Therapists in Charlottesville, VA

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Photo of Rebecca Ginsberg, PhD, Psychologist
Rebecca Ginsberg
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22902  (Online Only)
Rebecca Ginsberg, Ph.D., is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist. She received her Ph.D. from the American University and completed her internship and post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Virginia's Counseling and Psychological Services. Dr. Ginsberg worked as a staff psychologist at the University of Virginia's Counseling Center following the completion of her post-doctoral fellowship. Dr. Ginsberg has worked in private practice since 2012.
Rebecca Ginsberg, Ph.D., is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist. She received her Ph.D. from the American University and completed her internship and post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Virginia's Counseling and Psychological Services. Dr. Ginsberg worked as a staff psychologist at the University of Virginia's Counseling Center following the completion of her post-doctoral fellowship. Dr. Ginsberg has worked in private practice since 2012.
(434) 231-2034 View (434) 231-2034
Photo of Emily E Lape, LCSW, L, C, S, W
Emily E Lape
LCSW, L, C, S, W
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22901
As a seasoned clinician (25+yrs experience) I find the work deeply rewarding. My primary focus is relational but can integrate other techniques. Good therapy helps people to develop a stronger sense of identity, self worth and agency. We can explore strengths, longings, disappointments, stuck places, self defeating behaviors, caregiver strain and coping tools. We can work to deepen relationships and focus on greater satisfaction in both your personal & professional life. Prefer initial contact via text (or email) telling me about yourself and what you are looking to work on in therapy.
As a seasoned clinician (25+yrs experience) I find the work deeply rewarding. My primary focus is relational but can integrate other techniques. Good therapy helps people to develop a stronger sense of identity, self worth and agency. We can explore strengths, longings, disappointments, stuck places, self defeating behaviors, caregiver strain and coping tools. We can work to deepen relationships and focus on greater satisfaction in both your personal & professional life. Prefer initial contact via text (or email) telling me about yourself and what you are looking to work on in therapy.
(434) 361-4798 View (434) 361-4798
Photo of Ann Bohr Benner, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ann Bohr Benner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22902
Not accepting new clients
I work with individual adults of all ages who have depression or anxiety, and/or have experienced trauma. I also work with people who are struggling with life transitions, with grief, or are working on difficult decisions. I am in a good situation to work with older adults, both because I am older myself and because I can take Medicare.
I work with individual adults of all ages who have depression or anxiety, and/or have experienced trauma. I also work with people who are struggling with life transitions, with grief, or are working on difficult decisions. I am in a good situation to work with older adults, both because I am older myself and because I can take Medicare.
(434) 443-8620 View (434) 443-8620
Photo of Valerie Sue Stolicker, LPC , Licensed Professional Counselor
Valerie Sue Stolicker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22911
Everyone can improve and succeed regardless of any struggles or trauma a person may encounter. I aim to help clients heal past traumas, strengthen relationships with themselves and others, work through difficult emotions, and find their inner strength. I believe inherently in the resiliency of the human spirit. We have the power to recover, to heal, to grow, and to learn. My goal is to help you understand the problems that you are facing and allow you the space to solve them so that you may transform into the best version of yourself.
Everyone can improve and succeed regardless of any struggles or trauma a person may encounter. I aim to help clients heal past traumas, strengthen relationships with themselves and others, work through difficult emotions, and find their inner strength. I believe inherently in the resiliency of the human spirit. We have the power to recover, to heal, to grow, and to learn. My goal is to help you understand the problems that you are facing and allow you the space to solve them so that you may transform into the best version of yourself.
(434) 285-9419 View (434) 285-9419
Photo of Ann Garrett, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ann Garrett
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22903  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Ann Garrett. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor and a National Certified Counselor with over 8 years of clinical experience working with various issues and needs. I use a person-centered approach to tailor therapy to the individual. I used a variety of treatment modalities including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Solution Focused, Motivational Interviewing, Mindfulness, and Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT).
Hello, my name is Ann Garrett. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor and a National Certified Counselor with over 8 years of clinical experience working with various issues and needs. I use a person-centered approach to tailor therapy to the individual. I used a variety of treatment modalities including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Solution Focused, Motivational Interviewing, Mindfulness, and Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT).
(434) 474-1769 View (434) 474-1769
Photo of Jessica Lane, MA, RIC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Jessica Lane
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, RIC
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22903
My name is Jessica, and I am a Resident in Counseling with Ivy Road Center for Psychotherapy and Mediation. We are located a short distance from the heart of UVA next to "Foods of All Nations" and just a 13 minute walk from the Emmet/Ivy Garage Gold bus line. I have a diverse background of working with a range of Client's, including adults, persons in college, adolescents/children, and couples. I can offer skills and support with anxiety or depression, guide college student's through academic and personal stressors, or assist children in processing their emotions and experiences through play-therapy.
My name is Jessica, and I am a Resident in Counseling with Ivy Road Center for Psychotherapy and Mediation. We are located a short distance from the heart of UVA next to "Foods of All Nations" and just a 13 minute walk from the Emmet/Ivy Garage Gold bus line. I have a diverse background of working with a range of Client's, including adults, persons in college, adolescents/children, and couples. I can offer skills and support with anxiety or depression, guide college student's through academic and personal stressors, or assist children in processing their emotions and experiences through play-therapy.
(434) 510-8663 View (434) 510-8663
Photo of Eeremene Piaro, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Eeremene Piaro
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22902
Hello! I'm a licensed professional therapist with four years of experience specializing in outpatient counseling. My practice encompasses working with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with various challenges, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, grief, trauma, autism spectrum disorder, LGBTQ+ issues, life stage transition difficulties, and other mental health disorders. Taking the initiative to pursue a more fulfilling and happier life requires courage, and I commend you for taking that first step towards change. I'm here to provide you with the support and empowerment you need on your journey.
Hello! I'm a licensed professional therapist with four years of experience specializing in outpatient counseling. My practice encompasses working with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with various challenges, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, grief, trauma, autism spectrum disorder, LGBTQ+ issues, life stage transition difficulties, and other mental health disorders. Taking the initiative to pursue a more fulfilling and happier life requires courage, and I commend you for taking that first step towards change. I'm here to provide you with the support and empowerment you need on your journey.
(434) 442-2840 x1 View (434) 442-2840 x1
Photo of Tim Rambo, PhD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tim Rambo
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22903
Not accepting new clients
I help individuals find desired change, relief, and insight by increasing understanding and awareness of their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. I teach practical coping skills and guide clients in reprocessing distressing experiences and memories. With a mindfulness and strength-based approach, one technique I offer, as needed, is EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing). Through this work together, you'll connect more with your inner, positive voice and truths, and decrease automatic behaviors and thoughts that make "small" issues feel overwhelming, that cause "freezing" or fighting. This results in more comfort with yourself and more confidence with other people or situations.
I help individuals find desired change, relief, and insight by increasing understanding and awareness of their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. I teach practical coping skills and guide clients in reprocessing distressing experiences and memories. With a mindfulness and strength-based approach, one technique I offer, as needed, is EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing). Through this work together, you'll connect more with your inner, positive voice and truths, and decrease automatic behaviors and thoughts that make "small" issues feel overwhelming, that cause "freezing" or fighting. This results in more comfort with yourself and more confidence with other people or situations.
(434) 253-4154 View (434) 253-4154
Photo of Katie-Anne Padalino, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Katie-Anne Padalino
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22902
I believe that you are doing the very best you can with the pain, traumas, and losses that life has brought your way — And I recognize your desire to feel better and to find more peace and joy in your life. My approach to therapy blends a compassionate and steady relationship with advanced training in evidence-based approaches, including EMDR. I often work with folks who are worn out from being stuck in patterns of coping and dealing that are no longer working. Alone, it's hard to get unstuck. Let's partner together help you heal from old hurts and become rooted in new patterns of thinking, feeling, and relating to others.
I believe that you are doing the very best you can with the pain, traumas, and losses that life has brought your way — And I recognize your desire to feel better and to find more peace and joy in your life. My approach to therapy blends a compassionate and steady relationship with advanced training in evidence-based approaches, including EMDR. I often work with folks who are worn out from being stuck in patterns of coping and dealing that are no longer working. Alone, it's hard to get unstuck. Let's partner together help you heal from old hurts and become rooted in new patterns of thinking, feeling, and relating to others.
(434) 830-5266 View (434) 830-5266
Photo of Cynthia Miller, PhD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Cynthia Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charlottesville, VA 22901
Everyone struggles from time to time - what's important is how we respond to the struggle. I believe struggle turns to suffering when we refuse to accept what we cannot change or when we passively accept what can be changed. In my practice I help people learn to avoid suffering by changing the things they can and accepting the things they can't change. Using a variety of skills and techniques, I help people learn how to thrive - even in the face of struggle - while being true to themselves and effective in their interactions with others.
Everyone struggles from time to time - what's important is how we respond to the struggle. I believe struggle turns to suffering when we refuse to accept what we cannot change or when we passively accept what can be changed. In my practice I help people learn to avoid suffering by changing the things they can and accepting the things they can't change. Using a variety of skills and techniques, I help people learn how to thrive - even in the face of struggle - while being true to themselves and effective in their interactions with others.
(434) 262-4030 View (434) 262-4030
Photo of Angela Nemecek-Haag, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angela Nemecek-Haag
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Charlottesville, VA 22902
Not accepting new clients
People who benefit from therapy with me have often felt misunderstood or even harmed by the mental health system. Whether because of sexuality, gender identity, spirituality, neurodivergence, or non-mainstream relationships, they have found therapy to be unwelcoming or unsafe. This means I try never to take your trust for granted. I engage as fully as possible with your values, needs, and preferences, and I adapt my approach based on your response and feedback. You're always steering the ship in your therapy—I am only a guide.
People who benefit from therapy with me have often felt misunderstood or even harmed by the mental health system. Whether because of sexuality, gender identity, spirituality, neurodivergence, or non-mainstream relationships, they have found therapy to be unwelcoming or unsafe. This means I try never to take your trust for granted. I engage as fully as possible with your values, needs, and preferences, and I adapt my approach based on your response and feedback. You're always steering the ship in your therapy—I am only a guide.
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Photo of Marianne Redmond Lopez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marianne Redmond Lopez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlottesville, VA 22902
I'm all about equipping folks with the right tools to help them level up fast and in a good way. I get it—your time and money matter, so I aim to keep things organized and focused on goals. Over the years, I've worked with all sorts of people dealing with their own unique situations. My specialties? Well, I've got a knack for helping out healthcare pros, therapists, first responders, teachers, folks in high-stress gigs, couples, those facing professional challenges, and anyone going through major life shifts.
I'm all about equipping folks with the right tools to help them level up fast and in a good way. I get it—your time and money matter, so I aim to keep things organized and focused on goals. Over the years, I've worked with all sorts of people dealing with their own unique situations. My specialties? Well, I've got a knack for helping out healthcare pros, therapists, first responders, teachers, folks in high-stress gigs, couples, those facing professional challenges, and anyone going through major life shifts.
(540) 441-1374 View (540) 441-1374
Photo of Marsha Cox, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Marsha Cox
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22902
I'm all about empowering folks with the right tools to help them shine brighter and faster. Your time and money matter, so I make sure to keep things organized and focused on goals. I've worked with all sorts of people, each with their own unique challenges. My specialties? Well, I've got a knack for helping out with depression, anxiety, life changes, stress, grief, and more. Let's team up and make those positive changes happen!
I'm all about empowering folks with the right tools to help them shine brighter and faster. Your time and money matter, so I make sure to keep things organized and focused on goals. I've worked with all sorts of people, each with their own unique challenges. My specialties? Well, I've got a knack for helping out with depression, anxiety, life changes, stress, grief, and more. Let's team up and make those positive changes happen!
(434) 205-6668 View (434) 205-6668
Photo of Kathryn Nevin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kathryn Nevin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22902
Hello, I'm Kathryn Nevin, LCSW, CCTP. It's wonderful to see you seeking support and making strides to connect here! I'm here to assist with various challenges like anxiety, depression, anger, grief and loss, self-harm, and personality disorders. My focus lies particularly in trauma therapy. In our first session, I'll tailor our approach to suit your needs and optimize outcomes.
Hello, I'm Kathryn Nevin, LCSW, CCTP. It's wonderful to see you seeking support and making strides to connect here! I'm here to assist with various challenges like anxiety, depression, anger, grief and loss, self-harm, and personality disorders. My focus lies particularly in trauma therapy. In our first session, I'll tailor our approach to suit your needs and optimize outcomes.
(434) 256-1958 View (434) 256-1958
Photo of Susan Parmar, MEd
Susan Parmar
Resident in Counseling, MEd
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charlottesville, VA 22901
I specialize in working with young children, as well as their parents/caregivers who are seeking support in doing the hard work of raising children. As a former elementary school counselor, I have experience helping children and parents through the many developmental, behavioral, and socio-emotional issues of childhood. I use a child-centered, attachment-focused approach in which therapeutic play is a means for helping children process and express feelings.
I specialize in working with young children, as well as their parents/caregivers who are seeking support in doing the hard work of raising children. As a former elementary school counselor, I have experience helping children and parents through the many developmental, behavioral, and socio-emotional issues of childhood. I use a child-centered, attachment-focused approach in which therapeutic play is a means for helping children process and express feelings.
(434) 423-4572 View (434) 423-4572
Photo of Jeff Jennings, PhD, LCP, Psychologist
Jeff Jennings
Psychologist, PhD, LCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charlottesville, VA 22902
Many high-performers know they are capable of achieving more but feel stuck at times. Do you feel that despite having a lot of things together, something is missing that is holding you back? The clients I work with have typically achieved success in many aspects of life, but they struggle in others. When facing challenges that seem insurmountable, we all can benefit from expert guidance and counseling. As a clinical psychologist with over 25 years of education and experience, I empower high-achieving professionals, athletes, and couples to reach their goals and create the changes in life they most desire.
Many high-performers know they are capable of achieving more but feel stuck at times. Do you feel that despite having a lot of things together, something is missing that is holding you back? The clients I work with have typically achieved success in many aspects of life, but they struggle in others. When facing challenges that seem insurmountable, we all can benefit from expert guidance and counseling. As a clinical psychologist with over 25 years of education and experience, I empower high-achieving professionals, athletes, and couples to reach their goals and create the changes in life they most desire.
(434) 201-3383 View (434) 201-3383
Photo of Kim Collins, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kim Collins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlottesville, VA 22902  (Online Only)
Hello and warmest welcome to you. I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 16 years experience working within community mental health, school based programs and university counseling centers. I specialize in anxiety, depression, life transitions and stress management. I work to create a space that feels safe, nurturing, mindful and trustworthy. A place where you can feel heard, seen, supported and can express yourself freely and safely. Some modalities include Mindfulness Based practices, Strength Based, Cognitive Behavioral, Acceptance Commitment therapy and more.
Hello and warmest welcome to you. I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 16 years experience working within community mental health, school based programs and university counseling centers. I specialize in anxiety, depression, life transitions and stress management. I work to create a space that feels safe, nurturing, mindful and trustworthy. A place where you can feel heard, seen, supported and can express yourself freely and safely. Some modalities include Mindfulness Based practices, Strength Based, Cognitive Behavioral, Acceptance Commitment therapy and more.
(434) 361-3744 View (434) 361-3744
Photo of Claire De Andrade, PsyD, Psychologist
Claire De Andrade
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22902
I specialize in working with women who struggle with the emotional issues and experiences related to post-partum, parenting, menopause, empty-nesting, career conflicts, or loss. Women who may be questioning their choices, their values, their identity, their self-criticism, their worth, their capacity for self-care.
I specialize in working with women who struggle with the emotional issues and experiences related to post-partum, parenting, menopause, empty-nesting, career conflicts, or loss. Women who may be questioning their choices, their values, their identity, their self-criticism, their worth, their capacity for self-care.
(434) 362-4887 View (434) 362-4887
Photo of Maren Ward, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Maren Ward
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22901
Therapy is a great gift to yourself. The connection provided in a safe, therapeutic relationship is healing. I encourage self exploration to find and heal wounds that are blocking one's own self-love and connection to the authentic self that feels true and right. I provide a gentle, accepting presence to join you on your journey toward increased life satisfaction. I enjoy working with adults struggling with life transitions, anxiety, shame, depression, anger and grief or just feeling stuck.
Therapy is a great gift to yourself. The connection provided in a safe, therapeutic relationship is healing. I encourage self exploration to find and heal wounds that are blocking one's own self-love and connection to the authentic self that feels true and right. I provide a gentle, accepting presence to join you on your journey toward increased life satisfaction. I enjoy working with adults struggling with life transitions, anxiety, shame, depression, anger and grief or just feeling stuck.
(434) 448-8236 View (434) 448-8236
Photo of Rebeccah McCully, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rebeccah McCully
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22902
Hey! I'm Rebeccah McCully. I earned my Masters in Professional Counseling from Liberty University. Proudly hailing from Charlotte, NC, I'm a true Carolina Girl at heart. I adore the Carolina Panthers, football, and seizing every opportunity to travel. Most importantly, I cherish spending time with my family and my sweet pup, Charlotte. I'm thrilled you've embarked on this counseling journey, and I'm passionate about supporting you every step of the way.
Hey! I'm Rebeccah McCully. I earned my Masters in Professional Counseling from Liberty University. Proudly hailing from Charlotte, NC, I'm a true Carolina Girl at heart. I adore the Carolina Panthers, football, and seizing every opportunity to travel. Most importantly, I cherish spending time with my family and my sweet pup, Charlotte. I'm thrilled you've embarked on this counseling journey, and I'm passionate about supporting you every step of the way.
(434) 362-1707 View (434) 362-1707
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Charlottesville, VA

700+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Charlottesville, VA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
73% Stress
70% Trauma and PTSD
70% Self Esteem
68% Relationship Issues
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% Aetna
73% Anthem
72% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Charlottesville, VA see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Charlottesville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.