Therapists in Cooke County, TX

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Photo of Deborah C. Reed, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Deborah C. Reed
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Gainesville, TX 76240  (Online Only)
Currently accepting daytime appointments only. Evenings are full. Life happens and change happens, whether we want it to or not, and sometimes we need some support and guidance to weather these changes. I act as a professional guide through those rough times. Through therapy, change can become an exciting, growth provoking process that creates stronger relationships. My motto has always been "Many roads lead to recovery". It is of utmost importance that all clients be educated, empowered, and make informed choices about the next step in their lives.
Currently accepting daytime appointments only. Evenings are full. Life happens and change happens, whether we want it to or not, and sometimes we need some support and guidance to weather these changes. I act as a professional guide through those rough times. Through therapy, change can become an exciting, growth provoking process that creates stronger relationships. My motto has always been "Many roads lead to recovery". It is of utmost importance that all clients be educated, empowered, and make informed choices about the next step in their lives.
(918) 992-2213 View (918) 992-2213
Photo of Lindsey Jones - Through the Woods Counseling of North Texas, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Through the Woods Counseling of North Texas
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, TX 76240
The way in which we cope with the world is greatly influenced by the way in which we see the world. Therapy can be a safe, non-judgmental space to explore opportunities for change, recognize our strengths, and navigate challenges in our lives. My role as a counselor is to advocate and provide support for clients who are seeking growth, change, and well-being in their lives. I enjoy working with children, adults, and families as they process and heal from trauma while learning more effective coping skills, healthier communication skills and boundaries, and working towards a happier and healthier version of themselves.
The way in which we cope with the world is greatly influenced by the way in which we see the world. Therapy can be a safe, non-judgmental space to explore opportunities for change, recognize our strengths, and navigate challenges in our lives. My role as a counselor is to advocate and provide support for clients who are seeking growth, change, and well-being in their lives. I enjoy working with children, adults, and families as they process and heal from trauma while learning more effective coping skills, healthier communication skills and boundaries, and working towards a happier and healthier version of themselves.
(940) 373-6779 View (940) 373-6779
Photo of Kelly Maney, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelly Maney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Valley View, TX 76272
Coping the best way you know works during a crisis but it is not a healthy way to live. Depression, anxiety and other mental/emotional issues is a symptom to a deeper issues hidden within. Finding someone who understands you and can help you find a way out is essential to ending the suffering you are experiencing.
Coping the best way you know works during a crisis but it is not a healthy way to live. Depression, anxiety and other mental/emotional issues is a symptom to a deeper issues hidden within. Finding someone who understands you and can help you find a way out is essential to ending the suffering you are experiencing.
(940) 412-9768 View (940) 412-9768
Photo of Suzanne Elizabeth Wheeler, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Suzanne Elizabeth Wheeler
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Gainesville, TX 76240
Hello I am Suzanne E. Wheeler, M.S., LPC. I am a dedicated and compassionate Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with a Masters of Science degree in Counseling. I have a profound commitment to help individuals navigate and improve their mental health challenges. I treat depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship issues, and impulse control problems. My personal hope is to help my clients regain control of their present life in order to reach their future goals. People have the ability to regain control of their personal challenges to be happy and have a productive life. With desire and dedication most anything is obtainable..
Hello I am Suzanne E. Wheeler, M.S., LPC. I am a dedicated and compassionate Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with a Masters of Science degree in Counseling. I have a profound commitment to help individuals navigate and improve their mental health challenges. I treat depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship issues, and impulse control problems. My personal hope is to help my clients regain control of their present life in order to reach their future goals. People have the ability to regain control of their personal challenges to be happy and have a productive life. With desire and dedication most anything is obtainable..
(940) 461-7380 View (940) 461-7380
Photo of Shana Avery, LMFTA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Shana Avery
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Muenster, TX 76252  (Online Only)
Choosing to seek outside support is not an easy step, but one that shows great courage and strength. We each carry our own experiences that are shaped by our families, our social and cultural identities, as well as our own internal values and goals. But let’s talk real for a second, being human in a perfectionist world is not an easy walk. Life experiences can bring challenges where we begin to feel disconnected from others, ourselves, and even from our experiences. I come from a perfectionistic background where my sense of grace was given to others, but not to myself. I understand the struggle of self-esteem issues, and depression.
Choosing to seek outside support is not an easy step, but one that shows great courage and strength. We each carry our own experiences that are shaped by our families, our social and cultural identities, as well as our own internal values and goals. But let’s talk real for a second, being human in a perfectionist world is not an easy walk. Life experiences can bring challenges where we begin to feel disconnected from others, ourselves, and even from our experiences. I come from a perfectionistic background where my sense of grace was given to others, but not to myself. I understand the struggle of self-esteem issues, and depression.
(972) 737-1486 View (972) 737-1486
Photo of Denise Anderson - Adsum Counseling, LLC, PhD, LPC, LMHC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Adsum Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Gainesville, TX 76240
Not accepting new clients
I am committed to helping men, women, and children learn how to cope with anxiety or depression, learn healthier communication skills and boundaries, process and heal from traumatic events, and build healthier relationships within marriages or family units. My work focuses on targeting ineffective behaviors, habits, and beliefs around decision making, as well as reconnecting with personal interests impacted by depression, trauma, and anxiety symptoms.
I am committed to helping men, women, and children learn how to cope with anxiety or depression, learn healthier communication skills and boundaries, process and heal from traumatic events, and build healthier relationships within marriages or family units. My work focuses on targeting ineffective behaviors, habits, and beliefs around decision making, as well as reconnecting with personal interests impacted by depression, trauma, and anxiety symptoms.
(940) 326-5821 View (940) 326-5821
Photo of Timothy M Lane - Timothy M. Lane, Ph.D., PLLC, PhD, Psychologist
Timothy M. Lane, Ph.D., PLLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Era, TX 76238  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
With mixed feelings, I am retiring from the world's best job. But I am looking forward to great things. My retirement from my Roanoke, TX private practice is effective late May, 2024. Former clients may contact me if needed through the email or phone number listed and I will leave my website up with my contact information. I was not able to contact clients directly whom I haven't see in over 6 months. If I haven't spoken with you about my retirement, please know I wish you the very best and honor our work together. Be well. Dr. Lane
With mixed feelings, I am retiring from the world's best job. But I am looking forward to great things. My retirement from my Roanoke, TX private practice is effective late May, 2024. Former clients may contact me if needed through the email or phone number listed and I will leave my website up with my contact information. I was not able to contact clients directly whom I haven't see in over 6 months. If I haven't spoken with you about my retirement, please know I wish you the very best and honor our work together. Be well. Dr. Lane
(940) 539-9266 View (940) 539-9266
Photo of Kerri Kennedy-Reiter, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kerri Kennedy-Reiter
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Muenster, TX 76252
Are you a woman or mom going through a difficult life transition? Does your pain from past experiences interfere with you having a fulfilling life or being the healthiest you? Is your teen or child struggling with school or having trouble with peers or low self-esteem and anxiety? Start the healing process today and discover how A Better Tomorrow can began sooner than you think!
Are you a woman or mom going through a difficult life transition? Does your pain from past experiences interfere with you having a fulfilling life or being the healthiest you? Is your teen or child struggling with school or having trouble with peers or low self-esteem and anxiety? Start the healing process today and discover how A Better Tomorrow can began sooner than you think!
(940) 394-0914 View (940) 394-0914
Photo of Amy Sue Ott, PhD, LPCS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amy Sue Ott
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, TX 76241  (Online Only)
My practice is centered around the belief that problems can over take us at any moment large or small; asking for help is not a display of weakness but a sign of strength. I am personable and straight forward with therapy clients. I view individuals from a family system perspective, understanding how an individual experiences their world is important in understanding how to help them locate strengths to move forward. I have worked with many people seeking help with career transitions, anxiety, depression, marriage difficulties, divorces, loss of a loved one and the grief that follows.
My practice is centered around the belief that problems can over take us at any moment large or small; asking for help is not a display of weakness but a sign of strength. I am personable and straight forward with therapy clients. I view individuals from a family system perspective, understanding how an individual experiences their world is important in understanding how to help them locate strengths to move forward. I have worked with many people seeking help with career transitions, anxiety, depression, marriage difficulties, divorces, loss of a loved one and the grief that follows.
(940) 489-4232 View (940) 489-4232
Photo of Izerial Toles, LCDC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Izerial Toles
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCDC, LPC
Verified Verified
Gainesville, TX 76240
Are you struggling with addiction, trauma, loss, grief, or anxiety/panic? Are you using unhealthy or ineffective coping strategies to get through your day? You want to do better but you just aren't sure where to start? I can help. I specialize in working with adults and teens, who find themselves no longer able to cope with life's stressors on their own. Whether it is grief & loss, work stress, relationship issues, trauma, alcohol use, depression or anxiety, I can help you get your life and relationships back on track.
Are you struggling with addiction, trauma, loss, grief, or anxiety/panic? Are you using unhealthy or ineffective coping strategies to get through your day? You want to do better but you just aren't sure where to start? I can help. I specialize in working with adults and teens, who find themselves no longer able to cope with life's stressors on their own. Whether it is grief & loss, work stress, relationship issues, trauma, alcohol use, depression or anxiety, I can help you get your life and relationships back on track.
(940) 209-1438 View (940) 209-1438
Photo of Dana K Sanders, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dana K Sanders
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Gainesville, TX 76240
I am now accepting new clients, in office and via tele-health. I have been an LPC for over 25 years. I offer individual, couples, family and group counseling.
I am now accepting new clients, in office and via tele-health. I have been an LPC for over 25 years. I offer individual, couples, family and group counseling.
(940) 360-3524 View (940) 360-3524
Photo of Ursula Alford, PhD, Psychologist
Ursula Alford
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Gainesville, TX 76240
Waitlist for new clients
Have you/your loved one experienced a medical event or new diagnosis? Are you having a difficult time adjusting? It is common to experience both physical and emotional struggles following stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, cancer diagnoses, dementia, and other illness onset. Often our roles within our family transition from caregiver to the one who needs to be cared for. Decreased independence and being more dependent on others often makes us feel like a burden. Fears related to these diagnoses can cause anxiety and depression. Role change may place stress on relationships and family dynamics.
Have you/your loved one experienced a medical event or new diagnosis? Are you having a difficult time adjusting? It is common to experience both physical and emotional struggles following stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, cancer diagnoses, dementia, and other illness onset. Often our roles within our family transition from caregiver to the one who needs to be cared for. Decreased independence and being more dependent on others often makes us feel like a burden. Fears related to these diagnoses can cause anxiety and depression. Role change may place stress on relationships and family dynamics.
(940) 204-0615 View (940) 204-0615
Photo of Angela Diehl, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Angela Diehl
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Gainesville, TX 76240  (Online Only)
I am Angela Diehl, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT). I utilize primarily a Solution Oriented Approach to Therapy, which is essentially the process of seeking exceptions to the problems presented by clients. I have worked with Individuals, Couples, and Families from Adolescents to Adults. My focuses are Depression, Anxiety, ADHD, Bipolar Disorder, Substance Use Disorder, Addiction, Infidelity, Family of Origin, Parenting, Communication, Career Related Issues.
I am Angela Diehl, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT). I utilize primarily a Solution Oriented Approach to Therapy, which is essentially the process of seeking exceptions to the problems presented by clients. I have worked with Individuals, Couples, and Families from Adolescents to Adults. My focuses are Depression, Anxiety, ADHD, Bipolar Disorder, Substance Use Disorder, Addiction, Infidelity, Family of Origin, Parenting, Communication, Career Related Issues.
(346) 525-3830 View (346) 525-3830
Photo of Patricia Cherry, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Patricia Cherry
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Gainesville, TX 76240
Hello! I am Patricia (Patty) Cherry, a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas with over 39 years of clinical experience. I typically work with clients experiencing depression, anxiety and stress, adjustment issues, and grief. My primary approaches to therapy include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Client Centered Therapy, and Mindfulness based therapy. In addition, I do Christian counseling.
Hello! I am Patricia (Patty) Cherry, a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas with over 39 years of clinical experience. I typically work with clients experiencing depression, anxiety and stress, adjustment issues, and grief. My primary approaches to therapy include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Client Centered Therapy, and Mindfulness based therapy. In addition, I do Christian counseling.
(346) 215-1434 View (346) 215-1434
Photo of Amanda G Johnson, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amanda G Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Gainesville, TX 76240  (Online Only)
Not your typical therapist! I am an inner-work counselor providing you with useful tools to understand the deepest parts of yourself and how to heal yourself across time. I believe we all have the ability to heal once given the tools to do so. If you feel like you have tried everything and are ready for a true change in your life and within yourself, start here. I have a passion for helping others strive for internal authenticity while maintaining movement toward health and wholeness. An empathic, non-judgmental environment is a priority and I am committed to building a unique and trusting therapeutic relationship with each client.
Not your typical therapist! I am an inner-work counselor providing you with useful tools to understand the deepest parts of yourself and how to heal yourself across time. I believe we all have the ability to heal once given the tools to do so. If you feel like you have tried everything and are ready for a true change in your life and within yourself, start here. I have a passion for helping others strive for internal authenticity while maintaining movement toward health and wholeness. An empathic, non-judgmental environment is a priority and I am committed to building a unique and trusting therapeutic relationship with each client.
(817) 567-2875 View (817) 567-2875
Photo of Brittainy Wagner, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brittainy Wagner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, TX 76240
I have over 7 years of experience working with a variety issues including Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, Couples Issues, Substance Abuse, and Personality Disorders. I utilize a combination of Cognitive Behavioral and Emotion Focused techniques. In our sessions you can expect to focus on areas of your life that aren't going as you planned. We will discuss your thoughts and feelings and together will be able to create meaningful, positive change in your life. You should contact me if you are prepared to develop a deeper insight into your life. I offer free consults &, have weekend & after hours appointments available.
I have over 7 years of experience working with a variety issues including Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, Couples Issues, Substance Abuse, and Personality Disorders. I utilize a combination of Cognitive Behavioral and Emotion Focused techniques. In our sessions you can expect to focus on areas of your life that aren't going as you planned. We will discuss your thoughts and feelings and together will be able to create meaningful, positive change in your life. You should contact me if you are prepared to develop a deeper insight into your life. I offer free consults &, have weekend & after hours appointments available.
(903) 662-3528 View (903) 662-3528
Photo of Stephanie Waitt - Texoma Specialty Counseling, LPC-S
Texoma Specialty Counseling
LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, TX 76240
At Texoma Specialty Counseling, our counselors help struggling tweens, teens, young adults, and unique individuals. If you are feeling overwhelmed, anxious, confused, depressed, or burdened: working with one of our counselors may help you feel more in control, positive, and at peace. We are a laid back, fun, warm, compassionate group of therapists, and will create a safe place for therapy you need to heal and succeed.
At Texoma Specialty Counseling, our counselors help struggling tweens, teens, young adults, and unique individuals. If you are feeling overwhelmed, anxious, confused, depressed, or burdened: working with one of our counselors may help you feel more in control, positive, and at peace. We are a laid back, fun, warm, compassionate group of therapists, and will create a safe place for therapy you need to heal and succeed.
(903) 636-7258 View (903) 636-7258
Photo of Tamra White Truman, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tamra White Truman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Valley View, TX 76272
Tamra White, Licensed Professional Counselor and Supervisor. I have been in individual practice for 18 years. I specialize in several areas of human behavior, including depression, anxiety, marriage/family, as well as LGBTQ + issues. My client focus encompasses family issues, anxiety, depression, adolescent concerns, as well as the LGBTQ + community.
Tamra White, Licensed Professional Counselor and Supervisor. I have been in individual practice for 18 years. I specialize in several areas of human behavior, including depression, anxiety, marriage/family, as well as LGBTQ + issues. My client focus encompasses family issues, anxiety, depression, adolescent concerns, as well as the LGBTQ + community.
(281) 215-5474 View (281) 215-5474
Photo of Melissa Walker, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Melissa Walker
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Gainesville, TX 76240
Attention women: Do you feel unmotivated, hopeless, exhausted, and overwhelmed? Do you struggle to face the day? Do you feel constantly worried, or drained and lifeless? Do you have a pervasive sense of "I'm not good enough?" I can help you. You can be free from emotional pain and live a happier, fuller life. I am passionate about giving you many effective, tailored tools to take charge of your life and feel peace. Equestrians: I also offer Winning Mindset for Equestrians to help you reach your riding goals!
Attention women: Do you feel unmotivated, hopeless, exhausted, and overwhelmed? Do you struggle to face the day? Do you feel constantly worried, or drained and lifeless? Do you have a pervasive sense of "I'm not good enough?" I can help you. You can be free from emotional pain and live a happier, fuller life. I am passionate about giving you many effective, tailored tools to take charge of your life and feel peace. Equestrians: I also offer Winning Mindset for Equestrians to help you reach your riding goals!
(972) 846-4960 View (972) 846-4960
Photo of Ashley Fowler, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ashley Fowler
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Muenster, TX 76252
Ashley graduated in 2015 with her Masters of Science degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from Texas Woman’s University. She is currently working towards her Ph.D. in Marriage and Family Therapy, also at Texas Woman’s University. Ashley has over 7 years of clinical experience and employs a Solution Focused and Narrative approach in the therapy room. She has experience in working with families, couples, and individuals who have experienced a multitude of presenting issues. Ashley wants to hear your story, and she wants to help find solutions to the issues that are brought into the room.
Ashley graduated in 2015 with her Masters of Science degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from Texas Woman’s University. She is currently working towards her Ph.D. in Marriage and Family Therapy, also at Texas Woman’s University. Ashley has over 7 years of clinical experience and employs a Solution Focused and Narrative approach in the therapy room. She has experience in working with families, couples, and individuals who have experienced a multitude of presenting issues. Ashley wants to hear your story, and she wants to help find solutions to the issues that are brought into the room.
(915) 465-2739 View (915) 465-2739
1

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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Cooke County, TX

20+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Cooke County, TX who prioritize treating:

88% Depression
88% Anxiety
79% Coping Skills
75% Self Esteem
63% Relationship Issues
63% Trauma and PTSD
63% Stress

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% BlueCross and BlueShield
83% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
78% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Cooke County, TX see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

92% Female
8% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Cooke County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.