Therapists in El Paso County, TX

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Photo of Sharlenne Zubia, MMFT, LMFT-A, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Sharlenne Zubia
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MMFT, LMFT-A
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79915
Hi there! I'm passionate about helping people thrive through meaningful connections and profound transformations. I specialize in empowering individuals and relationships through effective communication, fostering deep emotional bonds, and emotional processing. Imagine a space where you feel truly heard, understood, and supported—where your relationship challenges are met with empathy and guidance towards solutions. That's exactly what I offer. Whether you're facing individual conflicts, communication breakdowns, seeking to reignite passion, or navigating complex family dynamics, I provide a safe haven for healing and growth.
Hi there! I'm passionate about helping people thrive through meaningful connections and profound transformations. I specialize in empowering individuals and relationships through effective communication, fostering deep emotional bonds, and emotional processing. Imagine a space where you feel truly heard, understood, and supported—where your relationship challenges are met with empathy and guidance towards solutions. That's exactly what I offer. Whether you're facing individual conflicts, communication breakdowns, seeking to reignite passion, or navigating complex family dynamics, I provide a safe haven for healing and growth.
(915) 237-3600 View (915) 237-3600
Photo of Shannon C Sawyer - Sawyer Behavioral Health, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sawyer Behavioral Health
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
El Paso, TX 79902
Behavioral health incorporates the understanding of one's emotions, behaviors, and biology relating to their well-being, daily functioning, and concept of self. At Sawyer Behavioral Health, we believe the most effective way of navigating the intricacies of emotions, behaviors, and self-concept is to take a strengths and values-based approach to therapy while remembering that an individuals source of power and wisdom lies within themselves. At SBH, our staff and therapists truly strive to create an environment that is caring and enriching. SBH is where "Courage Meets Compassion".
Behavioral health incorporates the understanding of one's emotions, behaviors, and biology relating to their well-being, daily functioning, and concept of self. At Sawyer Behavioral Health, we believe the most effective way of navigating the intricacies of emotions, behaviors, and self-concept is to take a strengths and values-based approach to therapy while remembering that an individuals source of power and wisdom lies within themselves. At SBH, our staff and therapists truly strive to create an environment that is caring and enriching. SBH is where "Courage Meets Compassion".
(915) 221-7083 View (915) 221-7083
Photo of Christal Eileen Tucker, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christal Eileen Tucker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79903
Are you tired of feeling trapped by the weight of your past? Do memories of childhood trauma or relentless anxiety keep you from living the life you deserve? It's time to shatter those chains and reclaim your power. Therapy isn't just about managing symptoms—it's about rewriting your story, finding healing, and unlocking the resilience within you. Together, we'll embark on a journey of self-discovery and transformation, turning your pain into purpose and guiding you towards a future filled with hope and possibility.
Are you tired of feeling trapped by the weight of your past? Do memories of childhood trauma or relentless anxiety keep you from living the life you deserve? It's time to shatter those chains and reclaim your power. Therapy isn't just about managing symptoms—it's about rewriting your story, finding healing, and unlocking the resilience within you. Together, we'll embark on a journey of self-discovery and transformation, turning your pain into purpose and guiding you towards a future filled with hope and possibility.
(915) 975-5422 View (915) 975-5422
Photo of Hector Chavez, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Hector Chavez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79938  (Online Only)
As an experienced LPC Licensed Professional Counselor equipped with a demonstrated history of working in the mental health field of work, I marvel at people's innate potential that is capable of helping one’s self to overcome life's challenges—every person's spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical well-being matters.
As an experienced LPC Licensed Professional Counselor equipped with a demonstrated history of working in the mental health field of work, I marvel at people's innate potential that is capable of helping one’s self to overcome life's challenges—every person's spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical well-being matters.
(713) 742-6718 View (713) 742-6718
Photo of Dr. Riqué Pineda: Restore And Arise Counseling Consultation, PhD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Riqué Pineda: Restore And Arise Counseling Consultation
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79904
By entrusting me as your therapist, I will work to help you navigate the complexities of healing and restoration, from a collaborative approach. I have been in the field since 2012 and I have a genuine passion for helping those in need, as I too have a personal grasp of how traumas and challenges can negatively impact our lives. As your therapist, I will help you identify strengths, develop skills, and provide you with the appropriate tools needed to meet your goals. It would be my absolute pleasure to be on this journey with you!
By entrusting me as your therapist, I will work to help you navigate the complexities of healing and restoration, from a collaborative approach. I have been in the field since 2012 and I have a genuine passion for helping those in need, as I too have a personal grasp of how traumas and challenges can negatively impact our lives. As your therapist, I will help you identify strengths, develop skills, and provide you with the appropriate tools needed to meet your goals. It would be my absolute pleasure to be on this journey with you!
(915) 465-2179 View (915) 465-2179
Photo of Katie Floeck, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Katie Floeck
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79901  (Online Only)
I hope to meet you and have the privilege of walking with you on your journey! My educational background includes earning a Bachelor in Psychology from Texas A&M University & a Master's in Counseling from the University of Houston – Victoria. During my time in graduate school, I worked at a local non-profit crisis and counseling center while also enjoying my work with at-risk high school students in the Houston area. Since graduation, I have worked with families, couples, and clients of all ages in a group practice setting.
I hope to meet you and have the privilege of walking with you on your journey! My educational background includes earning a Bachelor in Psychology from Texas A&M University & a Master's in Counseling from the University of Houston – Victoria. During my time in graduate school, I worked at a local non-profit crisis and counseling center while also enjoying my work with at-risk high school students in the Houston area. Since graduation, I have worked with families, couples, and clients of all ages in a group practice setting.
(915) 974-3496 View (915) 974-3496
Photo of Wayne Crooks, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Wayne Crooks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Horizon City, TX 79928
Wayne Crooks is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 35 years of experience in the field of mental health and social services. His tenure in the field includes work with children, adolescents, adults and couples. His experience includes working in correctional institutions, outpatient clinics, inpatient hospital, school based health programs, therapeutic foster care, residential treatment, online counseling and the corporate setting. In his role as a health educator Mr. Crooks was instrumental in shaping the efficient delivery of health care services to students in the Dallas public school system.
Wayne Crooks is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 35 years of experience in the field of mental health and social services. His tenure in the field includes work with children, adolescents, adults and couples. His experience includes working in correctional institutions, outpatient clinics, inpatient hospital, school based health programs, therapeutic foster care, residential treatment, online counseling and the corporate setting. In his role as a health educator Mr. Crooks was instrumental in shaping the efficient delivery of health care services to students in the Dallas public school system.
(817) 533-8087 View (817) 533-8087
Photo of Melissa-Cristal Estevanne Nunez, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Melissa-Cristal Estevanne Nunez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79934
I am a LPC from the state of Texas. I have a minor in bilingual counseling and integrated behavioral health counseling. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns and backgrounds. I am experienced in working with military service members, first responders and their families. Some of the issues I have assisted with include, but are not limited to depression, anxiety, parenting problems, career challenges, self-love/empowerment, life changes/adjusting, grief, young adult issues and stress management. In addition, I have an interest and a special place in my heart for trauma and assisting those attempting to overcome it.
I am a LPC from the state of Texas. I have a minor in bilingual counseling and integrated behavioral health counseling. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns and backgrounds. I am experienced in working with military service members, first responders and their families. Some of the issues I have assisted with include, but are not limited to depression, anxiety, parenting problems, career challenges, self-love/empowerment, life changes/adjusting, grief, young adult issues and stress management. In addition, I have an interest and a special place in my heart for trauma and assisting those attempting to overcome it.
(915) 221-7750 View (915) 221-7750
Photo of Steve Reynolds, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Steve Reynolds
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79924  (Online Only)
I work primarily as a social worker, in which I support parents and their children, provide them with resources, and help them be successful in any way that they may need. When working with new families, we start by asking three basic questions: - What is working well? What are you currently worried about? What needs to change? I approach counseling in very much the same way.
I work primarily as a social worker, in which I support parents and their children, provide them with resources, and help them be successful in any way that they may need. When working with new families, we start by asking three basic questions: - What is working well? What are you currently worried about? What needs to change? I approach counseling in very much the same way.
(210) 981-4404 View (210) 981-4404
Photo of Michael J. Gately, LCSW, LMFT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michael J. Gately
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79902
I am Michael J. Gately LMFT, LCSW. I like to approach my work with every client as a journey of exploration and healing. I encourage people to develop and refine their unique self by building bridges toward their desired future. I focus on opening up possibilities and shutting down restrictive and limiting self-judgments. I also have special interests in developing creativity and connecting with spirituality. I am also interested in mind-body issues.
I am Michael J. Gately LMFT, LCSW. I like to approach my work with every client as a journey of exploration and healing. I encourage people to develop and refine their unique self by building bridges toward their desired future. I focus on opening up possibilities and shutting down restrictive and limiting self-judgments. I also have special interests in developing creativity and connecting with spirituality. I am also interested in mind-body issues.
(915) 996-1901 View (915) 996-1901
Photo of Cristina Robledo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cristina Robledo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79928  (Online Only)
Hi! I am glad you are taking this first HUGE step towards improving your mental health! Therapy is a journey in which you are the expert on the road to self-discovery and empowerment. Whether you're facing life transitions, relationship challenges, anxiety, depression, or seeking personal growth, I'm here to support and guide you. We will explore your strengths, values, and goals, to work toward achieving YOUR goals.
Hi! I am glad you are taking this first HUGE step towards improving your mental health! Therapy is a journey in which you are the expert on the road to self-discovery and empowerment. Whether you're facing life transitions, relationship challenges, anxiety, depression, or seeking personal growth, I'm here to support and guide you. We will explore your strengths, values, and goals, to work toward achieving YOUR goals.
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Photo of Courtney Adcox - Adcox Behavioral Health PLLC, LCSW-S, CCHT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Adcox Behavioral Health PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, CCHT
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79938  (Online Only)
Welcome! My name is Courtney Adcox and as a mental health therapist and clinical hypnotherapist, people seek out to work with me for a variety of reasons. I am trained in treating common mental health symptoms such as anxiety, stress, depression, and mood disorders. In addition, I specialize in hypnotherapy to focus on trauma, smoking cessation, sleep disorders, weight loss, and phobias. I can help you by bringing a surplus of experience and a non-judgmental attitude with the upmost positive regard for your situation. Contact me so you can start living the life of your dreams on your terms!
Welcome! My name is Courtney Adcox and as a mental health therapist and clinical hypnotherapist, people seek out to work with me for a variety of reasons. I am trained in treating common mental health symptoms such as anxiety, stress, depression, and mood disorders. In addition, I specialize in hypnotherapy to focus on trauma, smoking cessation, sleep disorders, weight loss, and phobias. I can help you by bringing a surplus of experience and a non-judgmental attitude with the upmost positive regard for your situation. Contact me so you can start living the life of your dreams on your terms!
(915) 666-3664 View (915) 666-3664
Photo of Diana Elizabeth Najera, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Diana Elizabeth Najera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
El Paso, TX 79936  (Online Only)
Online therapy for teens and adults! Everyone needs someone to talk to and I want to be that person for you. I can provide you tools, techniques and strategies on how to better navigate your anxiety, depression, grief or just everyday life stressors. I dedicate myself to creating a safe and welcoming environment where you can feel understood and valued.
Online therapy for teens and adults! Everyone needs someone to talk to and I want to be that person for you. I can provide you tools, techniques and strategies on how to better navigate your anxiety, depression, grief or just everyday life stressors. I dedicate myself to creating a safe and welcoming environment where you can feel understood and valued.
(915) 975-7900 View (915) 975-7900
Photo of Sharon Choi, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sharon Choi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79901  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Sharon, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Texas, with over ten years of experience. I hold both Master’s and Doctoral degrees from the University of Texas. I understand that everyone's journey is unique, and I am committed to working collaboratively with you to develop personalized strategies that effectively address your specific needs and challenges.
Hello, I'm Sharon, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Texas, with over ten years of experience. I hold both Master’s and Doctoral degrees from the University of Texas. I understand that everyone's journey is unique, and I am committed to working collaboratively with you to develop personalized strategies that effectively address your specific needs and challenges.
(915) 277-7869 View (915) 277-7869
Photo of Jacquelyne Cisneros, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jacquelyne Cisneros
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79912  (Online Only)
Hi there, I'm Jacquelyne. Do you feel a loss of control in your life? Are you overwhelmed and find difficulty finding motivation? Do you think of the past and future often? I empower people to find a balance in their life while continuing to take care of their own needs. I love to challenge thoughts and core beliefs, which can be the root of your struggles.
Hi there, I'm Jacquelyne. Do you feel a loss of control in your life? Are you overwhelmed and find difficulty finding motivation? Do you think of the past and future often? I empower people to find a balance in their life while continuing to take care of their own needs. I love to challenge thoughts and core beliefs, which can be the root of your struggles.
(915) 900-7585 View (915) 900-7585
Photo of Vanessa Bretado-Monroy, LPC, CCATP, LPCC, CART, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Vanessa Bretado-Monroy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCATP, LPCC, CART, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
El Paso, TX 79936
Often times we find ourselves trying to cope with life the only way we know how, by using the same coping skills we have before. If you're contemplating reaching out for help because you have exhausted all of your resources, let me help you-let's connect! If you are looking for a non-judgmental environment where you can express yourself freely, you have come to the right place. Together we can identify the issues, explore options, and help guide you to find the best solution.
Often times we find ourselves trying to cope with life the only way we know how, by using the same coping skills we have before. If you're contemplating reaching out for help because you have exhausted all of your resources, let me help you-let's connect! If you are looking for a non-judgmental environment where you can express yourself freely, you have come to the right place. Together we can identify the issues, explore options, and help guide you to find the best solution.
(915) 221-7589 View (915) 221-7589
Photo of Lizet Lopez-Longoria - Balanced Therapy Center, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Balanced Therapy Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
El Paso, TX 79907
Our mission at Balanced Therapy Center is to provide quality counseling services to individuals and families living in Texas. Lizet Lopez- Longoria works with children, adolescents, and adults. She creates a non-judgment supportive environment to help identify what your needs are. Call and take the first step to restore your life! If you or a loved one is seeking counseling services in Texas, Balanced Therapy Center is here to help. Our compassionate therapist, Lizet Lopez-Longoria, specializes in working with individuals of all ages and strives to create a safe and supportive environment. With Lizet's guidance, you can identify
Our mission at Balanced Therapy Center is to provide quality counseling services to individuals and families living in Texas. Lizet Lopez- Longoria works with children, adolescents, and adults. She creates a non-judgment supportive environment to help identify what your needs are. Call and take the first step to restore your life! If you or a loved one is seeking counseling services in Texas, Balanced Therapy Center is here to help. Our compassionate therapist, Lizet Lopez-Longoria, specializes in working with individuals of all ages and strives to create a safe and supportive environment. With Lizet's guidance, you can identify
(915) 223-5710 View (915) 223-5710
Photo of Elda Stepp, PhD, LPC, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Elda Stepp
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LPCC
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79936
What is happiness? Happiness is the most common human necessity. As a world community, individually, we strive to reach a sense of happiness in our everyday lives: careers, family, community, and so forth. However, it may seem at times that it is far from our reach, and emotional distress starts to take over. Furthermore, happiness comes from individual needs, wants, and love. Being able to search within and define what your happiness means and what your needs are is my mission as your future therapist. I will guide and help you sort, understand, empathize, and empower you through this journey for your pursuit of happiness.
What is happiness? Happiness is the most common human necessity. As a world community, individually, we strive to reach a sense of happiness in our everyday lives: careers, family, community, and so forth. However, it may seem at times that it is far from our reach, and emotional distress starts to take over. Furthermore, happiness comes from individual needs, wants, and love. Being able to search within and define what your happiness means and what your needs are is my mission as your future therapist. I will guide and help you sort, understand, empathize, and empower you through this journey for your pursuit of happiness.
(915) 284-5829 View (915) 284-5829
Photo of Yomaira Rodriguez - Corazón Therapy Services, PLLC , MS, LPC, LCDC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Corazón Therapy Services, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79902
My name is Yomaira Rodríguez and I am a Therapist with Corazón Therapy Services, PLLC. Life can be beautiful but sometimes comes with unexpected challenges that could be difficult to handle. Having issues in your relationship may make you feel anxious; struggling at work or school can make you feel overwhelmed; the death of a loved one can bring feelings of emptiness and grief. Starting therapy could help you develop a new perspective, find peace in life and make you feel in control.
My name is Yomaira Rodríguez and I am a Therapist with Corazón Therapy Services, PLLC. Life can be beautiful but sometimes comes with unexpected challenges that could be difficult to handle. Having issues in your relationship may make you feel anxious; struggling at work or school can make you feel overwhelmed; the death of a loved one can bring feelings of emptiness and grief. Starting therapy could help you develop a new perspective, find peace in life and make you feel in control.
(915) 900-8275 View (915) 900-8275
Photo of Zachary Durham, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Zachary Durham
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
El Paso, TX 79907
Welcome! My name is Zachary Durham, M.S. and I am Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas. I have been an active counselor for the past 15 years and have specialized in marriage and family therapy for most of my career. My areas of focus include anxiety, coping skills, depression, family conflict, stress, relationship issues, trauma and PTSD, and self esteem, amongst others. I have also worked in the hospital setting for 12 years and specialized in brain injury recovery and grief therapy.
Welcome! My name is Zachary Durham, M.S. and I am Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas. I have been an active counselor for the past 15 years and have specialized in marriage and family therapy for most of my career. My areas of focus include anxiety, coping skills, depression, family conflict, stress, relationship issues, trauma and PTSD, and self esteem, amongst others. I have also worked in the hospital setting for 12 years and specialized in brain injury recovery and grief therapy.
(737) 377-6128 View (737) 377-6128
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in El Paso County, TX

600+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in El Paso County, TX who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
87% Depression
72% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
67% Trauma and PTSD
59% Grief
57% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Cigna and Evernorth
85% Aetna
84% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in El Paso County, TX see their clients

60% Online Only
40% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in El Paso County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.