Therapists in Merkel, TX

Photo of Sophia Worth, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sophia Worth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Merkel, TX 79536  (Online Only)
I was a medical social worker for a psychiatric hospital for over four years, running group therapy and completing biopsychosocial assessments. I have also supported clients with end-stage renal disease for over five years. I work with those struggling with fertility, postpartum anxiety, and postpartum depression. My specialties include anxiety, depression, postpartum anxiety, postpartum depression, bipolar disorder I and II, borderline personality disorder, chemical dependency, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. My top modalities include cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and more.
I was a medical social worker for a psychiatric hospital for over four years, running group therapy and completing biopsychosocial assessments. I have also supported clients with end-stage renal disease for over five years. I work with those struggling with fertility, postpartum anxiety, and postpartum depression. My specialties include anxiety, depression, postpartum anxiety, postpartum depression, bipolar disorder I and II, borderline personality disorder, chemical dependency, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. My top modalities include cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and more.
(682) 463-3556 View (682) 463-3556
Photo of Jason Stewart, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jason Stewart
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Merkel, TX 79536  (Online Only)
Change is courageous. Change requires authentic engagement with honesty, responsibility & accountability. Change also requires empathy, support & compassion. These characteristics embody Jason’s professional philosophy. His approach includes direct feedback, polite and assertive insights with considerate & practical recommendations. He collaborates with clients while teaching new skills & promoting positive actionable change. Jason is an active listener who is respectful, insightful & non-judgemental. He is pragmatic, sensible & realistic. He combines evidence-based practice with purpose-driven compassion & integrity.
Change is courageous. Change requires authentic engagement with honesty, responsibility & accountability. Change also requires empathy, support & compassion. These characteristics embody Jason’s professional philosophy. His approach includes direct feedback, polite and assertive insights with considerate & practical recommendations. He collaborates with clients while teaching new skills & promoting positive actionable change. Jason is an active listener who is respectful, insightful & non-judgemental. He is pragmatic, sensible & realistic. He combines evidence-based practice with purpose-driven compassion & integrity.
(713) 893-3989 View (713) 893-3989
Photo of Cari Varela, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Cari Varela
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Merkel, TX 79536
Hi, I am Cari Varela, MS LPC-S, LSOTP, and I have been providing therapeutic services since 2007. I have provided individual, family, and group services for adults and children throughout my career. I have provided counseling for treatment concerns such as Adolescents/Teens, Anxiety, Borderline Personality, Codependency, and Coping Skills. In addition, I use a mix of CBT, Client-Centered Therapy, Clinical Supervision, and Licensed, Humanistic, and Trauma Focused therapies. I believe that I enjoy helping others, and I think it's fantastic to see people grow.
Hi, I am Cari Varela, MS LPC-S, LSOTP, and I have been providing therapeutic services since 2007. I have provided individual, family, and group services for adults and children throughout my career. I have provided counseling for treatment concerns such as Adolescents/Teens, Anxiety, Borderline Personality, Codependency, and Coping Skills. In addition, I use a mix of CBT, Client-Centered Therapy, Clinical Supervision, and Licensed, Humanistic, and Trauma Focused therapies. I believe that I enjoy helping others, and I think it's fantastic to see people grow.
(210) 625-7513 View (210) 625-7513
Photo of Lauren Bethany Perry, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Lauren Bethany Perry
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
Merkel, TX 79536
Not accepting new clients
My ideal client is not limited to a specific issue, need, or goals. I am open to any client and will adjust the therapy sessions to suit their needs. I enjoy working with families, couples, and individuals of all ages.
My ideal client is not limited to a specific issue, need, or goals. I am open to any client and will adjust the therapy sessions to suit their needs. I enjoy working with families, couples, and individuals of all ages.
(325) 252-4372 View (325) 252-4372

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Miguel Angel Soto, DSW, LCSW-S, LCDC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Miguel Angel Soto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW-S, LCDC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Trent, TX 79561  (Online Only)
A strong therapeutic alliance is often discussed but not always achieved. In today's fast-paced and ever-evolving world, some individuals struggle to connect with others and openly discuss difficult issues. That is why I approach every client with the utmost respect and humility. You are the expert of your own life, and by working with me, you are inviting me on a journey where I will utilize my clinical expertise to provide the support your need to face and overcome life's challenges. As we build a foundational bond through our therapeutic relationship, you will come to realize that this alliance can be the catalyst for healing.
A strong therapeutic alliance is often discussed but not always achieved. In today's fast-paced and ever-evolving world, some individuals struggle to connect with others and openly discuss difficult issues. That is why I approach every client with the utmost respect and humility. You are the expert of your own life, and by working with me, you are inviting me on a journey where I will utilize my clinical expertise to provide the support your need to face and overcome life's challenges. As we build a foundational bond through our therapeutic relationship, you will come to realize that this alliance can be the catalyst for healing.
(737) 258-8285 View (737) 258-8285
Photo of Lisa Vallie Merchant, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lisa Vallie Merchant
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79601
Hello! My name is Lisa Merchant and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. Currently I am only accepting individuals and couples with issues related to aggression. My counseling style involves asking lots of questions, listening intently, and providing feedback that is unique to your situation, rather than offering one-size-fits all advice. I also facilitate the Batterer Intervention and Prevention Program (BIPP) at the Ministry of Counseling. This a 24-week group intervention for domestic violence. I also offer an 8-week Family Violence Education Course as a court-approved alternative to Anger Management.
Hello! My name is Lisa Merchant and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. Currently I am only accepting individuals and couples with issues related to aggression. My counseling style involves asking lots of questions, listening intently, and providing feedback that is unique to your situation, rather than offering one-size-fits all advice. I also facilitate the Batterer Intervention and Prevention Program (BIPP) at the Ministry of Counseling. This a 24-week group intervention for domestic violence. I also offer an 8-week Family Violence Education Course as a court-approved alternative to Anger Management.
(325) 465-0955 View (325) 465-0955

Online Therapists

Photo of April Gilchrist, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
April Gilchrist
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79606
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 13 years of clinical experience, and I have worked with various individuals with Anxiety, Depression, Domestic Abuse/Violence, Trauma, PTSD, and Substance Use. I approach counseling from a cognitive-behavioral perspective in that patterns of thoughts and actions are explored to understand the client’s perspective better and develop solutions. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused, Reality therapy, EMDR, and DBT are used when applicable. I believe that trust and genuineness are the bedrock of the therapeutic relationship.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 13 years of clinical experience, and I have worked with various individuals with Anxiety, Depression, Domestic Abuse/Violence, Trauma, PTSD, and Substance Use. I approach counseling from a cognitive-behavioral perspective in that patterns of thoughts and actions are explored to understand the client’s perspective better and develop solutions. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused, Reality therapy, EMDR, and DBT are used when applicable. I believe that trust and genuineness are the bedrock of the therapeutic relationship.
(512) 722-7968 View (512) 722-7968
Photo of Janna Christine Knox, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Janna Christine Knox
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Justiceburg, TX 79330  (Online Only)
This initial step to enhance your mental health is powerful decision. As a licensed clinical social worker with over twenty years of experience. I have helped individuals navigate life's complex challenges. I am client focused typically working with individuals 45 and old experiencing depression, anxiety, coping with chronic illness, or adjusting to a variety of life transitions. Welcome! This may be your first encounter with therapy or counseling , and I'm glad you're here.
This initial step to enhance your mental health is powerful decision. As a licensed clinical social worker with over twenty years of experience. I have helped individuals navigate life's complex challenges. I am client focused typically working with individuals 45 and old experiencing depression, anxiety, coping with chronic illness, or adjusting to a variety of life transitions. Welcome! This may be your first encounter with therapy or counseling , and I'm glad you're here.
(806) 216-4278 View (806) 216-4278
Photo of Toni Elliott-Boulter, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Toni Elliott-Boulter
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Graham, TX 76450  (Online Only)
Finding the right therapist can be a journey in itself and connecting with your therapist is imperative. I offer services for depression, grief, anxiety, stress, career & workplace difficulties, women's issues, postpartum anxiety, anger management, and coping with life changes. Nutrition is also a key player in some mental wellness issues and I feel is very important to assess. My approach provides empathy, engaged listening and behavior change support as part of my therapy style. I am licensed in both Iowa (MHC License 123416) & Texas (LPC 62282) as a counselor. I look forward to supporting you.
Finding the right therapist can be a journey in itself and connecting with your therapist is imperative. I offer services for depression, grief, anxiety, stress, career & workplace difficulties, women's issues, postpartum anxiety, anger management, and coping with life changes. Nutrition is also a key player in some mental wellness issues and I feel is very important to assess. My approach provides empathy, engaged listening and behavior change support as part of my therapy style. I am licensed in both Iowa (MHC License 123416) & Texas (LPC 62282) as a counselor. I look forward to supporting you.
(940) 412-6673 View (940) 412-6673
Photo of Ashley Nicole Slaughter, MA
Ashley Nicole Slaughter
LPC-Associate, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Abilene, TX 79602
The story of your life will lead you through many ups and downs. Sometimes, you get stuck in a low spot and cannot find a way out. At other times, a chapter ends, and you struggle to turn the page and begin the next adventure. Maybe a dark moment lives in your past but refuses to stay there. Perhaps you are a parent watching your child struggle with their own story, wishing you could just swoop in and save the day. As a former High School English teacher, I have always known the power of stories. As a counselor, my goal is to empower my clients to take control of their story and write a more hopeful future.
The story of your life will lead you through many ups and downs. Sometimes, you get stuck in a low spot and cannot find a way out. At other times, a chapter ends, and you struggle to turn the page and begin the next adventure. Maybe a dark moment lives in your past but refuses to stay there. Perhaps you are a parent watching your child struggle with their own story, wishing you could just swoop in and save the day. As a former High School English teacher, I have always known the power of stories. As a counselor, my goal is to empower my clients to take control of their story and write a more hopeful future.
(325) 308-6784 View (325) 308-6784
Photo of Heidi White Morris, PhD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Heidi White Morris
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79601
Welcome to my site. Chances are you are experiencing some life challenges that have sent you searching for guidance and help. We all face difficulties in life, and sometimes we need professional guidance to help us move forward and grow. Strength is seen when we reach out to others for help, and I commend you for taking that step. From anxiety and depression, marital problems, parenting challenges, extended family issues, or other relational matters, I will work with you to help you grow and enhance your life and relationships.
Welcome to my site. Chances are you are experiencing some life challenges that have sent you searching for guidance and help. We all face difficulties in life, and sometimes we need professional guidance to help us move forward and grow. Strength is seen when we reach out to others for help, and I commend you for taking that step. From anxiety and depression, marital problems, parenting challenges, extended family issues, or other relational matters, I will work with you to help you grow and enhance your life and relationships.
(325) 515-0105 View (325) 515-0105
Photo of Tara Haidinger, LPC, CCTS-F, CCTS-I, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tara Haidinger
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCTS-F, CCTS-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Angelo, TX 76903  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Clinical Trauma Specialist with a passion for aiding highly motivated clients get control of their bodies and their lives after experiencing traumatic events. I work with a small number of clients so that I can give each of them the very best of my extensive experience and knowledge so that they see change quickly. I am likely the most laid-back and non-judgmental professional you will encounter. I love a good joke and a sarcastic comment and will make lots of references to nerdy things like Star Wars and comic books.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Clinical Trauma Specialist with a passion for aiding highly motivated clients get control of their bodies and their lives after experiencing traumatic events. I work with a small number of clients so that I can give each of them the very best of my extensive experience and knowledge so that they see change quickly. I am likely the most laid-back and non-judgmental professional you will encounter. I love a good joke and a sarcastic comment and will make lots of references to nerdy things like Star Wars and comic books.
(325) 221-0163 View (325) 221-0163
Photo of Lisa Powell - Abilene Family Counseling, PhD, LPC-S, LMFT-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Abilene Family Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, LMFT-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Abilene, TX 79602
Working with you, my focus is on how you feel about your life and what would help you reach your goals in life - either individually or in a relationship. Your point of view, your values and your beliefs are what is important and what the focus should be. I want you to be comfortable in my space. This is your time to process life and think about what would work best for you and how you can achieve those goals.
Working with you, my focus is on how you feel about your life and what would help you reach your goals in life - either individually or in a relationship. Your point of view, your values and your beliefs are what is important and what the focus should be. I want you to be comfortable in my space. This is your time to process life and think about what would work best for you and how you can achieve those goals.
(972) 810-7749 View (972) 810-7749
Photo of Sarah Love, MEd, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sarah Love
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79601  (Online Only)
Embrace life and the choices you are given! This is the motto that I live by. I believe that we are given the opportunity to start each day over as many times as it takes until we get it the way we want it.
Embrace life and the choices you are given! This is the motto that I live by. I believe that we are given the opportunity to start each day over as many times as it takes until we get it the way we want it.
(325) 422-1406 View (325) 422-1406
Photo of Christina R Rolerson, LCSW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christina R Rolerson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79606
Waitlist for new clients
At times we all struggle with life changes such as job change or loss, the ending of a relationship, the loss of a loved one, parent-child conflict, or family-marital conflict. These changes can cause feelings of sadness, depression or anxiety. I look forward to working with clients who are seeking help with navigating life's ups and downs.
At times we all struggle with life changes such as job change or loss, the ending of a relationship, the loss of a loved one, parent-child conflict, or family-marital conflict. These changes can cause feelings of sadness, depression or anxiety. I look forward to working with clients who are seeking help with navigating life's ups and downs.
(210) 879-6356 View (210) 879-6356
Photo of Selena Rivero, MA, LPC-A
Selena Rivero
LPC Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Angelo, TX 76903
As a counselor, I am distinguished by my direct and realistic approach, interwoven with profound compassion and empathy. With a specialized focus in trauma recovery, cultural counseling, adoption dynamics, and foster care support, I offer a safe haven for individuals across all stages of life: children, preteens, teens, and adults. My practice encompasses diverse client needs, including individuals, couples, and families, with a particular emphasis on Hispanic and Latino communities.
As a counselor, I am distinguished by my direct and realistic approach, interwoven with profound compassion and empathy. With a specialized focus in trauma recovery, cultural counseling, adoption dynamics, and foster care support, I offer a safe haven for individuals across all stages of life: children, preteens, teens, and adults. My practice encompasses diverse client needs, including individuals, couples, and families, with a particular emphasis on Hispanic and Latino communities.
(325) 667-0211 View (325) 667-0211
Photo of Kyle Jordan Passmore, MMFT, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kyle Jordan Passmore
Marriage & Family Therapist, MMFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79602  (Online Only)
I really enjoy helping others discover more ways of feeling and being their most ideal selves! So many times we feel overwhelmed; stressed and anxious about keeping up with school or work, feeling out of control in our marriages or families, or just feeling incapable of feeling good about where we are in life. This overwhelm can feel like it is permanent and will continue to last if held in.
I really enjoy helping others discover more ways of feeling and being their most ideal selves! So many times we feel overwhelmed; stressed and anxious about keeping up with school or work, feeling out of control in our marriages or families, or just feeling incapable of feeling good about where we are in life. This overwhelm can feel like it is permanent and will continue to last if held in.
(325) 468-6514 View (325) 468-6514
Photo of Nia Johnson, MEd, LPC-A
Nia Johnson
LPC Associate, MEd, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79602
Hello there, I’m Nia. I love helping others with a unique look on life. I’m a military veteran and I have 2 adult children. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma processing, and relationship counseling. I offer a safe and supportive space for individuals to explore their emotions, develop coping skills, and work towards their goals. I can help you understand the root causes of your challenges and develop personalized strategies for healing and growth.Clients I work with are typically struggling with anxiety or depression and are seeking a safe and supportive space to explore their emotions.
Hello there, I’m Nia. I love helping others with a unique look on life. I’m a military veteran and I have 2 adult children. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma processing, and relationship counseling. I offer a safe and supportive space for individuals to explore their emotions, develop coping skills, and work towards their goals. I can help you understand the root causes of your challenges and develop personalized strategies for healing and growth.Clients I work with are typically struggling with anxiety or depression and are seeking a safe and supportive space to explore their emotions.
(325) 442-5436 View (325) 442-5436
Photo of Daniel D Knightstep, LPC, LCDC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Daniel D Knightstep
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79602
Each morning when I open my eyes, I say to myself: 'I, not events, have the power to make me happy or unhappy today. I can choose which it shall be. Yesterday is dead; tomorrow hasn't arrived yet. I have just one day, today, and I'm going to be happy in it.'" ~Groucho Marx. I decided long ago that life is too short to feel miserable or to live in fear. I have since been in recovery for over 15 years! Today, I live my life differently, and, I can tell you, it's worth it. If you're ready to join me on this journey, give me a call.
Each morning when I open my eyes, I say to myself: 'I, not events, have the power to make me happy or unhappy today. I can choose which it shall be. Yesterday is dead; tomorrow hasn't arrived yet. I have just one day, today, and I'm going to be happy in it.'" ~Groucho Marx. I decided long ago that life is too short to feel miserable or to live in fear. I have since been in recovery for over 15 years! Today, I live my life differently, and, I can tell you, it's worth it. If you're ready to join me on this journey, give me a call.
(325) 515-4015 View (325) 515-4015
Photo of R. Gayle Jefferson-Lewis - Dr Gayle, PhD, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr Gayle
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
Abilene, TX 79606  (Online Only)
Encouraging, supporting, and empowering others for a better life is my core motivation and life’s philosophy. My population of care and experience encompass behavioral healthcare, biopsychosocial issues, depression, academics, abuses, and pre/marital counseling. When I was a child, I went through trauma and many other issues. I received counseling and my life was changed. Yours can too! Let’s get started working on this together!
Encouraging, supporting, and empowering others for a better life is my core motivation and life’s philosophy. My population of care and experience encompass behavioral healthcare, biopsychosocial issues, depression, academics, abuses, and pre/marital counseling. When I was a child, I went through trauma and many other issues. I received counseling and my life was changed. Yours can too! Let’s get started working on this together!
(325) 307-0822 View (325) 307-0822

See more therapy options for Merkel

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Merkel, TX

< 10

Therapists in Merkel, TX who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Coping Skills
75% Grief
75% Stress
50% Addiction
50% ADHD

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Merkel, TX see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Merkel?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.