Therapists in Fargo, ND

Photo of Sydney Glende, MS, LPCC, LPC, Counselor
Sydney Glende
Counselor, MS, LPCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58103
Waitlist for new clients
I have experience working with people from all walks of life. I enjoy working with adults and couples, typically with issues of anxiety, depression, communication, life transitions, personal growth, relational conflict, self-esteem, sexual difficulties, societal oppression/equity, and trauma. I work with individuals of all backgrounds, abilities, am LGBTQIA+ affirming, am culturally competent and keep up to date (and then some) with all required continuing education credits.
I have experience working with people from all walks of life. I enjoy working with adults and couples, typically with issues of anxiety, depression, communication, life transitions, personal growth, relational conflict, self-esteem, sexual difficulties, societal oppression/equity, and trauma. I work with individuals of all backgrounds, abilities, am LGBTQIA+ affirming, am culturally competent and keep up to date (and then some) with all required continuing education credits.
(701) 380-3814 View (701) 380-3814
Photo of Tamara Madler, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, LAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tamara Madler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, LAC
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58103
In any given year, 1 in 5 adults in the United States is impacted by depression or anxiety. Are you walking through life alone? I strive to see, hear, understand, and empower you to reach your desires and capacity while navigating the challenges and seasons of life. Are you wired and tired, albeit parenting, relationally, occupationally, or perhaps you are grieving the loss of health or a loved one, or life has taken a turn you aren't prepared for? Addictions can be seductive, cunning, and baffling and result in a gradual erosion of what matters. You are worthy of a gentler, softer way through life that I will guide you through.
In any given year, 1 in 5 adults in the United States is impacted by depression or anxiety. Are you walking through life alone? I strive to see, hear, understand, and empower you to reach your desires and capacity while navigating the challenges and seasons of life. Are you wired and tired, albeit parenting, relationally, occupationally, or perhaps you are grieving the loss of health or a loved one, or life has taken a turn you aren't prepared for? Addictions can be seductive, cunning, and baffling and result in a gradual erosion of what matters. You are worthy of a gentler, softer way through life that I will guide you through.
(701) 599-4734 View (701) 599-4734
Photo of Brittany A Schank, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brittany A Schank
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58103
You're not sure exactly when it happened, but all of the sudden you don't have the confidence you used to have, you're exhausted, and the fire in your eye is gone. You used to have hobbies, things you loved to do, and you used to know who you were and what you stood for. But today, you're lost, you're busy without production, you're overwhelmed, and don't know who you are. You've had so many dreams, but your worries and fears are holding you captive from success. You want so bad to find yourself, your happiness, and your drive, but don't know where to start.
You're not sure exactly when it happened, but all of the sudden you don't have the confidence you used to have, you're exhausted, and the fire in your eye is gone. You used to have hobbies, things you loved to do, and you used to know who you were and what you stood for. But today, you're lost, you're busy without production, you're overwhelmed, and don't know who you are. You've had so many dreams, but your worries and fears are holding you captive from success. You want so bad to find yourself, your happiness, and your drive, but don't know where to start.
(701) 248-7987 View (701) 248-7987
Photo of Roberta Pytlik, MA, LPCC, LMAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Roberta Pytlik
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC, LMAC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104
My favorite part of being a counselor is hearing your stories and learning what makes you unique. Through the years I've seen folks in lots of different settings and everyone has a story. I tend to specialize in working with individuals managing past (or present) traumas, general mental health concerns, and addiction issues.
My favorite part of being a counselor is hearing your stories and learning what makes you unique. Through the years I've seen folks in lots of different settings and everyone has a story. I tend to specialize in working with individuals managing past (or present) traumas, general mental health concerns, and addiction issues.
(701) 404-8292 View (701) 404-8292
Photo of Jenna Forbord, MEd, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jenna Forbord
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58103
Starting a therapeutic journey can be stressful and scary, especially if this is your first time in counseling. Because of this and the sensitive work we will do together, I will work alongside you to create a safe, trusting relationship that we can then build upon to begin the difficult work of healing and making positive changes. I work with adults who experience unwanted symptoms related to PTSD, mood disorders, anxiety, depression, perinatal struggles, and other mental health disorders to improve overall functioning, communication, boundaries, and stability.
Starting a therapeutic journey can be stressful and scary, especially if this is your first time in counseling. Because of this and the sensitive work we will do together, I will work alongside you to create a safe, trusting relationship that we can then build upon to begin the difficult work of healing and making positive changes. I work with adults who experience unwanted symptoms related to PTSD, mood disorders, anxiety, depression, perinatal struggles, and other mental health disorders to improve overall functioning, communication, boundaries, and stability.
(701) 543-1275 View (701) 543-1275
Photo of Reid Segal, MS, LAPC, Counselor
Reid Segal
Counselor, MS, LAPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104
I love talking to everyone who walks through my door. I find particular joy in empowering individuals who struggle with their self-esteem and confidence and validating individuals who feel shame or that their issue is too taboo. I want to give every person I meet the opportunity to unapologetically share their difficulties without fear of judgment.
I love talking to everyone who walks through my door. I find particular joy in empowering individuals who struggle with their self-esteem and confidence and validating individuals who feel shame or that their issue is too taboo. I want to give every person I meet the opportunity to unapologetically share their difficulties without fear of judgment.
(701) 501-8031 View (701) 501-8031
Photo of Melissa Shigematsu - Shanti Wellness, PLLC, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, CIMHP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shanti Wellness, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, CIMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104
Not accepting new clients
Welcome to the next chapter in your personal story! Reaching out for help can be scary, hard and overwhelming so congrats on taking this step to take care of You. My name is Melissa Shigematsu and I work with my clients to develop a plan based on their goals incorporating both eastern and western interventions. For example, we may utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy (EMDR) coupled with yoga or mindfulness techniques, and may also explore the connection between mood and food. If this sounds good to you, take the next step and we can work together to move you from surviving to thriving!
Welcome to the next chapter in your personal story! Reaching out for help can be scary, hard and overwhelming so congrats on taking this step to take care of You. My name is Melissa Shigematsu and I work with my clients to develop a plan based on their goals incorporating both eastern and western interventions. For example, we may utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy (EMDR) coupled with yoga or mindfulness techniques, and may also explore the connection between mood and food. If this sounds good to you, take the next step and we can work together to move you from surviving to thriving!
(701) 419-0122 View (701) 419-0122
Photo of Chloe Krinke, PhD, LPCC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Chloe Krinke
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58103  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you overwhelmed with life stressors or trauma? Struggling with time management or motivation? Maybe you feel anxious, irritable, or depressed? It is time for you to get the help and support you deserve. You don't have to face these challenges or discover solutions alone. I will honor your story while sitting with you in your pain. I will offer space for safety and connection. Whether the focus is personal or professional, I will help you develop healthier responses to stress, learn concrete coping skills, and create a plan to improve your overall mental health and wellness.
Are you overwhelmed with life stressors or trauma? Struggling with time management or motivation? Maybe you feel anxious, irritable, or depressed? It is time for you to get the help and support you deserve. You don't have to face these challenges or discover solutions alone. I will honor your story while sitting with you in your pain. I will offer space for safety and connection. Whether the focus is personal or professional, I will help you develop healthier responses to stress, learn concrete coping skills, and create a plan to improve your overall mental health and wellness.
(701) 409-2409 View (701) 409-2409
Photo of Racheal Stroh - Dakota Family Services, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Racheal Stroh - Dakota Family Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58104
I provide therapy for children and adults aged 5-65. I use a combination of mindfulness, CBT, DBT, ACT, and person-centered therapy in my work, but ultimately I believe in letting my clients be the driver of their therapy. I want to help people learn the skills to make their lives a little easier and to help them get rid of the weight they are carrying on their shoulders.
I provide therapy for children and adults aged 5-65. I use a combination of mindfulness, CBT, DBT, ACT, and person-centered therapy in my work, but ultimately I believe in letting my clients be the driver of their therapy. I want to help people learn the skills to make their lives a little easier and to help them get rid of the weight they are carrying on their shoulders.
(701) 401-5913 View (701) 401-5913
Photo of Austen McFarren, MS, ND LPCC, MN LPCC, Counselor
Austen McFarren
Counselor, MS, ND LPCC, MN LPCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104
Whether you were born with a genetic condition, or have had an injury in the last year, living with a disability that causes ongoing pain can seem hopeless. If your pain is impacting your relationships with family and friends, you're not alone. If your conditions interfere with your ability to do ever day tasks, you are worthy. If the quality of your life feels at the mercy of others, you can experience stability. If you are looking for someone who has experienced a similar path and has found a life worth living, start your therapy journey now.
Whether you were born with a genetic condition, or have had an injury in the last year, living with a disability that causes ongoing pain can seem hopeless. If your pain is impacting your relationships with family and friends, you're not alone. If your conditions interfere with your ability to do ever day tasks, you are worthy. If the quality of your life feels at the mercy of others, you can experience stability. If you are looking for someone who has experienced a similar path and has found a life worth living, start your therapy journey now.
(701) 394-5814 View (701) 394-5814
Photo of Denage Sauve, MEd, LPCC, Counselor
Denage Sauve
Counselor, MEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58103
I believe each individual has their own story to embrace, and that by having the right therapeutic support and understanding, an empowered and fulfilled lifestyle can be achieved. I view change and personal growth as an ever-evolving process, and believe that when we begin to understand ourselves and our emotional experiences, true wellness and meaningful change can emerge. I greatly value connecting with each of my clients, and strive to elicit strength, compassion, and healing in our work together.
I believe each individual has their own story to embrace, and that by having the right therapeutic support and understanding, an empowered and fulfilled lifestyle can be achieved. I view change and personal growth as an ever-evolving process, and believe that when we begin to understand ourselves and our emotional experiences, true wellness and meaningful change can emerge. I greatly value connecting with each of my clients, and strive to elicit strength, compassion, and healing in our work together.
(701) 599-3976 View (701) 599-3976
Photo of Dawn Lesley Groslie, MS, LPCC, Counselor
Dawn Lesley Groslie
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58104
I understand how it can be difficult to reach out for help especially when you may be feeling sad, anxious, and overwhelmed. I understand that it is hard to trust someone and express your doubts and fears. Let me help you. I believe that life is too short to think of therapy as just hard work. Challenging? Yes. Laughter? Yes. Compassion? Yes. Therapy is about knowing that you want to reach the goal of feeling better about yourself, your relationships, your life.
I understand how it can be difficult to reach out for help especially when you may be feeling sad, anxious, and overwhelmed. I understand that it is hard to trust someone and express your doubts and fears. Let me help you. I believe that life is too short to think of therapy as just hard work. Challenging? Yes. Laughter? Yes. Compassion? Yes. Therapy is about knowing that you want to reach the goal of feeling better about yourself, your relationships, your life.
(701) 291-7946 View (701) 291-7946
Photo of Tena Prestidge, LAPC, NCC, Counselor
Tena Prestidge
Counselor, LAPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58103
I am Tena Prestidge, LAPC at Canopy Medical Clinic. I offer evidence-based treatment for individuals dealing with mood and anxiety concerns, life transitions, relationship stress, and trauma with an emphasis on LGBQIA, Trans, and non-monoheteronormative affirming care.
I am Tena Prestidge, LAPC at Canopy Medical Clinic. I offer evidence-based treatment for individuals dealing with mood and anxiety concerns, life transitions, relationship stress, and trauma with an emphasis on LGBQIA, Trans, and non-monoheteronormative affirming care.
(701) 587-9605 x13 View (701) 587-9605 x13
Photo of Mystal Axtman, MSEd, LPCC, Counselor
Mystal Axtman
Counselor, MSEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58104
My goal is to create a supportive environment where my clients can explore their emotional needs and overcome barriers that limit their full potential. I offer counseling sessions during daytime and evening hours for individuals and couples for topics of concern including Depression, Dual Diagnosis, Codependency, Anxiety/Stress, Communication issues, Trust issues, Loneliness, Emotional intimacy, Trauma/PTSD, Traumatic Brain Injury and Self-esteem issues. I would like the opportunity to help you heal any experiences that impact your life and to join you on your journey to becoming a better you.
My goal is to create a supportive environment where my clients can explore their emotional needs and overcome barriers that limit their full potential. I offer counseling sessions during daytime and evening hours for individuals and couples for topics of concern including Depression, Dual Diagnosis, Codependency, Anxiety/Stress, Communication issues, Trust issues, Loneliness, Emotional intimacy, Trauma/PTSD, Traumatic Brain Injury and Self-esteem issues. I would like the opportunity to help you heal any experiences that impact your life and to join you on your journey to becoming a better you.
(701) 484-0712 View (701) 484-0712
Photo of Sarah Rose Edwards, PhD, LP, HSPP, Psychologist
Sarah Rose Edwards
Psychologist, PhD, LP, HSPP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58103  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with people who have experienced trauma or verbal, emotional, physical or sexual abuse in their families or close relationships. Particularly when abuse happens earlier in life or over a long period, those suffering may develop various symptoms including depression, anxiety, low self esteem, self harm, substance use, and anger issues. I view symptoms as ways of coping that have helped you survive so far. We collaborate in therapy to help you find new ways to relate to yourself and others, and create a more meaningful and satisfying life, however that might look for you.
I specialize in working with people who have experienced trauma or verbal, emotional, physical or sexual abuse in their families or close relationships. Particularly when abuse happens earlier in life or over a long period, those suffering may develop various symptoms including depression, anxiety, low self esteem, self harm, substance use, and anger issues. I view symptoms as ways of coping that have helped you survive so far. We collaborate in therapy to help you find new ways to relate to yourself and others, and create a more meaningful and satisfying life, however that might look for you.
(701) 380-5916 View (701) 380-5916
Photo of Dr. Jessica Jones, PhD, LP, Psychologist
Dr. Jessica Jones
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Not Verified Not Verified
Fargo, ND 58104
I enjoy working with women experiencing mood and anxiety disorders, including trauma-related disorders, and women experiencing emotional health concerns in the context of chronic health conditions. I am also a strong advocate for those experiencing neurodiversity (ADHD and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder). I specialize in helping individuals identify the specific nature of their concerns, including differential diagnostic assessment and inclusion of psychological testing, if appropriate. Clearly identifying these concerns leads to improved outcomes, helping individuals grow in a way that is meaningful to them.
I enjoy working with women experiencing mood and anxiety disorders, including trauma-related disorders, and women experiencing emotional health concerns in the context of chronic health conditions. I am also a strong advocate for those experiencing neurodiversity (ADHD and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder). I specialize in helping individuals identify the specific nature of their concerns, including differential diagnostic assessment and inclusion of psychological testing, if appropriate. Clearly identifying these concerns leads to improved outcomes, helping individuals grow in a way that is meaningful to them.
(701) 639-2604 View (701) 639-2604
Photo of Bradi Holy, MEd, LPCC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Bradi Holy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58103
Are you ready to take the step to enter therapy, but hesitant to do so? If you're reading this, I am proud of you, because looking for a therapist and scheduling your first visit is often one of the most challenging hurdles! My approach as a therapist is meeting you where you are at and help you feel comfortable and safe to open up. I strive to assist individuals feel validated, heard, and empowered to make change. I work with adults and couples on a variety of concerns including anxiety, depression, trauma/PTSD, grief, self-esteem issues, and relational stressors.
Are you ready to take the step to enter therapy, but hesitant to do so? If you're reading this, I am proud of you, because looking for a therapist and scheduling your first visit is often one of the most challenging hurdles! My approach as a therapist is meeting you where you are at and help you feel comfortable and safe to open up. I strive to assist individuals feel validated, heard, and empowered to make change. I work with adults and couples on a variety of concerns including anxiety, depression, trauma/PTSD, grief, self-esteem issues, and relational stressors.
(701) 436-9873 View (701) 436-9873
Photo of Megan Week, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan Week
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104
Hi, my name is Megan! First I want to honor the steps you took to get to this place of looking for increased support. Whether you're struggling with life transitions, grief, or just feeling like things aren't working as well for you as you'd like, some external support and perspective can be invaluable to getting back on track.
Hi, my name is Megan! First I want to honor the steps you took to get to this place of looking for increased support. Whether you're struggling with life transitions, grief, or just feeling like things aren't working as well for you as you'd like, some external support and perspective can be invaluable to getting back on track.
(701) 436-9130 View (701) 436-9130
Photo of Jesse Lamm - Dakota Family Services, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jesse Lamm - Dakota Family Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104  (Online Only)
I provide therapy for adolescents and adults ages 16-40. I believe in meeting clients where they are and guiding them as they work toward their individual goals and needs. I am very open to processing anything that a client brings to our time together and exploring underlying issues related to trauma. I work with clients to discover the root of their symptoms and identify how those symptoms are impacting their life and daily functioning. I also help clients discover useful coping skills to further promote their ability to cope and improve daily functioning.
I provide therapy for adolescents and adults ages 16-40. I believe in meeting clients where they are and guiding them as they work toward their individual goals and needs. I am very open to processing anything that a client brings to our time together and exploring underlying issues related to trauma. I work with clients to discover the root of their symptoms and identify how those symptoms are impacting their life and daily functioning. I also help clients discover useful coping skills to further promote their ability to cope and improve daily functioning.
(701) 436-2640 View (701) 436-2640
Photo of Andi Wheeler, MS, LPC, LPCC, Counselor
Andi Wheeler
Counselor, MS, LPC, LPCC
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58104
I feel grateful to do what I do and I see it as a privilege to witness the resilient nature of the human spirit each day. Each person has a unique life story, and often there are aspects of it that cause pain and shame. None of us can escape suffering because it is a natural part of the human experience. This is a difficult truth to accept. My goal is not to help you avoid all emotional pain but to offer support so that you learn how to navigate it with more ease. The transformation happens when there is awareness, acceptance, compassion, & useful action towards a life that is aligned with values.
I feel grateful to do what I do and I see it as a privilege to witness the resilient nature of the human spirit each day. Each person has a unique life story, and often there are aspects of it that cause pain and shame. None of us can escape suffering because it is a natural part of the human experience. This is a difficult truth to accept. My goal is not to help you avoid all emotional pain but to offer support so that you learn how to navigate it with more ease. The transformation happens when there is awareness, acceptance, compassion, & useful action towards a life that is aligned with values.
(701) 543-6364 View (701) 543-6364

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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fargo, ND

100+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Fargo, ND who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
80% Stress
79% Self Esteem
77% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
73% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% BlueCross and BlueShield
86% Sanford Health Plan
56% Medicaid

How Therapists in Fargo, ND see their clients

85% In Person and Online
15% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fargo?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.