Therapists in Taylor, TX
There are no results for therapists in Taylor
Check out therapists located nearby or offering teletherapy in Texas below.Online Therapists
![Photo of Kim Van de Vere - Psychotherapy Associates, LCSW, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3c2e34d2-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
We have numerous therapists with extensive training and experience to provide in-person therapy throughout the Austin/Round Rock areas or online sessions throughout Texas-therapists that can help you or your family with anxiety, depression, OCD, trauma, abuse, grief & loss, relationship problems, divorce, ADHD, autism, school and behavioral problems, etc.
At Psychotherapy Associates, we believe in providing a safe, nurturing and effective psychotherapy to individuals, couples, children and families in crisis or other major life transitions. We also offer play therapy, EMDR for teens and adults, as well as court and CPS-mandated services for all age groups. Additionally, we work very closely with doctors, pediatricians, schools and other specialists out in the community to provide the best continuity of care for our clients. If we can be of help to you or someone you care about, please call or email us today for more information or to make an appointment with one of our counselors.
We have numerous therapists with extensive training and experience to provide in-person therapy throughout the Austin/Round Rock areas or online sessions throughout Texas-therapists that can help you or your family with anxiety, depression, OCD, trauma, abuse, grief & loss, relationship problems, divorce, ADHD, autism, school and behavioral problems, etc.
At Psychotherapy Associates, we believe in providing a safe, nurturing and effective psychotherapy to individuals, couples, children and families in crisis or other major life transitions. We also offer play therapy, EMDR for teens and adults, as well as court and CPS-mandated services for all age groups. Additionally, we work very closely with doctors, pediatricians, schools and other specialists out in the community to provide the best continuity of care for our clients. If we can be of help to you or someone you care about, please call or email us today for more information or to make an appointment with one of our counselors.
![Photo of Ashley Triana(Supervised By Shannon Sawyer), LPC-A, MS](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/df6bcb4e-cc36-4418-b118-87ced478c8ef/1/320x400.jpeg)
Ashley Triana(Supervised By Shannon Sawyer)
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Harker Heights, TX 76548
All are welcome here, as a safe and comfortable space for clients is provided! Are you encountering difficulties with Anxiety, ADHD, Depression, Grief, or Low Self-Esteem? Then look no further because I am here to walk with you on your counseling journey to being well. I believe that we all deserve a chance to speak with someone that can help us see problems and solutions from a different point of view. Let me be that person for you, as we will work together on the goals that you wish to achieve! Let's schedule that consultation today by calling (915) 533-8696 or send an email!
All are welcome here, as a safe and comfortable space for clients is provided! Are you encountering difficulties with Anxiety, ADHD, Depression, Grief, or Low Self-Esteem? Then look no further because I am here to walk with you on your counseling journey to being well. I believe that we all deserve a chance to speak with someone that can help us see problems and solutions from a different point of view. Let me be that person for you, as we will work together on the goals that you wish to achieve! Let's schedule that consultation today by calling (915) 533-8696 or send an email!
![Photo of LaShekia Scott, Post-MA, LMFT-A, LCDC-I, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2746f931-9d49-494b-b4f0-7297e391c20d/1/320x400.jpeg)
LaShekia Scott
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, Post-MA, LMFT-A, LCDC-I
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78731 (Online Only)
Specializing in providing healing to children, adolescents, and families after traumatic events, LaShekia is also well-equipped to assist individuals struggling with substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, self-injurious behaviors, and moderate to severe mental health disorders to discover healing.
Introducing a dedicated and compassionate guide to navigate through life's challenges. When faced with adversity or feeling trapped in difficult circumstances, I am here to offer unwavering support and accompany you on your path towards healing, freedom, and inner peace. As a licensed marriage and family therapist associate (LMFT-A) in the state of TX and WA, I provide support, guidance, and empowerment to my clients, assisting them in my journey towards long-lasting change, restoration of hope, and living authentically fulfilled lives. Utilizing modalities like CC Play Therapy, CBT, Trauma Focused CBT, Gottman Method CT.
Specializing in providing healing to children, adolescents, and families after traumatic events, LaShekia is also well-equipped to assist individuals struggling with substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, self-injurious behaviors, and moderate to severe mental health disorders to discover healing.
Introducing a dedicated and compassionate guide to navigate through life's challenges. When faced with adversity or feeling trapped in difficult circumstances, I am here to offer unwavering support and accompany you on your path towards healing, freedom, and inner peace. As a licensed marriage and family therapist associate (LMFT-A) in the state of TX and WA, I provide support, guidance, and empowerment to my clients, assisting them in my journey towards long-lasting change, restoration of hope, and living authentically fulfilled lives. Utilizing modalities like CC Play Therapy, CBT, Trauma Focused CBT, Gottman Method CT.
![Photo of Febe S Fernandez, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d320e573-deaf-4ef6-9af4-95365115bb48/4/320x400.jpeg)
Febe S Fernandez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78233
I have years of experience helping clients primarily through anxiety, depression, and relational issues.
As a therapist, I like to build a strong non-judgmental relationship with patients in order to encourage safety and the comfort needed to explore and resolve the life struggles that have led you to counseling. I use cognitive behavioral therapy to pin down problem areas in thinking that ultimately affect our relationships, self-worth, and perspective in an unhealthy way. I work towards assisting individuals towards their own therapeutic goals in a structured manner that aims at efficiently providing tools and the knowledge necessary to overcome current and future life stressors.
I have years of experience helping clients primarily through anxiety, depression, and relational issues.
As a therapist, I like to build a strong non-judgmental relationship with patients in order to encourage safety and the comfort needed to explore and resolve the life struggles that have led you to counseling. I use cognitive behavioral therapy to pin down problem areas in thinking that ultimately affect our relationships, self-worth, and perspective in an unhealthy way. I work towards assisting individuals towards their own therapeutic goals in a structured manner that aims at efficiently providing tools and the knowledge necessary to overcome current and future life stressors.
![Photo of Melissa L Schniers - Unique Butterfly Counseling, LLC, PhD, LPC-S, NCC, BC-TMH, CCMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9ef13aed-fda4-41ef-acf3-13347ca8a0ed/1/320x400.jpeg)
Unique Butterfly Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, NCC, BC-TMH, CCMHC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Waco, TX 76710
My goal is to help you "get your life back" from mental illness, depression, anxiety, self-improvement, marriage conflict, PTSD, or difficult children. While I can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life.
My goal is to help you "get your life back" from mental illness, depression, anxiety, self-improvement, marriage conflict, PTSD, or difficult children. While I can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life.
![Photo of Kyung Hee Kim - Pediatric Psychotherapy Associates, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3c2e18df-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Pediatric Psychotherapy Associates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78750
We have numerous therapists with extensive training and experience for in-person sessions throughout the Austin/Round Rock areas or for online sessions anywhere in Texas-therapists that can help your child with anxiety, depression, ADHD, OCD, trauma & abuse, grief/loss, school and behavioral problems, autism, relationship problems, parental divorce, etc.
At Pediatric Psychotherapy Associates, we believe in providing a safe, nurturing and effective psychotherapy to children, adolescents and their families-clients who are in crisis or major life transitions. We work very closely with other specialists out in the community to provide the best continuity of care for our clients, such as pediatricians, child psychiatrists, school counselors, OT/PT's and therapeutic tutors at Smiles-Tutoring (cl314516.wixsite.com/smilestutoring). If we can be of help to you or someone you care about, please call or email us today for more information or to make an appointment with one of our counselors.
We have numerous therapists with extensive training and experience for in-person sessions throughout the Austin/Round Rock areas or for online sessions anywhere in Texas-therapists that can help your child with anxiety, depression, ADHD, OCD, trauma & abuse, grief/loss, school and behavioral problems, autism, relationship problems, parental divorce, etc.
At Pediatric Psychotherapy Associates, we believe in providing a safe, nurturing and effective psychotherapy to children, adolescents and their families-clients who are in crisis or major life transitions. We work very closely with other specialists out in the community to provide the best continuity of care for our clients, such as pediatricians, child psychiatrists, school counselors, OT/PT's and therapeutic tutors at Smiles-Tutoring (cl314516.wixsite.com/smilestutoring). If we can be of help to you or someone you care about, please call or email us today for more information or to make an appointment with one of our counselors.
![Photo of Lauren Jeanne Ryan, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/42b5aca3-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Lauren Jeanne Ryan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78723 (Online Only)
My passions are helping adults and teens navigate ADHD, life transitions and developmental trauma. Navigating life with ADHD can be difficult at any age. I seek to help parents, children and adults learn to accept the gifts and manage the challenges of living a successful life with ADHD. Life transitions are major life events that can be difficult to work through. Developmental trauma occurs when we do not get what we need emotionally from our caregivers as children. Altough often intentional this can leave us feeling damaged and unloved. I seek to help you discover how to connect to and love yourself and others.
My passions are helping adults and teens navigate ADHD, life transitions and developmental trauma. Navigating life with ADHD can be difficult at any age. I seek to help parents, children and adults learn to accept the gifts and manage the challenges of living a successful life with ADHD. Life transitions are major life events that can be difficult to work through. Developmental trauma occurs when we do not get what we need emotionally from our caregivers as children. Altough often intentional this can leave us feeling damaged and unloved. I seek to help you discover how to connect to and love yourself and others.
![Photo of Jolene Des Roches, PhD, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f82ea586-737e-422b-9010-f38084a9d0d4/2/320x400.jpeg)
Jolene Des Roches
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New Braunfels, TX 78132
I identify as creative, innovative, and authentic. Along with providing direct care to clients, my experience has also been leading clinical teams in diverse community mental health settings. I have a Ph.D. in Psychology, am a Licensed Professional Counselor-Supervisor, and a National Certified Counselor. My specialties include trauma recovery for individuals and couples. I consider myself an innovative therapist. I utilize holistic psychotherapy approaches such as CBT, DBT, EMDR, and Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy.
I identify as creative, innovative, and authentic. Along with providing direct care to clients, my experience has also been leading clinical teams in diverse community mental health settings. I have a Ph.D. in Psychology, am a Licensed Professional Counselor-Supervisor, and a National Certified Counselor. My specialties include trauma recovery for individuals and couples. I consider myself an innovative therapist. I utilize holistic psychotherapy approaches such as CBT, DBT, EMDR, and Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy.
![Photo of Rochelle Middleton - The Talk Shop, PLLC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/7a67fa2f-a810-4024-a380-65ca72c07d9c/1/320x400.png)
The Talk Shop, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78725
Overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck? We help couples and individuals, adults, adolescents and children develop workable solutions to "stumped" problems. Each therapist at The Talk Shop, specializes in specific areas of treatment, helping individuals regain momentum, minimize their issues, and re-balance following roadblocks. We also work with couples and individuals who are attempting to navigate tricky situations: for instance, re-consolidating your life after a divorce, evaluating complex relationship issues, or designing creative strategies to cope with PTSD or trauma. Our Our therapeutic motto is: Don't just feel better, live better.
Overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck? We help couples and individuals, adults, adolescents and children develop workable solutions to "stumped" problems. Each therapist at The Talk Shop, specializes in specific areas of treatment, helping individuals regain momentum, minimize their issues, and re-balance following roadblocks. We also work with couples and individuals who are attempting to navigate tricky situations: for instance, re-consolidating your life after a divorce, evaluating complex relationship issues, or designing creative strategies to cope with PTSD or trauma. Our Our therapeutic motto is: Don't just feel better, live better.
![Photo of Murphy Huseman, LPC-A](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/64e7c870-1437-4465-9179-33848e5797f8/2/320x400.jpeg)
Murphy Huseman
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Round Rock, TX 78664
Accepting New Clients Children/Adults/Couples
Accepting New Clients Children/Adults/Couples
![Photo of Molly Lewis, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4eacb80e-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Life comes with challenges. Sometimes we need support. As a Licenced Professional Therapist, my goal is to walk alongside you in order to navigate through life's challenges.
Life comes with challenges. Sometimes we need support. As a Licenced Professional Therapist, my goal is to walk alongside you in order to navigate through life's challenges.
![Photo of Connie L. Jackson, MEd, LPC, LCDC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/035ce1fa-b270-47fc-9a4c-00798955bd0f/1/320x400.jpeg)
Connie L. Jackson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
Kingsland, TX 78639
There is a beauty that lies within each one of us. We all have gifts to give to this world and to one another. The ability to see various perspectives in a given situation is an essential element in understanding the value that each of us has in this amazing life.
There is a beauty that lies within each one of us. We all have gifts to give to this world and to one another. The ability to see various perspectives in a given situation is an essential element in understanding the value that each of us has in this amazing life.
![Photo of Jennifer Smith - Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d604f686-fa79-4b3f-a404-767d34d48fcb/1/320x400.jpeg)
Licensed Professional Counselor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78705 (Online Only)
Hello! I am an LPC licensed in Texas. I have been working as a school counselor for 5 years and have had experience in the following areas: school, career, trauma, anxiety, military, special needs children, and suicidal ideations.
Hello! I am an LPC licensed in Texas. I have been working as a school counselor for 5 years and have had experience in the following areas: school, career, trauma, anxiety, military, special needs children, and suicidal ideations.
![Photo of Barbara Viridiana Davis, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/21fe0569-4bdd-4104-9871-faee90d41fac/2/320x400.jpeg)
Barbara Viridiana Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78229
Hi, my name is Barbara! Its so very nice to meet you! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor having over 20 years of experience working with children, adolescents, young adult, middle age adults and seniors. With almost three decades of experience, I've come to know that all great things are worthwhile and therefore require consistency and patience. I cannot promise you a solution, but I can guarantee you that together we can make great progress along your life journey! I am bilingual Spanish!
Hi, my name is Barbara! Its so very nice to meet you! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor having over 20 years of experience working with children, adolescents, young adult, middle age adults and seniors. With almost three decades of experience, I've come to know that all great things are worthwhile and therefore require consistency and patience. I cannot promise you a solution, but I can guarantee you that together we can make great progress along your life journey! I am bilingual Spanish!
![Photo of Christine Italiano-McDade, MS, LPC-S, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6328d59d-030f-4656-b7b3-04f2859d551e/3/320x400.png)
Christine Italiano-McDade
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, NCC
Verified Verified
Temple, TX 76504
I have a passion for people! Children, Adolescents and/or Adults needing a safe space to express themselves feely, explore their feelings and thoughts, and develop the skills needed to overcome adversity.
I have a passion for people! Children, Adolescents and/or Adults needing a safe space to express themselves feely, explore their feelings and thoughts, and develop the skills needed to overcome adversity.
![Photo of Christina Watts-Figueroa - Yellow Ribbon Counseling PLLC, MA, LMFTS, LPCS, RPTS, EMDR AC, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c1898e0d-dca1-4619-aaad-3cfa3229c55f/1/320x400.jpeg)
Yellow Ribbon Counseling PLLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFTS, LPCS, RPTS, EMDR AC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76543
Yellow Ribbon Counseling specializes in play therapy, family therapy, and trauma informed therapies (EMDR, TF-CBT and CPT). Our clinical team is made up of Registered Play Therapist, EMDR Certified/trained and Gottman trained clinicians. We provide treatment in a variety of areas to include: attachment ruptures, grief & loss issues, parent-child relationships, child and sexual abuse, blended family issues, domestic violence, military related transitional stress, reintegration, ADHD, PTSD, couples/marital issues, perinatal issues and inter-generational family trauma.
Yellow Ribbon Counseling specializes in play therapy, family therapy, and trauma informed therapies (EMDR, TF-CBT and CPT). Our clinical team is made up of Registered Play Therapist, EMDR Certified/trained and Gottman trained clinicians. We provide treatment in a variety of areas to include: attachment ruptures, grief & loss issues, parent-child relationships, child and sexual abuse, blended family issues, domestic violence, military related transitional stress, reintegration, ADHD, PTSD, couples/marital issues, perinatal issues and inter-generational family trauma.
SPA, LLC - Supportive Psychological Associates
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78230
I believe in a therapeutic process that revolves around life's changes and the journeys it takes us on. Choosing to change your focus is a powerful way of transforming any situation. Focusing on the positive doesn't mean that we are denying reality or avoiding what isn't working. It simply allows us to work from a grounded place in order to make the most informed decision from a less emotional place of clarity. Within our sessions, the goal is to cultivate a trusting and collaborative therapeutic relationship where an individual can bring their full self into session without any fear.
I believe in a therapeutic process that revolves around life's changes and the journeys it takes us on. Choosing to change your focus is a powerful way of transforming any situation. Focusing on the positive doesn't mean that we are denying reality or avoiding what isn't working. It simply allows us to work from a grounded place in order to make the most informed decision from a less emotional place of clarity. Within our sessions, the goal is to cultivate a trusting and collaborative therapeutic relationship where an individual can bring their full self into session without any fear.
![Photo of Sonja Cousar, LPC-S, LMHC, NCC, NBCC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/df42bc8d-9e50-417b-806a-20e8287759c5/2/320x400.jpeg)
Sonja Cousar
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, LMHC, NCC, NBCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Georgetown, TX 78626
Everyone is different and need to get some guidance, support and set new goals. I am here to provide support and encouragement from an non-judgemental position. I am here the help build meaningful social connections. When human beings experience trauma or severe life stressors, it is not uncommon for their lives to unravel. My great passion is bringing healing to people who have been through a trauma.
Everyone is different and need to get some guidance, support and set new goals. I am here to provide support and encouragement from an non-judgemental position. I am here the help build meaningful social connections. When human beings experience trauma or severe life stressors, it is not uncommon for their lives to unravel. My great passion is bringing healing to people who have been through a trauma.
![Photo of Cairen (Wealand) Goree - Premier Neurofeedback &Counseling Services -Cairen, MA](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5e7c655e-ed72-4ed9-bbe0-55d29cca1549/8/320x400.png)
Premier Neurofeedback &Counseling Services -Cairen
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Waco, TX 76708
I admire the courage it takes to be vulnerable and reach out for help. I believe it is a sign of bravery to seek counseling and make real steps towards change and growth. I strive to help my clients move through their pain and challenges with newfound confidence and hope. I most frequently find myself helping clients dealing with life transitions, trauma recovery, grief, and anxiety issues. I've worked in a variety of mental health settings since 2016 including residential treatment, community clinics, college counseling centers, and currently love working on the team at Premier Neurofeedback & Counseling services since 2021.
I admire the courage it takes to be vulnerable and reach out for help. I believe it is a sign of bravery to seek counseling and make real steps towards change and growth. I strive to help my clients move through their pain and challenges with newfound confidence and hope. I most frequently find myself helping clients dealing with life transitions, trauma recovery, grief, and anxiety issues. I've worked in a variety of mental health settings since 2016 including residential treatment, community clinics, college counseling centers, and currently love working on the team at Premier Neurofeedback & Counseling services since 2021.
![Photo of Sherry Brokus Patton, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/43d7009c-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Sherry Brokus Patton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78746 (Online Only)
See more therapy options for Taylor
Depression Therapists
What is the goal of therapy for depression?
Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.
What happens in therapy for depression?
Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.
What therapy types help with depression?
Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.
Can therapy for depression be done online?
Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.
How effective is therapy for depression?
Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.