Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Therapists in Chesapeake, VA
![Photo of Korrin Vanderhoof, MSSA, LISW-S, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e534c83c-eca4-434b-a443-0725bc5fe160/1/320x400.jpeg)
Korrin Vanderhoof
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LISW-S, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
I also have unique experience working with mental health concerns related to chronic illness, TBI/spinal cord injury, and sport participation.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over a decade of experience working with children, teens, and adults with diverse backgrounds and presenting problems. I practice from a humanist perspective, meeting my clients where they are at with compassion and understanding. My goal for treatment is to assist my clients in understanding the patterns to their problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and developing the insight and skills needed to become the best version of themselves. I have found my passion in working with complex trauma, grief, and attachment as well as anxiety, depression, and every day stress.
I also have unique experience working with mental health concerns related to chronic illness, TBI/spinal cord injury, and sport participation.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over a decade of experience working with children, teens, and adults with diverse backgrounds and presenting problems. I practice from a humanist perspective, meeting my clients where they are at with compassion and understanding. My goal for treatment is to assist my clients in understanding the patterns to their problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and developing the insight and skills needed to become the best version of themselves. I have found my passion in working with complex trauma, grief, and attachment as well as anxiety, depression, and every day stress.
![Photo of Clifford Marsh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c433c568-a59a-452b-b615-3062e49e97de/1/320x400.jpeg)
My name is Dr. Clifford Marsh, but please call me "Cliff." I am independently and clinically licensed to practice therapy in Virginia and South Carolina. I also have national board certification in Clinical Social Work through the American Board of Clinical Social Work Examiners. My educational credentials include a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Organizational Leadership and a Master of Social Work (M.S.W.) degree with a Clinical Specialization. With over 20 years of experience providing therapy, I enjoy working with diverse client populations and have expert knowledge in applying effective, evidence-based modalities with individua
My name is Dr. Clifford Marsh, but please call me "Cliff." I am independently and clinically licensed to practice therapy in Virginia and South Carolina. I also have national board certification in Clinical Social Work through the American Board of Clinical Social Work Examiners. My educational credentials include a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Organizational Leadership and a Master of Social Work (M.S.W.) degree with a Clinical Specialization. With over 20 years of experience providing therapy, I enjoy working with diverse client populations and have expert knowledge in applying effective, evidence-based modalities with individua
![Photo of Anam Therapy Counseling Inc. Group Practice- Heather Whitney, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4654de8f-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Anam Therapy Counseling Inc. Group Practice- Heather Whitney
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23321 (Online Only)
Anam Therapy Counseling, Inc is a group practice that was formed as I expanded my business in response to the growing need in our field. Please note, we are a TeleMH practice (online). We have spent the past 26+ years helping clients to lead happier, healthier, and more fulfilling lives. Our goal is to provide a stress free, nonjudgmental environment where you can feel supported, comfortable, and free to express yourself. We have clinicians at our practice that are EMDR certified, Trauma focused, and work with DBT and CBT. We also run numerous groups including Parenting, DBT, Grief/Loss, Anxiety/ Depression and a Men's support group
Anam Therapy Counseling, Inc is a group practice that was formed as I expanded my business in response to the growing need in our field. Please note, we are a TeleMH practice (online). We have spent the past 26+ years helping clients to lead happier, healthier, and more fulfilling lives. Our goal is to provide a stress free, nonjudgmental environment where you can feel supported, comfortable, and free to express yourself. We have clinicians at our practice that are EMDR certified, Trauma focused, and work with DBT and CBT. We also run numerous groups including Parenting, DBT, Grief/Loss, Anxiety/ Depression and a Men's support group
![Photo of Jannie W Robinson - Dr. Jannie W. Robinson, EdD, LCSW, EdD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3d26777a-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Dr. Jannie W. Robinson, EdD, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdD, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Helping others maximize their potential by learning how to restructure the way they think can vastly improve one's quality of life. Over the past twenty plus years I have worked with women and men from adolescence to their senior years sort through some of the many issues we all face. As an experienced therapist I have provided therapeutic counseling services to both military and civilians addressing diagnoses of Depression, Attention Deficient Disorder (ADD), Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), relationship issues and a variety of women concerns.
Helping others maximize their potential by learning how to restructure the way they think can vastly improve one's quality of life. Over the past twenty plus years I have worked with women and men from adolescence to their senior years sort through some of the many issues we all face. As an experienced therapist I have provided therapeutic counseling services to both military and civilians addressing diagnoses of Depression, Attention Deficient Disorder (ADD), Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), relationship issues and a variety of women concerns.
![Photo of Holly Elizabeth Parker, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8f8daf01-13ff-4767-b441-697cc78952a9/3/320x400.jpeg)
“As a Resident in counseling, I’ve dealt with a diverse clientele of all ages and diagnoses, resulting in an acute awareness of the need to be a passionate and empathetic counselor. My goal is to make a positive, lasting impact in my client’s lives, providing the tools and support necessary to learn, grow and thrive; always moving forward! I follow the teachings of Albert Ellis with Rational Emotive Behaviors Therapy (REBT) and utilize techniques relating to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to provide needed support and guidance to improve my clients’ futures.”
“As a Resident in counseling, I’ve dealt with a diverse clientele of all ages and diagnoses, resulting in an acute awareness of the need to be a passionate and empathetic counselor. My goal is to make a positive, lasting impact in my client’s lives, providing the tools and support necessary to learn, grow and thrive; always moving forward! I follow the teachings of Albert Ellis with Rational Emotive Behaviors Therapy (REBT) and utilize techniques relating to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to provide needed support and guidance to improve my clients’ futures.”
![Photo of Dr. Megan L Cheatham - Well Neuropsychology, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a23a313d-80c3-44f5-b805-eb1a3c827af5/1/320x400.jpeg)
I specialize in neuropsychological evaluations to assess cognitive and psychological functioning. I have specialization in working with adults and older adults with complex medical conditions. I also conduct comprehensive evaluations for children to assess neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ADHD and autism, as well as psychoeducational evaluations to assess learning disorders, in addition to mental health issues. My evaluations provide a comprehensive look at cognitive and psychological functioning to assist with diagnosis, as well as provide treatment recommendations and academic/work accommodations.
I specialize in neuropsychological evaluations to assess cognitive and psychological functioning. I have specialization in working with adults and older adults with complex medical conditions. I also conduct comprehensive evaluations for children to assess neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ADHD and autism, as well as psychoeducational evaluations to assess learning disorders, in addition to mental health issues. My evaluations provide a comprehensive look at cognitive and psychological functioning to assist with diagnosis, as well as provide treatment recommendations and academic/work accommodations.
![Photo of Richard Swaine, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2cc37079-d3a9-4646-a2e3-5bb440d3a85d/2/320x400.jpeg)
I have been working with both adolescents and adults for more than a decade and still love my job. Being a licensed therapist is actually my third career choice that followed careers in Oceanography and Motorsports. Although the first two careers were exciting, having the opportunity to help people heal makes this career the most rewarding. I have a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry from the University of Florida (1985), a Master of Marine Science from University of South Florida (1996) and Master of Arts in Counseling from Liberty University (2007).
I have been working with both adolescents and adults for more than a decade and still love my job. Being a licensed therapist is actually my third career choice that followed careers in Oceanography and Motorsports. Although the first two careers were exciting, having the opportunity to help people heal makes this career the most rewarding. I have a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry from the University of Florida (1985), a Master of Marine Science from University of South Florida (1996) and Master of Arts in Counseling from Liberty University (2007).
![Photo of Kate O'Connell, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/94978f1c-b9a6-4f8e-86c6-9e4a07586609/1/320x400.jpeg)
Originally from Toronto, Ontario, Canada; she attended Ryerson University, graduating in 1985 with a B.A. in Photographic Arts before moving to the United States in 1990. While raising her son in Richmond, Virginia; she worked in the photographic industry until 1998 when she moved with him to the Adirondacks and co-founded a spiritual retreat center with a Cherokee Medicine Woman and Shaman. In 2003 at the age of forty-three, she returned to school and received a Master's degree in Psychology from Marist
Originally from Toronto, Ontario, Canada; she attended Ryerson University, graduating in 1985 with a B.A. in Photographic Arts before moving to the United States in 1990. While raising her son in Richmond, Virginia; she worked in the photographic industry until 1998 when she moved with him to the Adirondacks and co-founded a spiritual retreat center with a Cherokee Medicine Woman and Shaman. In 2003 at the age of forty-three, she returned to school and received a Master's degree in Psychology from Marist
![Photo of April Stone, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/46ea65ab-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
April Stone
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Are you motivated to see change? Are you tired of the past ruling your life? Do want to stop barely making it? Relationships unfulfilling? Need a answer/diagnosis for what you experience? My clinical work integrates psychology, theology, and spirituality. I consider my counseling to be a ministry first. However, treatments will also include empirically based techniques and skill-building. I am a Level 1 and Level 2 Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I also work with Trauma Focused Couples Counseling, Grief Therapy, and Dysfunctional family issues. I serve both Georgia and Virginia via video/phone sessions only.
Are you motivated to see change? Are you tired of the past ruling your life? Do want to stop barely making it? Relationships unfulfilling? Need a answer/diagnosis for what you experience? My clinical work integrates psychology, theology, and spirituality. I consider my counseling to be a ministry first. However, treatments will also include empirically based techniques and skill-building. I am a Level 1 and Level 2 Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I also work with Trauma Focused Couples Counseling, Grief Therapy, and Dysfunctional family issues. I serve both Georgia and Virginia via video/phone sessions only.
![Photo of William H Bates, MA, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4f4380b9-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Burnout: It has been said “it’s lonely at the top”. You have reached the top in your career, but your personal life is in shambles or you’re experiencing “burnout”. The Therapist problem solves and suggests interventions for their clients but, who can the Therapist talk to? You’re a Veteran struggling to come back to the “Real World”, and every day and night are a battle with PTSD symptoms. You may be a parent that is at the “end of your rope” with a child with Autism, ADHD, or significant depression and is exhibiting negative behaviors in the home and at school. You may need help in processing loss, divorce, and retirement.
Burnout: It has been said “it’s lonely at the top”. You have reached the top in your career, but your personal life is in shambles or you’re experiencing “burnout”. The Therapist problem solves and suggests interventions for their clients but, who can the Therapist talk to? You’re a Veteran struggling to come back to the “Real World”, and every day and night are a battle with PTSD symptoms. You may be a parent that is at the “end of your rope” with a child with Autism, ADHD, or significant depression and is exhibiting negative behaviors in the home and at school. You may need help in processing loss, divorce, and retirement.
![Photo of Brian Preston - Therapeutic Expressions , LCSW, CCTP, CGP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/bb95a3ae-b927-4d0e-ad9c-e3eafffd080a/2/320x400.jpeg)
Therapeutic Expressions
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP, CGP
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320 (Online Only)
Sometimes in life it can be difficult to find your path of growth due to past, current or unforeseen stressors. I like to think of therapy as us having a casual conversation that ebbs and flows based on where you are in that moment. It can seem intimidating but I am here to tell you that you will not go through this journey of growth alone. I want you to reach whatever goals and life changes you are looking for while enjoying the process as much as possible, and experiencing yourself in new ways.
Sometimes in life it can be difficult to find your path of growth due to past, current or unforeseen stressors. I like to think of therapy as us having a casual conversation that ebbs and flows based on where you are in that moment. It can seem intimidating but I am here to tell you that you will not go through this journey of growth alone. I want you to reach whatever goals and life changes you are looking for while enjoying the process as much as possible, and experiencing yourself in new ways.
![Photo of James Partch](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5491d1f1-759e-4339-a8a7-2a7af222cb96/1/320x400.jpeg)
My ideal client is one who is striving and choosing to do the work necessary to effectively change and move forward. It takes courage to take the first step in reaching out for support. Let’s work together to ease your burden and to realize your full potential! I am here to listen, to guide, and to allow my clients to follow their path to stability and serenity. For some that path may be short and easy to navigate. While for others it may be a journey that will take some time...but we will get there together.
My ideal client is one who is striving and choosing to do the work necessary to effectively change and move forward. It takes courage to take the first step in reaching out for support. Let’s work together to ease your burden and to realize your full potential! I am here to listen, to guide, and to allow my clients to follow their path to stability and serenity. For some that path may be short and easy to navigate. While for others it may be a journey that will take some time...but we will get there together.
![Photo of Hannah Hale, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/350b2ebf-0e30-4ac8-b4fb-e79a42f7fe1d/1/320x400.png)
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and Virginia Board of Counseling Approved Clinical Supervisor (LPC-S) within the state of Virginia. I am also a Registered Art Therapist (ATR), working toward Art Therapy Board Certification through the Art Therapy Credentials Board (ATCB). I have previously had the credential of IMH-E (Infant Family Specialist- Endorsed), as I spent a great deal of professional time focusing on early child development and the dynamics of family interactions.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and Virginia Board of Counseling Approved Clinical Supervisor (LPC-S) within the state of Virginia. I am also a Registered Art Therapist (ATR), working toward Art Therapy Board Certification through the Art Therapy Credentials Board (ATCB). I have previously had the credential of IMH-E (Infant Family Specialist- Endorsed), as I spent a great deal of professional time focusing on early child development and the dynamics of family interactions.
![Photo of Veronica McKay, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/80b0ca22-9da8-48d8-b20e-b92c2b0ebce7/2/320x400.jpeg)
Hello, I’m Veronica McKay and I’ve spent the past thirty years as a practicing Licensed Clinical Social Worker providing therapy to various populations. My desire is to help people looking for answers and guidance when life’s waters become turbulent.
My practice focuses on adults dealing with issues of anxiety, depression, military combat stress and trauma. In 2008 I began working with the military, treating active duty military returning from combat. I continue to provide support to the military veteran population through various non-profit organizations and welcome the opportunity to provide that service on this platform.
Hello, I’m Veronica McKay and I’ve spent the past thirty years as a practicing Licensed Clinical Social Worker providing therapy to various populations. My desire is to help people looking for answers and guidance when life’s waters become turbulent.
My practice focuses on adults dealing with issues of anxiety, depression, military combat stress and trauma. In 2008 I began working with the military, treating active duty military returning from combat. I continue to provide support to the military veteran population through various non-profit organizations and welcome the opportunity to provide that service on this platform.
![Photo of Kelly Morley, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2a77a8ba-97ab-4461-8f23-9a3791c7e8e0/1/320x400.jpeg)
Kelly Morley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23324
The need for both open hearts and open minds in the field of mental health is critically urgent and I aspire to have each! My goal is to assist people who may be unsure of what they are experiencing or feel nervous about pursuing help. I believe that together we can reach your personal goals. My true calling is to help people heal while becoming advocates for themselves, their families, and society as a whole.
The need for both open hearts and open minds in the field of mental health is critically urgent and I aspire to have each! My goal is to assist people who may be unsure of what they are experiencing or feel nervous about pursuing help. I believe that together we can reach your personal goals. My true calling is to help people heal while becoming advocates for themselves, their families, and society as a whole.
![Photo of Bobbie Jo Stone-Seamster, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ccc61028-dff7-4f6a-a1a7-9815fc557863/1/320x400.png)
Bobbie Jo Stone-Seamster
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321 (Online Only)
Available via Video session only Age: 49 Language: English Specialties: Trauma, Veterans, Anxiety, Depression, Bereavement-Grief Counseling, Co-morbidity, Codependency, Substance abuse, Domestic Violence, health disabilities, Life Management Counseling, Mood Disorders, Parenting Issues/stressors, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Stress Management. not currently accepting marriage or couples counseling at this time. Years of Experience: 22 years Bobbie began her career in the human services field as a social worker and child abuse investigator with the Department of Social Services in VA.
Available via Video session only Age: 49 Language: English Specialties: Trauma, Veterans, Anxiety, Depression, Bereavement-Grief Counseling, Co-morbidity, Codependency, Substance abuse, Domestic Violence, health disabilities, Life Management Counseling, Mood Disorders, Parenting Issues/stressors, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Stress Management. not currently accepting marriage or couples counseling at this time. Years of Experience: 22 years Bobbie began her career in the human services field as a social worker and child abuse investigator with the Department of Social Services in VA.
![Photo of Natalie Thomson, MSEd, LPC-I](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6030c16c-7573-40c5-ad46-1c05a84519b2/2/320x400.jpeg)
Natalie Thomson
Resident in Counseling, MSEd, LPC-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My ideal client is YOU! That's right-I choose you! I love working with all clients, whatever you've got going on, you're not alone and I want to listen and support you. Whether you are young and finding your way or young at heart and reflecting on life, I enjoy being on your team and hope we can chat soon.
My ideal client is YOU! That's right-I choose you! I love working with all clients, whatever you've got going on, you're not alone and I want to listen and support you. Whether you are young and finding your way or young at heart and reflecting on life, I enjoy being on your team and hope we can chat soon.
![Photo of Tirzah C Brown, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3b5354ba-a2d4-47d2-94df-049d5db22d96/1/320x400.jpeg)
Tirzah C Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23321
The therapeutic journey is a delicate one and should be handled with intentional care. I am invested in collaborating with individuals to promote lasting change. As a clinician, I enjoy helping in processing trauma, developing effective coping strategies, and increasing self-awareness. I enjoy assisting clients to build stronger relationships by developing healthy boundaries and increased communication.
The therapeutic journey is a delicate one and should be handled with intentional care. I am invested in collaborating with individuals to promote lasting change. As a clinician, I enjoy helping in processing trauma, developing effective coping strategies, and increasing self-awareness. I enjoy assisting clients to build stronger relationships by developing healthy boundaries and increased communication.
![Photo of Amanda Cary, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/db207d9b-3724-4d1e-995f-5c8f74db62ca/2/320x400.jpeg)
You are welcome here. I am a licensed clinical health psychologist with focus on chronic/terminal illness and pain. I offer an encouraging and supportive environment as someone who is there with you through the thick of it. The psychotherapy that I deliver is driven by evidence-based practices and empirically supported interventions. My theoretical orientation is cognitive behavioral, coupled with motivational interviewing approaches, emotion-focused perspectives, strengths-based techniques, and acceptance and commitment (ACT) strategies.
You are welcome here. I am a licensed clinical health psychologist with focus on chronic/terminal illness and pain. I offer an encouraging and supportive environment as someone who is there with you through the thick of it. The psychotherapy that I deliver is driven by evidence-based practices and empirically supported interventions. My theoretical orientation is cognitive behavioral, coupled with motivational interviewing approaches, emotion-focused perspectives, strengths-based techniques, and acceptance and commitment (ACT) strategies.
![Photo of Neda Lopez, LCSW, CSAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/85818c7a-0ee7-4de3-a275-c6f12bf1059e/3/320x400.jpeg)
Neda Lopez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Not accepting new clients
Every person has worth, purpose and the skills they need to overcome the barriers in their life. I believe individuals have great capacity for resiliency, strength, hope and courage. Are you having difficulty seeing these characteristics in yourself? Does life have you feeling upside down? With 20 years of experience, I assist children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families to heal from symptoms of mental illness, trauma, addiction, relationship discord, parenting, anxiety, low self-esteem, life transitions, and grief and loss. Today is the right time for a better you.
Every person has worth, purpose and the skills they need to overcome the barriers in their life. I believe individuals have great capacity for resiliency, strength, hope and courage. Are you having difficulty seeing these characteristics in yourself? Does life have you feeling upside down? With 20 years of experience, I assist children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families to heal from symptoms of mental illness, trauma, addiction, relationship discord, parenting, anxiety, low self-esteem, life transitions, and grief and loss. Today is the right time for a better you.
See more therapy options for Chesapeake
Nearby Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Therapists Searches for Chesapeake
See More Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) TherapistsNearby Searches for Chesapeake
- Achilles
- Carrollton
- Franklin
- Hampton
- Newport News
- Norfolk
- Poquoson
- Portsmouth
- Smithfield
- Suffolk
- Virginia Beach
- Yorktown
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Therapists
When should someone seek treatment for a traumatic brain injury?
People should seek a diagnosis and treatment after a head injury, especially if they were unconscious, and an early diagnosis can lead to a better recovery. Signs of a concussion include headaches, nausea or vomiting, exhaustion, dizziness, vision problems, sensitivity to light and sound, problems with attention and memory, brain fog, unusual irritability or sadness, and unusual sleep patterns.
What’s the most common treatment for a traumatic brain injury?
Treatment for a traumatic brain injury will be different depending on the severity of the problem. For mild injuries, treatment may involve rest and over-the-counter pain or headache medication. For moderate or severe injuries, treatment may involve stabilization, medication, and rehabilitative therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, cognitive therapy, and counseling.
How long does it take to recover from traumatic brain injury?
The recovery time for a traumatic brain injury depends on the individual and the severity and nature of the injury; the length of time spent unconscious is often an indicator of severity. Recovery time for mild injuries may be a week or two while recovery time for more severe injuries may be six months to two years. Research suggests that the vast majority of recovery occurs in the first two years after an injury; recovery after that time frame is less certain.
What if a traumatic brain injury is left untreated?
If a traumatic brain injury is left untreated, it can lead to long-term physical and mental health problems. Physical problems may include dizziness, headaches, vision, healing, or speech loss, and an elevated risk of dementia. Psychological problems may include impairments of memory, judgment, and decision-making, depression, aggression, poor impulse control, and personality changes.