist gives me opportunities to participate in therapeutic journeys with patients of different ages, backgrounds, experiences, and presenting issues. With that said, I am eager to start embarking on a therapeutic journey with you. While on our therapeutic journey, I may play various roles. For example, I may act as a tour guide by helping you find different paths to resolving problems. I may also be the outlet for your emotions, and the challenging tool for change. Most importantly, I will be your source of support along the way!
I believe that one of most valuable terms in the English language is: "journey." Being a licensed therapist gives me opportunities to participate in therapeutic journeys with patients of different ages, backgrounds, experiences, and presenting issues. With that said, I am eager to start embarking on a therapeutic journey with you. While on our therapeutic journey, I may play various roles. For example, I may act as a tour guide by helping you find different paths to resolving problems. I may also be the outlet for your emotions, and the challenging tool for change. Most importantly, I will be your source of support along the way!
(703) 493-1227 View (703) 493-1227
Photo of Katherine Kraft, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Katherine Kraft
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20110  (Online Only)
I have openings - We all face challenges and journey toward self-discovery and development. Therapy can be a daunting but powerful experience. It is my heart to walk through this process with you by providing a safe, nonjudgmental place to talk freely and be yourself. If you are struggling with a life-transition, anxiety, depression, grief, overthinking, low self-esteem, communication, or other mental and emotional health challenges that affect your job, family, or goals, therapy could be a central part of your freedom and growth. It is my hope to provide understanding, tools, encouragement, and support to you throughout sessions.
I have openings - We all face challenges and journey toward self-discovery and development. Therapy can be a daunting but powerful experience. It is my heart to walk through this process with you by providing a safe, nonjudgmental place to talk freely and be yourself. If you are struggling with a life-transition, anxiety, depression, grief, overthinking, low self-esteem, communication, or other mental and emotional health challenges that affect your job, family, or goals, therapy could be a central part of your freedom and growth. It is my hope to provide understanding, tools, encouragement, and support to you throughout sessions.
(703) 686-8079 View (703) 686-8079
Photo of Brittany Summers, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Brittany Summers
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20110
Waitlist for new clients
Brittany provides in person and telehealth counseling for individuals and couples. She works with teens, adults, and couples on issues including depression, anxiety, self-esteem, self-confidence, communication, ADHD, and Autism. Her therapeutic approach includes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Solution-Focused Therapy (SFT), Narrative Therapy, Person-Centered Therapy, Art Therapy, and Mindfulness. She believes that it is important for each client to feel safe and respected, while also being able to provide each client with a space where they can share their story.
Brittany provides in person and telehealth counseling for individuals and couples. She works with teens, adults, and couples on issues including depression, anxiety, self-esteem, self-confidence, communication, ADHD, and Autism. Her therapeutic approach includes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Solution-Focused Therapy (SFT), Narrative Therapy, Person-Centered Therapy, Art Therapy, and Mindfulness. She believes that it is important for each client to feel safe and respected, while also being able to provide each client with a space where they can share their story.
(571) 570-3566 x727 View (571) 570-3566 x727
Photo of Doug Warford - Doug Warford New Day Counseling, LLC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Doug Warford New Day Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Manassas, VA 20110
We offer individual counseling services to meet the unique needs of our clients. We also offer specialized services for issues such as anger management, anxiety, ADHD, depression, phases of life changes, and trauma.
We offer individual counseling services to meet the unique needs of our clients. We also offer specialized services for issues such as anger management, anxiety, ADHD, depression, phases of life changes, and trauma.
(571) 520-5295 View (571) 520-5295
Photo of Tammie Howard, M Ed, MSN, RN, NCC®
Tammie Howard
Resident in Counseling, M Ed, MSN, RN, NCC®
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20110
Waitlist for new clients
We all encounter challenges along our life journeys. Healing can often feel overwhelming, difficult, and lonely. I want you to know that you are not alone. Allow me to partner with you to help you understand and navigate the challenges to make healing possible. I'm a Licensed Resident in Counseling, a military veteran, and a second career professional, with over 30 years of experience in healthcare. I enjoy working with clients of all ages and backgrounds, addressing issues related to trauma, life transitions, relationships, identity/cultural issues, disabilities, and the military/veteran community.
We all encounter challenges along our life journeys. Healing can often feel overwhelming, difficult, and lonely. I want you to know that you are not alone. Allow me to partner with you to help you understand and navigate the challenges to make healing possible. I'm a Licensed Resident in Counseling, a military veteran, and a second career professional, with over 30 years of experience in healthcare. I enjoy working with clients of all ages and backgrounds, addressing issues related to trauma, life transitions, relationships, identity/cultural issues, disabilities, and the military/veteran community.
(571) 489-0730 x730 View (571) 489-0730 x730
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Manassas, VA

300+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Manassas, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
70% Trauma and PTSD
70% Stress
67% Coping Skills
64% Relationship Issues
64% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Elevance
73% Aetna
73% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Manassas, VA see their clients

58% In Person and Online
42% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Manassas?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.