Therapists in Centreville, VA

Photo of Bethany Gravely - Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20120
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
(571) 609-4127 View (571) 609-4127
Photo of Erika Neil, LCSW, JD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erika Neil
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, JD
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20120  (Online Only)
Building on the strengths of each client, I provide a warm, accepting environment in which to address inner and outer obstacles. My clients are typically dealing with difficult transitions or emotional states that are preventing them from enjoying life to the fullest. I work collaboratively to understand and get to the root of distressing thoughts and feelings. My style is compassionate and solution-focused, and is individualized to each person's needs. I teach clients mind-body strategies to empower them to handle challenges, and to cultivate positive emotional states.
Building on the strengths of each client, I provide a warm, accepting environment in which to address inner and outer obstacles. My clients are typically dealing with difficult transitions or emotional states that are preventing them from enjoying life to the fullest. I work collaboratively to understand and get to the root of distressing thoughts and feelings. My style is compassionate and solution-focused, and is individualized to each person's needs. I teach clients mind-body strategies to empower them to handle challenges, and to cultivate positive emotional states.
(571) 200-1202 View (571) 200-1202
Photo of Rebecca Hogg, MA, LPC, LSATP, BC-TMH, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rebecca Hogg
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LSATP, BC-TMH, NCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Centreville, VA 20120  (Online Only)
Do you find yourself feeling overwhelmed or exhausted? Maybe you’re feeling confused, lost or stuck along the path of life? Have these emotions or the stressors of life overwhelmed your ability to cope? My approach is focused on you and your needs. I will support you to engage your strengths and self-compassion right NOW to reach your goals you identify and overcome challenges that you are facing. We will explore how you can thrive in the present, and grow your potential.
Do you find yourself feeling overwhelmed or exhausted? Maybe you’re feeling confused, lost or stuck along the path of life? Have these emotions or the stressors of life overwhelmed your ability to cope? My approach is focused on you and your needs. I will support you to engage your strengths and self-compassion right NOW to reach your goals you identify and overcome challenges that you are facing. We will explore how you can thrive in the present, and grow your potential.
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Photo of Kathryn Beirne, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kathryn Beirne
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20120  (Online Only)
My goal is to help clients of all ages navigate their unique challenges and life transitions by empowering them to recognize and utilize their own strengths, values, and insights. I provide a nonjudgmental, empathetic space for you to increase awareness of patterns of behaviors, adopt new ways of thinking, and learn new or use existing skills to manage, heal and grow from presenting issues. I start by getting to know you and your unique story and worldview and then work with you to collaborate on your goals for therapy. I utilize multiple therapeutic modalities, with a strong emphasis on cognitive behavior therapy.
My goal is to help clients of all ages navigate their unique challenges and life transitions by empowering them to recognize and utilize their own strengths, values, and insights. I provide a nonjudgmental, empathetic space for you to increase awareness of patterns of behaviors, adopt new ways of thinking, and learn new or use existing skills to manage, heal and grow from presenting issues. I start by getting to know you and your unique story and worldview and then work with you to collaborate on your goals for therapy. I utilize multiple therapeutic modalities, with a strong emphasis on cognitive behavior therapy.
(571) 624-2057 View (571) 624-2057
Photo of Beth Corliss, PhD, Psychologist
Beth Corliss
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20121
Relationship problems are among the most difficult we face. Good connections with our partners, children, extended family members, and friends are crucial to our emotional well-being and contribute to healthier and stronger communities. The majority of my professional life has been dedicated to learning how relationships work and helping my clients form nurturing attachments with their loved ones. I specialize in working with couples to deepen their connection and establish more effective communication patterns.
Relationship problems are among the most difficult we face. Good connections with our partners, children, extended family members, and friends are crucial to our emotional well-being and contribute to healthier and stronger communities. The majority of my professional life has been dedicated to learning how relationships work and helping my clients form nurturing attachments with their loved ones. I specialize in working with couples to deepen their connection and establish more effective communication patterns.
(571) 378-5842 View (571) 378-5842
Photo of Stephanie Reyes, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stephanie Reyes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20120  (Online Only)
Let’s face it, sometimes life can be challenging which can hinder personal growth, happiness, relationships, quality of life, professional success, parenting among other things. You feel like you are spinning your wheels but not going anywhere. You feel exhausted, overwhelmed, anxious, sad and/or irritated. Effecting change takes work but YOU can master the skills to cope with these feelings and regain control of your life! You want to create meaningful changes but aren’t sure where to start. There is no magical solution, and, change takes work, however, YOU have the ability to make it happen.
Let’s face it, sometimes life can be challenging which can hinder personal growth, happiness, relationships, quality of life, professional success, parenting among other things. You feel like you are spinning your wheels but not going anywhere. You feel exhausted, overwhelmed, anxious, sad and/or irritated. Effecting change takes work but YOU can master the skills to cope with these feelings and regain control of your life! You want to create meaningful changes but aren’t sure where to start. There is no magical solution, and, change takes work, however, YOU have the ability to make it happen.
(757) 346-4212 View (757) 346-4212
Photo of Tawanda McPhatter, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tawanda McPhatter
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20121
Hello! My name is Ms. Tawanda McPhatter and I'm a licensed professional counselor. I have been providing therapy for 12 years. I allow my clients a safe space to discuss their issues, concerns, and needs for themselves. I am a very avid listener and I feel that listening is very important when assisting my clients and helps identify their feelings and thoughts on things so that I can identify ways that I can be of assistance in helping to work through and/or address these issues and/or concerns.
Hello! My name is Ms. Tawanda McPhatter and I'm a licensed professional counselor. I have been providing therapy for 12 years. I allow my clients a safe space to discuss their issues, concerns, and needs for themselves. I am a very avid listener and I feel that listening is very important when assisting my clients and helps identify their feelings and thoughts on things so that I can identify ways that I can be of assistance in helping to work through and/or address these issues and/or concerns.
(571) 576-6119 View (571) 576-6119
Photo of Joy Mwendwa, PhD, LPC, ACS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Joy Mwendwa
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, ACS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Centreville, VA 20121
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, grief, or a challenging relationship that affects your day-to-day life, relationships, or your ability to function? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, or frustrated by just getting through the day or answering emails, texts, or calls? Do you wonder if life could be better? Thank you for reaching out for support! I take a collaborative and wellness-based approach to counseling that uses my client’s strengths and expertise as we work together to identify problem areas getting in the way of their relational, spiritual, academic, or professional values and goals.
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, grief, or a challenging relationship that affects your day-to-day life, relationships, or your ability to function? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, or frustrated by just getting through the day or answering emails, texts, or calls? Do you wonder if life could be better? Thank you for reaching out for support! I take a collaborative and wellness-based approach to counseling that uses my client’s strengths and expertise as we work together to identify problem areas getting in the way of their relational, spiritual, academic, or professional values and goals.
(703) 844-3549 View (703) 844-3549
Photo of Patricia Humphrey, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Patricia Humphrey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20120  (Online Only)
Greetings from Nucleus Counseling Services (NCS)!! Are you or a loved one experiencing feelings of loneliness, fatigue, low energy, lack of focus, anxiety or are you struggling with a traumatic experience? At Nucleus we believe that healing begins when our core issues are addressed. We are here, via teletherapy, to assist individuals with navigating social/emotional obstacles that may be interfering with day to day function and progress.
Greetings from Nucleus Counseling Services (NCS)!! Are you or a loved one experiencing feelings of loneliness, fatigue, low energy, lack of focus, anxiety or are you struggling with a traumatic experience? At Nucleus we believe that healing begins when our core issues are addressed. We are here, via teletherapy, to assist individuals with navigating social/emotional obstacles that may be interfering with day to day function and progress.
(571) 497-4697 View (571) 497-4697
Photo of Marina Read, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Marina Read
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20120
Mrs. Read is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 10 years of experience working with adults, children, adolescents, and individuals with diverse backgrounds. Marina specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and more. She is also dually credentialed as a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Clinical Substance Abuse Counselor and is able to address mental health and substance use concerns as well. She obtained her degrees from UW-Whitewater and Concordia University.
Mrs. Read is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 10 years of experience working with adults, children, adolescents, and individuals with diverse backgrounds. Marina specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and more. She is also dually credentialed as a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Clinical Substance Abuse Counselor and is able to address mental health and substance use concerns as well. She obtained her degrees from UW-Whitewater and Concordia University.
(571) 506-3859 View (571) 506-3859
Photo of Donna Fortney, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Donna Fortney
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20120
Hello, My name is Donna Fortney and I am a Virginia Licensed Professional Counselor. I am a Certified Imago Relationship Therapist, Certified Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) Therapist, Certified Solution Oriented Brief Therapist, Voice Dialogue Facilitator, and an Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) Practitioner. I volunteer my mental health expertise with the American Red Cross and assist locally during disaster relief efforts. I have also volunteered as a mentor with Opportunities, Alternatives, and Resources (OAR) in the Fairfax County Jail system. My specialty is working with relationships including: GLBT couples and individuals, blended families, parents/adolescents, siblings, and organizations.
Hello, My name is Donna Fortney and I am a Virginia Licensed Professional Counselor. I am a Certified Imago Relationship Therapist, Certified Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) Therapist, Certified Solution Oriented Brief Therapist, Voice Dialogue Facilitator, and an Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) Practitioner. I volunteer my mental health expertise with the American Red Cross and assist locally during disaster relief efforts. I have also volunteered as a mentor with Opportunities, Alternatives, and Resources (OAR) in the Fairfax County Jail system. My specialty is working with relationships including: GLBT couples and individuals, blended families, parents/adolescents, siblings, and organizations.
(703) 348-9873 View (703) 348-9873
Photo of Russell A Hunter Psy D, PLLC, Psychologist
Russell A Hunter Psy D
Psychologist, PLLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centreville, VA 20121  (Online Only)
I am a Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years of experience specializing in the treatment of Panic Attacks, OCD, Generalized Anxiety, and ADHD. I have experience working with children, adolescents, adults, older adults, and published a book on Panic Attacks "Attacking Panic: The Power To Be Calm." I am licensed to practice in Virginia. In my current work I have been collaboratively working with clients on issues related to OCD, major life adjustments, and identity exploration.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years of experience specializing in the treatment of Panic Attacks, OCD, Generalized Anxiety, and ADHD. I have experience working with children, adolescents, adults, older adults, and published a book on Panic Attacks "Attacking Panic: The Power To Be Calm." I am licensed to practice in Virginia. In my current work I have been collaboratively working with clients on issues related to OCD, major life adjustments, and identity exploration.
(571) 454-8007 View (571) 454-8007
Photo of Jessica Barrett, LMSW
Jessica Barrett
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20121  (Online Only)
I am a social worker with a passion for creating safe, engaging environments where children and families are able to freely think, explore, share, make mistakes, and accomplish their goals. I believe in the importance of using creative, skills based therapeutic strategies and that the most significant progress occurs through collaboration. I am committed to resilience, healing and growth to help every person recognize what it’s like to value who they are and who they want to be.
I am a social worker with a passion for creating safe, engaging environments where children and families are able to freely think, explore, share, make mistakes, and accomplish their goals. I believe in the importance of using creative, skills based therapeutic strategies and that the most significant progress occurs through collaboration. I am committed to resilience, healing and growth to help every person recognize what it’s like to value who they are and who they want to be.
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Photo of Peter Whang, LPC, LCPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Peter Whang
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centreville, VA 20121
In my private practice, I offer individual, couple, and group therapy.
In my private practice, I offer individual, couple, and group therapy.
(571) 620-6437 View (571) 620-6437
Photo of Jasmine Appleton - Jasmine Appleton, Psy.D, LPC, PsyD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jasmine Appleton, Psy.D, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20121
My name is Dr. Jasmine Appleton and I have over 15 years of experience helping my clients and patients work through underlying issues in order to be the best version of themselves. I use DBT, CBT, hypnosis, and meditation based practices to help you gain self-awareness, and insight into your thoughts and behaviors. I educate my clients on what is happening psychologically, emotionally, and neurologically in order to work on self-acceptance, which in turn, trickles into all aspects of our lives including interpersonal relationships. Also encourage family members attend, as family dynamics create the construct of our present self.
My name is Dr. Jasmine Appleton and I have over 15 years of experience helping my clients and patients work through underlying issues in order to be the best version of themselves. I use DBT, CBT, hypnosis, and meditation based practices to help you gain self-awareness, and insight into your thoughts and behaviors. I educate my clients on what is happening psychologically, emotionally, and neurologically in order to work on self-acceptance, which in turn, trickles into all aspects of our lives including interpersonal relationships. Also encourage family members attend, as family dynamics create the construct of our present self.
(703) 215-2563 View (703) 215-2563
Photo of Dorothy Smith, LCSW, MSW, BFA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dorothy Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, BFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centreville, VA 20121
Anxiety? Let's calm the mental hurricane together? I have limited space available. Anxiety and the related trauma, stress, PTSD, and depression can be treated if you are willing to work at therapy. So come ready to work and let's do this! Let me help you work on: decreasing those worried thoughts, meditation, boundary setting, self-compassion, healing your mental pain, and slowing down to see where you want to go in life. I will partner with you to work on your goals. And hey, if I don't answer, I may be helping someone, so please do leave a message.
Anxiety? Let's calm the mental hurricane together? I have limited space available. Anxiety and the related trauma, stress, PTSD, and depression can be treated if you are willing to work at therapy. So come ready to work and let's do this! Let me help you work on: decreasing those worried thoughts, meditation, boundary setting, self-compassion, healing your mental pain, and slowing down to see where you want to go in life. I will partner with you to work on your goals. And hey, if I don't answer, I may be helping someone, so please do leave a message.
(703) 884-8997 View (703) 884-8997
Photo of Melissa Crooks, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Crooks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20120  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Virginia and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP). I received my Master’s degree in Social Work in 1999 from Virigina Commonwealth University and earned my Bachelor of Social Work in 1995 with a minor in Family Issues from James Madison University. I have worked in a variety of treatment settings (inpatient psychiatric, foster care, medical and school systems) that have afforded me a unique versatility to help others going through trauma, mental health issues, life transitions and challenging situations.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Virginia and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP). I received my Master’s degree in Social Work in 1999 from Virigina Commonwealth University and earned my Bachelor of Social Work in 1995 with a minor in Family Issues from James Madison University. I have worked in a variety of treatment settings (inpatient psychiatric, foster care, medical and school systems) that have afforded me a unique versatility to help others going through trauma, mental health issues, life transitions and challenging situations.
(757) 520-0574 View (757) 520-0574
Photo of Diana O'brien - Diana O'Brien, LCSW, MEd, LLC, LCSW, MEd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Diana O'Brien, LCSW, MEd, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MEd
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20120
Not accepting new clients
I have been providing individual and family counseling since 2002. I enjoy working with all ages with anxiety and depression. I tailor the services to each individual client to best suit their needs. I have a history of working with families in crisis in their homes on family dynamics. I also have experience working with foster children and foster families, so have knowledge of trauma issues and how to support these children and families.
I have been providing individual and family counseling since 2002. I enjoy working with all ages with anxiety and depression. I tailor the services to each individual client to best suit their needs. I have a history of working with families in crisis in their homes on family dynamics. I also have experience working with foster children and foster families, so have knowledge of trauma issues and how to support these children and families.
(703) 468-0090 View (703) 468-0090
Photo of Caitlin Wordham, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Caitlin Wordham
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20121
Not accepting new clients
Beginning your therapy journey can be daunting, but it can also be exciting. I'm here to help you start on the path to regaining ownership and control over your life. I believe in the importance of finding your own voice, discovering and embracing your authenticity, and developing greater awareness that empowers us, and it can begin here. Whatever your needs are, together we will strive to meet those needs in a supportive, caring, non-judgmental space, while effectively addressing your therapeutic goals. I am passionate about therapy, and equally passionate about your therapy journey being safe, effective, and true to who you are.
Beginning your therapy journey can be daunting, but it can also be exciting. I'm here to help you start on the path to regaining ownership and control over your life. I believe in the importance of finding your own voice, discovering and embracing your authenticity, and developing greater awareness that empowers us, and it can begin here. Whatever your needs are, together we will strive to meet those needs in a supportive, caring, non-judgmental space, while effectively addressing your therapeutic goals. I am passionate about therapy, and equally passionate about your therapy journey being safe, effective, and true to who you are.
(571) 568-8372 View (571) 568-8372
Photo of Shayla Ortell, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shayla Ortell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Centreville, VA 20121
I have over 20 years of experience helping clients struggling with anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, and relationship problems. I provide individual and couples counseling for adults.
I have over 20 years of experience helping clients struggling with anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, and relationship problems. I provide individual and couples counseling for adults.
(540) 318-1288 View (540) 318-1288
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Centreville, VA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Centreville, VA who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
83% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
68% Coping Skills
68% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Anthem
70% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% CareFirst

How Therapists in Centreville, VA see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
14% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Centreville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.