Therapists in Rotan, TX

Photo of Monica Randolph-Graham, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Monica Randolph-Graham
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Rotan, TX 79546  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is based on each individual’s inner strength and resources, and resiliency to every day stress and adversities that life tends to present. I focus on practical applications drawn from various theories as a means to provide each individual the most meaningful treatment for healing and change. One of the most empowering and healing methods I use in my psychotherapy is creating a caring, collaborative relationship built on mutual trust and respect, providing a safe environment free from judgment, and support through active listening and empathy.
My approach to therapy is based on each individual’s inner strength and resources, and resiliency to every day stress and adversities that life tends to present. I focus on practical applications drawn from various theories as a means to provide each individual the most meaningful treatment for healing and change. One of the most empowering and healing methods I use in my psychotherapy is creating a caring, collaborative relationship built on mutual trust and respect, providing a safe environment free from judgment, and support through active listening and empathy.
(346) 443-5739 View (346) 443-5739
Photo of Brenda Nash, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brenda Nash
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Rotan, TX 79546
Hello! Thank you for reading my profile. I am Brenda Nash, Licensed Clinical Social Worker, CCM, with a decade of experience. I enjoy working with clients motivated to change their circumstances, whether depression, poor confidence, anxiety, or relationship issues. I specialize in Self Esteem, Anxiety, Depression, Women's Issues, and Relationship Issues. However, cognitive behavior therapy is my preferred approach. I tend to utilize Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Humanistic, Strength-Based, and Integrative or Integral Psychotherapy. I believe that a therapeutic environment is conducive to positive change.
Hello! Thank you for reading my profile. I am Brenda Nash, Licensed Clinical Social Worker, CCM, with a decade of experience. I enjoy working with clients motivated to change their circumstances, whether depression, poor confidence, anxiety, or relationship issues. I specialize in Self Esteem, Anxiety, Depression, Women's Issues, and Relationship Issues. However, cognitive behavior therapy is my preferred approach. I tend to utilize Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Humanistic, Strength-Based, and Integrative or Integral Psychotherapy. I believe that a therapeutic environment is conducive to positive change.
(737) 259-7595 View (737) 259-7595

Online Therapists

Photo of Elaine Shannon, LPC, MEd, LBSW, Licensed Professional Counselor
Elaine Shannon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd, LBSW
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79424
I believe the counseling process empowers people and I consider myself a guest in the client's world. Using an integration of Humanistic and CBT approaches, emphasis is on the client’s process of self-discovery through direct experience. Thus giving the client the freedom to look within and then exercise freewill for change to occur.
I believe the counseling process empowers people and I consider myself a guest in the client's world. Using an integration of Humanistic and CBT approaches, emphasis is on the client’s process of self-discovery through direct experience. Thus giving the client the freedom to look within and then exercise freewill for change to occur.
(806) 602-8676 View (806) 602-8676
Photo of Walter Pitts Davis, MTh, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Walter Pitts Davis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MTh, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79423
Pitts Davis has been in practice in Lubbock since 1985. He was with Crossroads Samaritan Counseling Center for 13 years and has been in private practice since 1998. Pitts works with adults helping deal with depression and anxiety as well as personality disorders. Trauma is another area that impairs a person's functioning, so Pitts offers BrainSpotting Therapy. He also works with couples to help improve their relationships. In particular, Pitts has become very familiar with Mindfulness Meditation and incorporates that practice into his work with clients. He has also trained in Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT).
Pitts Davis has been in practice in Lubbock since 1985. He was with Crossroads Samaritan Counseling Center for 13 years and has been in private practice since 1998. Pitts works with adults helping deal with depression and anxiety as well as personality disorders. Trauma is another area that impairs a person's functioning, so Pitts offers BrainSpotting Therapy. He also works with couples to help improve their relationships. In particular, Pitts has become very familiar with Mindfulness Meditation and incorporates that practice into his work with clients. He has also trained in Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT).
(806) 577-4461 View (806) 577-4461
Photo of George Gardner, ThM, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
George Gardner
Marriage & Family Therapist, ThM, LMFT
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79424
I have worked with individuals and couples for over 35 years. Some of the problems I have helped clients to solve are: communication, infidelity, trouble with relatives, "falling out of love," selecting a mate, lack of commitment, parenting, pornography, verbal abuse, and blended families. I help individuals and couples to increase intimacy, build trust, and improve satisfaction with their relationships. I also see clients for mental health issues, such as: bipolar, anxiety, depression, PTSD, ADHD (child & adult), and OCD. I describe myself as a Christian Counselor. PersonalIy, I seek to live a biblical lifestyle through faith in Jesus Christ.
I have worked with individuals and couples for over 35 years. Some of the problems I have helped clients to solve are: communication, infidelity, trouble with relatives, "falling out of love," selecting a mate, lack of commitment, parenting, pornography, verbal abuse, and blended families. I help individuals and couples to increase intimacy, build trust, and improve satisfaction with their relationships. I also see clients for mental health issues, such as: bipolar, anxiety, depression, PTSD, ADHD (child & adult), and OCD. I describe myself as a Christian Counselor. PersonalIy, I seek to live a biblical lifestyle through faith in Jesus Christ.
(806) 731-1184 View (806) 731-1184
Photo of Jessica Neader, LMFT, Intern, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Jessica Neader
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, LMFT, Intern
Verified Verified
San Angelo, TX 76904
My goal as a Marriage and Family Therapist Intern is to walk alongside you in your journey towards your personal, relationship, and family goals. Psychotherapy, by nature, is a relationship-based treatment. It is two or more people interacting with the purpose of bringing about some kind of relief and healing for the client. The treatment itself is embedded in the relationship you have with your counselor.
My goal as a Marriage and Family Therapist Intern is to walk alongside you in your journey towards your personal, relationship, and family goals. Psychotherapy, by nature, is a relationship-based treatment. It is two or more people interacting with the purpose of bringing about some kind of relief and healing for the client. The treatment itself is embedded in the relationship you have with your counselor.
(325) 766-5249 View (325) 766-5249
Photo of Prairie Freeman, MEd, LPC-A
Prairie Freeman
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate , MEd, LPC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Abilene, TX 79602
"It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light." -Aristotle We all have hopes and dreams of how our lives will eventually unfold. Little did we know that life’s journey would be full of twists and turns which take us down a road of perpetual self-discovery. Has there been time on your journey when you have gotten lost or come to a cross road wondering, “Where do I go from here?” Life’s dark moments can feel all-encompassing. It can be a struggle to “see the light”. Diving into adversity and weathering the storm may be the only option. However, pain and discomfort are the birthplace for growth.
"It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light." -Aristotle We all have hopes and dreams of how our lives will eventually unfold. Little did we know that life’s journey would be full of twists and turns which take us down a road of perpetual self-discovery. Has there been time on your journey when you have gotten lost or come to a cross road wondering, “Where do I go from here?” Life’s dark moments can feel all-encompassing. It can be a struggle to “see the light”. Diving into adversity and weathering the storm may be the only option. However, pain and discomfort are the birthplace for growth.
(325) 880-0921 View (325) 880-0921
Photo of Travis James Spencer, LMCF, MS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Travis James Spencer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMCF, MS
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79423
Are you tired of feeling stuck in the same cycle of problems? You're not alone. Whether those problems are in your relationships or your private thoughts and behaviors, there is hope and healing ahead.
Are you tired of feeling stuck in the same cycle of problems? You're not alone. Whether those problems are in your relationships or your private thoughts and behaviors, there is hope and healing ahead.
(806) 515-4388 View (806) 515-4388
Photo of Melissa Brower, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Melissa Brower
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79424
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Registered Play Therapist. I have a masters degree in counselor education. I have over 15 years experience working with traumatized children and their families. My passion is working with children and adults to help them learn positive coping skills, manage emotions and have healing. I will provide a safe, nonjudgmental and confidential environment while meeting you where you are emotionally and mentally.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Registered Play Therapist. I have a masters degree in counselor education. I have over 15 years experience working with traumatized children and their families. My passion is working with children and adults to help them learn positive coping skills, manage emotions and have healing. I will provide a safe, nonjudgmental and confidential environment while meeting you where you are emotionally and mentally.
(806) 590-4056 View (806) 590-4056
Photo of Angela Kilbourn, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Angela Kilbourn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79403  (Online Only)
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
(956) 297-0227 View (956) 297-0227
Photo of Ashley Edwards, LMFT-A, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Ashley Edwards
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFT-A
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79602
Sometimes we wake up and feel like things aren't right. We might feel stuck or that things are out of control. We might have a lot of conflicting emotions that we do not know how to regulate. We might feel alone and feel like the world is against us. It takes strength and courage to take that first step to ask for help. I want to thank you and applaud you for taking that first important step.
Sometimes we wake up and feel like things aren't right. We might feel stuck or that things are out of control. We might have a lot of conflicting emotions that we do not know how to regulate. We might feel alone and feel like the world is against us. It takes strength and courage to take that first step to ask for help. I want to thank you and applaud you for taking that first important step.
(254) 390-4491 View (254) 390-4491
Photo of Sarah Dunn, LPC, PMH-C, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sarah Dunn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79413
As a trauma therapist, I specialize in supporting young mothers, college-age women, and individuals navigating trauma. I strive to create a therapeutic space crafted to support individuals navigating the delicate perinatal period and college-age women who are seeking to understand themselves as they move into adulthood. As a seasoned therapist, my passion lies in providing a safe haven for those seeking guidance during life's transformative stages. My ideal client is a perceptive individual embracing the journey of motherhood or a college-age woman navigating the complexities of identity, relationships, and self-discovery.
As a trauma therapist, I specialize in supporting young mothers, college-age women, and individuals navigating trauma. I strive to create a therapeutic space crafted to support individuals navigating the delicate perinatal period and college-age women who are seeking to understand themselves as they move into adulthood. As a seasoned therapist, my passion lies in providing a safe haven for those seeking guidance during life's transformative stages. My ideal client is a perceptive individual embracing the journey of motherhood or a college-age woman navigating the complexities of identity, relationships, and self-discovery.
(806) 515-4080 View (806) 515-4080
Photo of Marika Joubert, MS, Counselor
Marika Joubert
Counselor, MS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79423  (Online Only)
Thank you for visiting my profile, I am so glad you are here! I am a licensed professional counselor (LPC) in Texas, Arizona, Florida and South Carolina. I specialize in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), complex trauma (CPTSD) and Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). I see anyone who is concerned about emotional control, suicide and dissociation. My clients are typically high-functioning individuals with good insight and self-awareness. However, they are privately suffering and feel unable to escape recurring feelings.
Thank you for visiting my profile, I am so glad you are here! I am a licensed professional counselor (LPC) in Texas, Arizona, Florida and South Carolina. I specialize in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), complex trauma (CPTSD) and Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). I see anyone who is concerned about emotional control, suicide and dissociation. My clients are typically high-functioning individuals with good insight and self-awareness. However, they are privately suffering and feel unable to escape recurring feelings.
(806) 853-5850 View (806) 853-5850
Photo of Matthew Cory Van Pelt - Faith Through Adversity, LPC-A
Faith Through Adversity
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Big Spring, TX 79720
Got faith? Most of us struggle with the obstacles and challenges and we are in search of solutions. These struggles can be within yourself or within your relationships with those closest to you. The solutions that we try do not always work because we are looking in the wrong places. With faith in God, we can find the answers together.
Got faith? Most of us struggle with the obstacles and challenges and we are in search of solutions. These struggles can be within yourself or within your relationships with those closest to you. The solutions that we try do not always work because we are looking in the wrong places. With faith in God, we can find the answers together.
(432) 309-4542 View (432) 309-4542
Photo of Bethany Luna - Phoenix Moon Healing, PLLC, LMFT-S, Marriage & Family Therapist
Phoenix Moon Healing, PLLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79423
Phoenix Moon Healing is a group counseling office owned by Bethany Luna, M.S., LMFT-S. Our Mission is to provide safety, empathy, and reflections through counseling services, yoga, groups, retreats, and coaching to support clients’ personal empowerment and healing. We currently have 4 full-time counselors who serve a wide range of populations with various modalities. We strive to assist clients in transforming from unworthiness and hopelessness into hope and an internal knowing of unconditional love and acceptance. Our clients are ready and willing to have hard conversations and personally invest in their growth.
Phoenix Moon Healing is a group counseling office owned by Bethany Luna, M.S., LMFT-S. Our Mission is to provide safety, empathy, and reflections through counseling services, yoga, groups, retreats, and coaching to support clients’ personal empowerment and healing. We currently have 4 full-time counselors who serve a wide range of populations with various modalities. We strive to assist clients in transforming from unworthiness and hopelessness into hope and an internal knowing of unconditional love and acceptance. Our clients are ready and willing to have hard conversations and personally invest in their growth.
(806) 203-5631 View (806) 203-5631
Photo of Paul T Brooks, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Paul T Brooks
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Breckenridge, TX 76424  (Online Only)
Do you ever feel overwhelmed and powerless to control negative thoughts and feelings related to depression, anxiety, or anger? Be hopeful in the fact that these problems do not have to be a permanent condition which controls your life. I work from a viewpoint that is like a sign I used to have hanging in my office: “Don’t believe everything you think.” Sometimes we have thoughts that lead to powerful negative emotions which then can lead to behaviors which usually have bad consequences. I can help reframe these plaguing thoughts so that your thoughts work for you, not against you.
Do you ever feel overwhelmed and powerless to control negative thoughts and feelings related to depression, anxiety, or anger? Be hopeful in the fact that these problems do not have to be a permanent condition which controls your life. I work from a viewpoint that is like a sign I used to have hanging in my office: “Don’t believe everything you think.” Sometimes we have thoughts that lead to powerful negative emotions which then can lead to behaviors which usually have bad consequences. I can help reframe these plaguing thoughts so that your thoughts work for you, not against you.
(254) 536-3632 View (254) 536-3632
Photo of Lucia Robertson, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lucia Robertson
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79605  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, and avoidance of emotions and activities related to past trauma that affects your day-to-day life and relationships? With a background rooted in crisis and trauma work, I bring a deep understanding of the complexities individuals face during difficult moments. My goal is to create a safe and supportive space where my clients can explore, heal, and build resilience. Additionally, as a Certified First Responder Associate, I bring a compassionate commitment to supporting first responders and their families.
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, and avoidance of emotions and activities related to past trauma that affects your day-to-day life and relationships? With a background rooted in crisis and trauma work, I bring a deep understanding of the complexities individuals face during difficult moments. My goal is to create a safe and supportive space where my clients can explore, heal, and build resilience. Additionally, as a Certified First Responder Associate, I bring a compassionate commitment to supporting first responders and their families.
(469) 947-7266 View (469) 947-7266
Photo of Kristy Chavez, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kristy Chavez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79423
My practice focuses on helping college students and adults gain better insight and coping skills to help manage problems in their lives. My goal is to be a helper with the change process. I help clients assess what is already working in their lives and help them make changes to areas that need improvement. My areas of strength focus on dealing with life transitions, anxiety, depression, and relationship issues.
My practice focuses on helping college students and adults gain better insight and coping skills to help manage problems in their lives. My goal is to be a helper with the change process. I help clients assess what is already working in their lives and help them make changes to areas that need improvement. My areas of strength focus on dealing with life transitions, anxiety, depression, and relationship issues.
(806) 441-3959 View (806) 441-3959
Photo of Della Boyer, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Della Boyer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79605  (Online Only)
With a wealth of experience spanning diverse demographics, I've served as a seasoned counselor, offering guidance to children, adolescents, individuals grappling with substance abuse, LGBTQ community members, those with ADHD, individuals facing depression, and veterans. Over the years, I've been fortunate to glean insights from seasoned professionals, shaping my approach to client care significantly. In my work with children, I integrate art, activities, and games to foster communication and personal development. Though I'll admit, I frequently find myself on the losing side of UNO!
With a wealth of experience spanning diverse demographics, I've served as a seasoned counselor, offering guidance to children, adolescents, individuals grappling with substance abuse, LGBTQ community members, those with ADHD, individuals facing depression, and veterans. Over the years, I've been fortunate to glean insights from seasoned professionals, shaping my approach to client care significantly. In my work with children, I integrate art, activities, and games to foster communication and personal development. Though I'll admit, I frequently find myself on the losing side of UNO!
(806) 621-9956 View (806) 621-9956
Photo of Claire Arnold, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Claire Arnold
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79413
Thank you for browsing my profile! My goal is to support my clients with warmth, humor, and compassion as they navigate life’s changes and aspire to improve their mental health and wellness. I believe healing takes place within the context of a close, trusted relationship between therapist and client. I create an environment where you can show up, be seen, and feel free to be your authentic self. I view my work through a holistic lens and consider the biological, psychological, and social factors that are contributing to your symptoms. I love to help clients identify their strengths and empower them to achieve their goals.
Thank you for browsing my profile! My goal is to support my clients with warmth, humor, and compassion as they navigate life’s changes and aspire to improve their mental health and wellness. I believe healing takes place within the context of a close, trusted relationship between therapist and client. I create an environment where you can show up, be seen, and feel free to be your authentic self. I view my work through a holistic lens and consider the biological, psychological, and social factors that are contributing to your symptoms. I love to help clients identify their strengths and empower them to achieve their goals.
(806) 230-5486 View (806) 230-5486

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Rotan, TX

< 10

Therapists in Rotan, TX who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Anger Management
100% Coping Skills
50% Grief
50% Spirituality

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Rotan, TX see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Rotan?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.