Hispanic and Latino Therapists in Duncanville, TX

Photo of Idalie Correa - Correa Counseling & Consulting, PLLC, PsyM, LPA, Psychological Associate
Correa Counseling & Consulting, PLLC
Psychological Associate, PsyM, LPA
Verified Verified
Duncanville, TX 75137
Do you feel lost, discounted, broken, or unheard? Does your family feel disconnected or has it grown or changed and you're not sure what to do? Correa Counseling and Consulting offers a safe place to process your feelings and life experiences. We strive to serve our diverse DFW community and therapeutic services are offered in English and Spanish. Correa Counseling and Consulting assists individuals and families experiencing issues related to but not limited to unresolved trauma, anxiety, depression, as well as clients adjusting to a life altering event such as divorce, death of a loved one, empty-nester, or new to parenting.
Do you feel lost, discounted, broken, or unheard? Does your family feel disconnected or has it grown or changed and you're not sure what to do? Correa Counseling and Consulting offers a safe place to process your feelings and life experiences. We strive to serve our diverse DFW community and therapeutic services are offered in English and Spanish. Correa Counseling and Consulting assists individuals and families experiencing issues related to but not limited to unresolved trauma, anxiety, depression, as well as clients adjusting to a life altering event such as divorce, death of a loved one, empty-nester, or new to parenting.
(214) 915-2765 View (214) 915-2765
Photo of Dr. Cheryl Young- Hamilton, LPC-S, NCC, RPT-S, IPT-CST, CAMS-II, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Cheryl Young- Hamilton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, NCC, RPT-S, IPT-CST, CAMS-II
Verified Verified
Duncanville, TX 75116
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor and Registered Play Therapist Supervisor. I hold a Doctoral degree in Community Care and Counseling with an emphasis on Marriage and Family Counseling and a Master of Arts degree in Counseling from Dallas Baptist University. My certifications include Play Therapy, Clinical ADHD Specialist, Certified Anger Management Specialist, and Certified Infant Massage Specialist.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor and Registered Play Therapist Supervisor. I hold a Doctoral degree in Community Care and Counseling with an emphasis on Marriage and Family Counseling and a Master of Arts degree in Counseling from Dallas Baptist University. My certifications include Play Therapy, Clinical ADHD Specialist, Certified Anger Management Specialist, and Certified Infant Massage Specialist.
(972) 441-7186 View (972) 441-7186
Photo of Armando Hernandez, MMFT, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Armando Hernandez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MMFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Duncanville, TX 75116
I like to meet my clients where they are in life in a safe, non-judgmental atmosphere. I utilize a variety of approaches that best fit their needs integrating mind, body and spirit. I have a strong Christian background that has enabled me to work with people of all walks of life in a compassionate way to help them overcome their life difficulties and instill hope that things can get better. Because of my own personal spiritual walk and experience, I feel very comfortable in providing faith-based pastoral counseling and spiritual guidance when asked to do so.
I like to meet my clients where they are in life in a safe, non-judgmental atmosphere. I utilize a variety of approaches that best fit their needs integrating mind, body and spirit. I have a strong Christian background that has enabled me to work with people of all walks of life in a compassionate way to help them overcome their life difficulties and instill hope that things can get better. Because of my own personal spiritual walk and experience, I feel very comfortable in providing faith-based pastoral counseling and spiritual guidance when asked to do so.
(469) 530-3278 View (469) 530-3278
Photo of Dr. Dominique Dor, MA, LPC-S,, PhD, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Dominique Dor
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S,, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Duncanville, TX 75116
Ever feel like adulting came out of nowhere and hit you like a ton of bricks? Dr. Dor's Life Skills concept can move you from surviving to thriving in life. Dr. Dor is a highly skilled, compassionate, empathetic, and solutions-oriented Psychotherapist. She is dedicated to providing exceptional care and implementing effective treatment plans for clients. She has a demonstrated track record of success working with diverse client populations in group settings, one-on-one, workshop training, and seminar speaking. Dr. Dor is an effective motivator and communicator.
Ever feel like adulting came out of nowhere and hit you like a ton of bricks? Dr. Dor's Life Skills concept can move you from surviving to thriving in life. Dr. Dor is a highly skilled, compassionate, empathetic, and solutions-oriented Psychotherapist. She is dedicated to providing exceptional care and implementing effective treatment plans for clients. She has a demonstrated track record of success working with diverse client populations in group settings, one-on-one, workshop training, and seminar speaking. Dr. Dor is an effective motivator and communicator.
(972) 701-3393 View (972) 701-3393
Photo of Michael Clark, MEd, LPC-A
Michael Clark
LPC Associate, MEd, LPC-A
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Duncanville, TX 75116
Having to be strong, tough, and on all the time can be draining. Compound all of that with having to do it while hiding your emotions can be doubly stressful. Black men are raised to be resilient and silent, to take what life throws at you without complaining “Just Man Up!”. Being raised to be strong was the message. Weakness is not to be shown or felt. Now when you’re upset or overwhelmed you have nowhere to turn for help.
Having to be strong, tough, and on all the time can be draining. Compound all of that with having to do it while hiding your emotions can be doubly stressful. Black men are raised to be resilient and silent, to take what life throws at you without complaining “Just Man Up!”. Being raised to be strong was the message. Weakness is not to be shown or felt. Now when you’re upset or overwhelmed you have nowhere to turn for help.
(832) 864-9330 View (832) 864-9330
Photo of Aja Riley Bennett - Jubilee Holistic Counseling & Consulting LLC, LCSW, CEAP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jubilee Holistic Counseling & Consulting LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEAP
Verified Verified
Duncanville, TX 75137  (Online Only)
I'm a compassionate mental health therapist driven to help others overcome personal obstacles & learn to accept and love their genuine selves. I believe you are the expert on your life. My role is to work collaboratively with you and provide the support, validation and assistance you need to reach your personal goals. This includes creating a therapeutic environment where you can feel safe and emotionally supported to engage in the work of healing.
I'm a compassionate mental health therapist driven to help others overcome personal obstacles & learn to accept and love their genuine selves. I believe you are the expert on your life. My role is to work collaboratively with you and provide the support, validation and assistance you need to reach your personal goals. This includes creating a therapeutic environment where you can feel safe and emotionally supported to engage in the work of healing.
(503) 610-4327 View (503) 610-4327
Photo of Cynthia Sanchez, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Cynthia Sanchez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Duncanville, TX 75116
Cynthia loves working with children, tweens, teens, and young adults by creating a fun and creative space to express their unique individual identities. Cynthia strives to create a warm, welcoming, and non-judgmental environment for the clients she serves. Cynthia hopes to establish a collaborative relationship not only with her child and adolescent clients, but also with their parents to create a loving, positive, and healthy family system in the household. Cynthia strives to help her clients increase their self-esteem and helping them overcome obstacles and identify strengths and goals to become resilient in future challenges.
Cynthia loves working with children, tweens, teens, and young adults by creating a fun and creative space to express their unique individual identities. Cynthia strives to create a warm, welcoming, and non-judgmental environment for the clients she serves. Cynthia hopes to establish a collaborative relationship not only with her child and adolescent clients, but also with their parents to create a loving, positive, and healthy family system in the household. Cynthia strives to help her clients increase their self-esteem and helping them overcome obstacles and identify strengths and goals to become resilient in future challenges.
(214) 380-3713 View (214) 380-3713
Photo of Nubia K Ballesteros, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nubia K Ballesteros
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Duncanville, TX 75137
You know there is something wrong yet you can't point it out. You feel lost and you feel like you are drowning with no escape. You want to feel better so you are searching the internet looking for answers and help, yet, you may feel anxious or stressed about having to start all over again on the life you worked so hard and dreamed of. You have memories of a once happy life and now you feel it is crumbling down and it is out of your control and you are saddened because you have invested so much. Your life doesn't feel the same and there is not enough energy or connection to repair the caused damages.
You know there is something wrong yet you can't point it out. You feel lost and you feel like you are drowning with no escape. You want to feel better so you are searching the internet looking for answers and help, yet, you may feel anxious or stressed about having to start all over again on the life you worked so hard and dreamed of. You have memories of a once happy life and now you feel it is crumbling down and it is out of your control and you are saddened because you have invested so much. Your life doesn't feel the same and there is not enough energy or connection to repair the caused damages.
(214) 225-6760 View (214) 225-6760
Photo of Christina Brannon, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christina Brannon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Duncanville, TX 75116
Is intimacy lost or fading in your relationship? Do you find it hard to communicate with your partner? Is marriage or divorce a topic of conversation? Is it hard for you to set boundaries? Are you ready to make the necessary changes no matter how uncomfortable it may be to better yourself for the relationship? If you find yourself answering yes then you are exactly where you need to be. My goal is to help you recalibrate your emotional and mental state to one that you are proud of. I am here to guide you to a space of peace, respect, value, understanding, and love for yourself and your partner.
Is intimacy lost or fading in your relationship? Do you find it hard to communicate with your partner? Is marriage or divorce a topic of conversation? Is it hard for you to set boundaries? Are you ready to make the necessary changes no matter how uncomfortable it may be to better yourself for the relationship? If you find yourself answering yes then you are exactly where you need to be. My goal is to help you recalibrate your emotional and mental state to one that you are proud of. I am here to guide you to a space of peace, respect, value, understanding, and love for yourself and your partner.
(469) 663-9858 View (469) 663-9858
Photo of Chasity Williams, LCSW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chasity Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Duncanville, TX 75116  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Congratulations! You took the biggest step for yourself……the decision to seek help and support. That is not easy and you should be proud of yourself for doing this for YOU. If you have never done therapy before it can seem intimidating. For many people there may be positive and negative messages from society or your own culture about what it means to seek mental health support. I create a safe space for you to begin to unpack some of the emotional baggage that you have been carrying everyday. I bring my authentic self to each session so that you can also feel comfortable to be authentic and real with me.
Congratulations! You took the biggest step for yourself……the decision to seek help and support. That is not easy and you should be proud of yourself for doing this for YOU. If you have never done therapy before it can seem intimidating. For many people there may be positive and negative messages from society or your own culture about what it means to seek mental health support. I create a safe space for you to begin to unpack some of the emotional baggage that you have been carrying everyday. I bring my authentic self to each session so that you can also feel comfortable to be authentic and real with me.
(512) 883-8349 View (512) 883-8349

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Raisa Núñez, MS, LMFT A, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Raisa Núñez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, LMFT A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75208
Experiencing life as an Afro-Latina and Dominican American, I am passionate about providing services to individuals and couples in BIPOC, Latinx, and LGBTQ+ communities.
Maybe you’re feeling down, overwhelmed, anxious, stressed, or maybe you don’t have the words for what you are feeling. I believe everyone goes through challenges at one point or another – I am here to help you navigate through those challenges and support you showing up as your authentic self. I work with individuals, couples and families (chosen/blood).
Experiencing life as an Afro-Latina and Dominican American, I am passionate about providing services to individuals and couples in BIPOC, Latinx, and LGBTQ+ communities.
Maybe you’re feeling down, overwhelmed, anxious, stressed, or maybe you don’t have the words for what you are feeling. I believe everyone goes through challenges at one point or another – I am here to help you navigate through those challenges and support you showing up as your authentic self. I work with individuals, couples and families (chosen/blood).
View
Photo of Amy E Nickerson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy E Nickerson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Desoto, TX 75115
Hello! I'm Amy Nickerson and I am a licensed clinical social worker and trauma informed psychotherapist specializing in adolescents ages 12 and up and adults of all ages seeking treatment in some of their most challenging moments in their lives. I have spent 20 years as a helping professional including hospital social worker, Mental health first responder, and psychiatric facility therapist. I hold a B.S. in Psychology and MSW from Our Lady of the Lake University with specialization in Hispanic/Latinx children and families. Common diagnoses treated include Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Anxiety, Depression, and adjustment disorders.
Hello! I'm Amy Nickerson and I am a licensed clinical social worker and trauma informed psychotherapist specializing in adolescents ages 12 and up and adults of all ages seeking treatment in some of their most challenging moments in their lives. I have spent 20 years as a helping professional including hospital social worker, Mental health first responder, and psychiatric facility therapist. I hold a B.S. in Psychology and MSW from Our Lady of the Lake University with specialization in Hispanic/Latinx children and families. Common diagnoses treated include Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Anxiety, Depression, and adjustment disorders.
(469) 689-9120 View (469) 689-9120
Photo of Zaira Miller, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Zaira Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75211
As an immigrant myself, I am aware and understand the complexities that the Hispanic community experiences in the USA.
I am a bilingual counselor who specializes on helping clients who suffer from anxiety, depression, relationship problems, and/or history of trauma. Do you have communication problems in your relationship? Do you wonder if there is anything you can do (or if you should even try) to save your relationship? Do you struggle with anxiety? Is your excessive worrying getting in the way of enjoying your life? Do have trouble engaging in activities you used to enjoy? Are you isolating, leaving you feeling lonely, or sad? Did you have a difficult childhood or experienced a traumatic event and it's affecting your current life or relationships?
As an immigrant myself, I am aware and understand the complexities that the Hispanic community experiences in the USA.
I am a bilingual counselor who specializes on helping clients who suffer from anxiety, depression, relationship problems, and/or history of trauma. Do you have communication problems in your relationship? Do you wonder if there is anything you can do (or if you should even try) to save your relationship? Do you struggle with anxiety? Is your excessive worrying getting in the way of enjoying your life? Do have trouble engaging in activities you used to enjoy? Are you isolating, leaving you feeling lonely, or sad? Did you have a difficult childhood or experienced a traumatic event and it's affecting your current life or relationships?
(817) 670-9724 View (817) 670-9724
Photo of Tricilla Ceballos, MA, LPC-A
Tricilla Ceballos
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Red Oak, TX 75154
She focuses on promoting Mental Wellness within the Latino Community.
Tricilla is knowledgeable in adverse childhood experiences and how they affect the mind and body. She has experience working with troubled teens in the juvenile system as well as in the foster care system. Her passion is helping children through their trauma.
She focuses on promoting Mental Wellness within the Latino Community.
Tricilla is knowledgeable in adverse childhood experiences and how they affect the mind and body. She has experience working with troubled teens in the juvenile system as well as in the foster care system. Her passion is helping children through their trauma.
(469) 972-8913 View (469) 972-8913
Photo of Zahira Melendez - Zahira Melendez - Austin Texas EMDR Intensives, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Zahira Melendez - Austin Texas EMDR Intensives
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75211  (Online Only)
I serve diverse clients, including BIPOC, Latinx, and Spanish-speaking communities.
You have experienced a single-incident shock trauma—a sudden, intense event like a car accident, medical/birth trauma, assault, or witnessing these events—and your world has turned upside down. You're experiencing acute stress, panic attacks, or PTSD symptoms, making daily life overwhelming. The distress is so intense that it feels like you're constantly on edge, unable to relax. You might be replaying the memory, unable to sleep, feeling dysregulated, and even isolated. You don't feel like yourself, and despite your efforts, it's hard to function and show up the way you want. You want to get your life back and find relief fast!
I serve diverse clients, including BIPOC, Latinx, and Spanish-speaking communities.
You have experienced a single-incident shock trauma—a sudden, intense event like a car accident, medical/birth trauma, assault, or witnessing these events—and your world has turned upside down. You're experiencing acute stress, panic attacks, or PTSD symptoms, making daily life overwhelming. The distress is so intense that it feels like you're constantly on edge, unable to relax. You might be replaying the memory, unable to sleep, feeling dysregulated, and even isolated. You don't feel like yourself, and despite your efforts, it's hard to function and show up the way you want. You want to get your life back and find relief fast!
(512) 957-3360 View (512) 957-3360
Photo of Latasha Hayes, MEd, Pre-Licensed Professional
Latasha Hayes
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75203  (Online Only)
For over 20 years, I have helped children, families, couples and members of the LGBTQIA+ community learn to be curious with themselves and navigate the journey to healing. I look forward to helping those with anxiety, relationship challenges, anger, life transitions and trauma by using an understanding approach that helps you to feel heard and valued. By providing a supportive and welcoming environment, I help my clients to be their most authentic selves, by learning to give themselves grace and appreciate the power of forgiveness.
For over 20 years, I have helped children, families, couples and members of the LGBTQIA+ community learn to be curious with themselves and navigate the journey to healing. I look forward to helping those with anxiety, relationship challenges, anger, life transitions and trauma by using an understanding approach that helps you to feel heard and valued. By providing a supportive and welcoming environment, I help my clients to be their most authentic selves, by learning to give themselves grace and appreciate the power of forgiveness.
(215) 798-5549 View (215) 798-5549
Photo of Clara N. Aragon - Living Well Family and Child Institute, PhD, MS LPC, MS Ed,, BS Ed,, Licensed Professional Counselor
Living Well Family and Child Institute
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MS LPC, MS Ed,, BS Ed,
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75208
Enjoy counseling while experiencing a natural outdoor atmosphere or in-office setting. Dr. Aragon has 20 years of experience in Academic Teaching/Research and 15 years in Educational and Family counseling. My specialty involves court appointed Child Custody Evaluations, Adoptions, weight-loss management, Chronic Pain, and family relationships (e.g., couples, youth/adolescences and young adulthood). Therapy is engaged with a primary focus on generational trauma, anxiety, depression communication styles, Identity/Self-Esteem, and intimate re-engagement after chronic illness (e.g., Alzheimer's, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, etc.)
Enjoy counseling while experiencing a natural outdoor atmosphere or in-office setting. Dr. Aragon has 20 years of experience in Academic Teaching/Research and 15 years in Educational and Family counseling. My specialty involves court appointed Child Custody Evaluations, Adoptions, weight-loss management, Chronic Pain, and family relationships (e.g., couples, youth/adolescences and young adulthood). Therapy is engaged with a primary focus on generational trauma, anxiety, depression communication styles, Identity/Self-Esteem, and intimate re-engagement after chronic illness (e.g., Alzheimer's, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, etc.)
(214) 628-7225 View (214) 628-7225
Photo of Dr. Joanne Isabela Bernal Franks, LPC-S, PhD, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Joanne Isabela Bernal Franks
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75224
Many of my clients are looking for a safe, warm space to fully express themselves and work through their struggles. We will work together to instill hope and help you move forward. I provide a safe, accepting, supportive environment that assists clients in exploring steps toward healing and growth. I welcome you to explore growth and healing with me. I work to bring hope, wholeness and acceptance to my clients.
Many of my clients are looking for a safe, warm space to fully express themselves and work through their struggles. We will work together to instill hope and help you move forward. I provide a safe, accepting, supportive environment that assists clients in exploring steps toward healing and growth. I welcome you to explore growth and healing with me. I work to bring hope, wholeness and acceptance to my clients.
(817) 934-4358 View (817) 934-4358
Photo of Andrea L. Powell, LMSW
Andrea L. Powell
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Desoto, TX 75115
I am a licensed social worker and have worked in the field of social work for over 18 years. I am a woman with lived experience surrounding neglect, trauma, divorce, motherhood, grief, failure, triumph, hiccups, mistakes, self-doubt, anxiety, depression, you name it. I am a true believer in giving grace to yourself and meeting yourself where you are. I am a Christian and will incorporate biblical principles in sessions if clients ask me to do so, however this is not the case for most of my clients. I am here to provide a judgement free space to support my clients as they walk through the challenges they are faced with.
I am a licensed social worker and have worked in the field of social work for over 18 years. I am a woman with lived experience surrounding neglect, trauma, divorce, motherhood, grief, failure, triumph, hiccups, mistakes, self-doubt, anxiety, depression, you name it. I am a true believer in giving grace to yourself and meeting yourself where you are. I am a Christian and will incorporate biblical principles in sessions if clients ask me to do so, however this is not the case for most of my clients. I am here to provide a judgement free space to support my clients as they walk through the challenges they are faced with.
(469) 972-6707 View (469) 972-6707
Photo of Ida Ramos, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ida Ramos
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Grand Prairie, TX 75051  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a licensed professional counselor with nine years of counseling individuals and couples. I specialize in anger management, anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD, and emotional disturbance. I work with various modalities that cater to each individual’s needs, such as CBT, Motivational Interviewing, EMDR, Solution-focused, and more. I believe outstanding achievements come with excellent communication. Our partnership will help you understand yourself, why you feel the way you do, and how to make the changes you desire.
Hello! I am a licensed professional counselor with nine years of counseling individuals and couples. I specialize in anger management, anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD, and emotional disturbance. I work with various modalities that cater to each individual’s needs, such as CBT, Motivational Interviewing, EMDR, Solution-focused, and more. I believe outstanding achievements come with excellent communication. Our partnership will help you understand yourself, why you feel the way you do, and how to make the changes you desire.
(346) 483-3982 View (346) 483-3982

Hispanic and Latino Therapists

What makes a Hispanic and Latino therapist effective?

An effective Hispanic and Latino therapist can combine a culturally sensitive lens with proven therapies, such as Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). They may have an understanding of cultural attitudes to therapy, including potential stigma, and can help a client navigate those concerns. Some clients may also appreciate a therapist who is bilingual and is comfortable conversing with the client in both English and Spanish. Languages spoken are indicated on a therapist’s directory profile.

Why is it important for a therapist to be culturally sensitive?

A culturally sensitive therapist is respectful and considerate of all groups, and may have specific expertise with individuals of a certain ethnicity. These considerations can help a client feel understood and can improve the therapeutic alliance. While some people think highlighting race and ethnicity could promote stereotypes and bias, most agree that knowledge about cultural differences enhances the alliance between therapist and client.

How can I recognize a therapist who has expertise working with Hispanic and Latino clients?

Successful therapy depends a great deal on the relationship between client and therapist. Start by asking the therapist about their overall approach to therapy. You may then wish to ask about the therapist’s educational background and any additional training in cultural sensitivity that they have undertaken.

How might I inquire about a therapist's experience with Hispanic and Latino clients?

Ask a potential therapist whether they've worked with individuals who share this background or whether they’ve worked in these communities. If so, you may wish to ask them to elaborate on ways that they feel especially prepared to work with Hispanic and Latino clients. If they have not worked with such clients, they may know someone who has and be able to make a referral.

Who is included in Psychology Today’s directory of Hispanic and Latino therapists?

The directory of Hispanic and Latino therapists includes providers who have identified their ethnicity in their profiles. Psychology Today uses this information to assist clients in finding a therapist who can provide a cultural match. However, not all therapists choose to disclose their ethnicity in their profiles, and they may not appear in search results for this reason. When the number of therapists near you who identify as Hispanic and Latino is limited, the directory will also show therapists with comprehensive experience working with clients from relevant backgrounds.