Attachment-based Therapists in Cleveland, TX

Photo of Charles Vela, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Charles Vela
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cleveland, TX 77328
Greetings! My name is Charles Vela, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor here in the state of Texas. It has been my life’s passion to support and encourage individuals in living their fullest life and healing from past trauma. I received my undergraduate degree in philosophy and psychology at the University of Texas-Austin and went on to my graduate studies at UTRGV.
Greetings! My name is Charles Vela, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor here in the state of Texas. It has been my life’s passion to support and encourage individuals in living their fullest life and healing from past trauma. I received my undergraduate degree in philosophy and psychology at the University of Texas-Austin and went on to my graduate studies at UTRGV.
(281) 609-9167 View (281) 609-9167
Photo of Lincoya Young, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lincoya Young
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cleveland, TX 77328  (Online Only)
My name is Lincoya Young I am LPCC, in Texas, Calif, Oregon. I have been in the counseling profession for over 20 yrs. My approach is therapy is the Client is the expert, and ultimately holds the solution to the problem. Children, Couples, Family. Really enjoy working with children in a play therapy milieu. Client Centered Solution Focus, with a strong emphasis on the client being the expert. Empathic, validating very supportive. Focus on strengths, not pathology.
My name is Lincoya Young I am LPCC, in Texas, Calif, Oregon. I have been in the counseling profession for over 20 yrs. My approach is therapy is the Client is the expert, and ultimately holds the solution to the problem. Children, Couples, Family. Really enjoy working with children in a play therapy milieu. Client Centered Solution Focus, with a strong emphasis on the client being the expert. Empathic, validating very supportive. Focus on strengths, not pathology.
(346) 522-2270 View (346) 522-2270
Photo of Elizabeth Belcon, MS, LMFT-S, LPC-S, Marriage & Family Therapist
Elizabeth Belcon
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT-S, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cleveland, TX 77327
Are you currently in dark place in life? Wake up sad and hopeless? Experiencing the pain of a failed relationship, experienced infidelity, unable to communicate with your spouse, or is a victim of a traumatic experience? As an experienced therapist, I am here to help you through the challenges you are facing in your life. I ensure my clients feel comfortable as they walk through their difficulties by creating a safe and empathetic environment. As a Certified Christian Counselor, I believe through Christ complete healing is possible. He promises us that "He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds." Ps. 147:3.
Are you currently in dark place in life? Wake up sad and hopeless? Experiencing the pain of a failed relationship, experienced infidelity, unable to communicate with your spouse, or is a victim of a traumatic experience? As an experienced therapist, I am here to help you through the challenges you are facing in your life. I ensure my clients feel comfortable as they walk through their difficulties by creating a safe and empathetic environment. As a Certified Christian Counselor, I believe through Christ complete healing is possible. He promises us that "He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds." Ps. 147:3.
(936) 372-6979 View (936) 372-6979
Photo of Shawna Munson - Serenity House Counseling , MA, LPC-S, LMFT-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Serenity House Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, LMFT-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cleveland, TX 77327
Ideal client?! We love all of our clients. We have 10+ licensed therapists who all have different specialties and populations that they work with. We believe that our clients are unique individuals with a story to share and are the best ones to share their story with us in a way they feel heard!
Ideal client?! We love all of our clients. We have 10+ licensed therapists who all have different specialties and populations that they work with. We believe that our clients are unique individuals with a story to share and are the best ones to share their story with us in a way they feel heard!
(936) 342-7099 View (936) 342-7099

Online Therapists

Photo of Michelle King, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Michelle King
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Orange, TX 77632
I am Michelle King, JD, a Licensed Professional Counselor and legal consultant with 13 years of experience working with adults, adolescents, and individuals. My experience has allowed me to serve clients in inpatient hospitals, outpatient clinics, and many more. I use a mix of ADHD, Anxiety, LGBTQIA+, Life Transitions, Relationship Issues, Life Coaching, Depression, Career Counseling, Divorce, and Legal Stress. I use a mix of Attachment-based, CBT, MBCT, Holistic, Motivational Interviewing, Somatic, SFBT, Clinical Supervision, and Licensed. I believe therapy is one of the few empirically validated therapies on the market today.
I am Michelle King, JD, a Licensed Professional Counselor and legal consultant with 13 years of experience working with adults, adolescents, and individuals. My experience has allowed me to serve clients in inpatient hospitals, outpatient clinics, and many more. I use a mix of ADHD, Anxiety, LGBTQIA+, Life Transitions, Relationship Issues, Life Coaching, Depression, Career Counseling, Divorce, and Legal Stress. I use a mix of Attachment-based, CBT, MBCT, Holistic, Motivational Interviewing, Somatic, SFBT, Clinical Supervision, and Licensed. I believe therapy is one of the few empirically validated therapies on the market today.
(210) 972-4914 View (210) 972-4914
Photo of Jennifer O'Brien, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer O'Brien
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Missouri City, TX 77459
ennifer utilizes various treatment approaches to address her client’s needs, focused primarily on utilizing attachment-based therapy, emotion-focused therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
Jennifer O'Brien is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and certified life coach with over 5 years of clinical experience working with individuals, couples, and families of all ages. Her clinical work includes working in the foster care and adoption community, where she provided clinical support to staff, foster families, and youth in care. Her work focuses on identifying ineffective behaviors, habits, beliefs, or other internal or external factors that hold people back from enjoying the life they want.
ennifer utilizes various treatment approaches to address her client’s needs, focused primarily on utilizing attachment-based therapy, emotion-focused therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
Jennifer O'Brien is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and certified life coach with over 5 years of clinical experience working with individuals, couples, and families of all ages. Her clinical work includes working in the foster care and adoption community, where she provided clinical support to staff, foster families, and youth in care. Her work focuses on identifying ineffective behaviors, habits, beliefs, or other internal or external factors that hold people back from enjoying the life they want.
(832) 669-6877 View (832) 669-6877
Photo of Brittany Gilpin, LPC, LMFT, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brittany Gilpin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Houston, TX 77008  (Online Only)
Are you facing challenges in your life that feels difficult to navigate on your own? Are you needing additional support adjusting to change? You're not alone. My goal is to bring a loving, warm, and non-judgmental presence to the counseling room to help clients gain awareness about themselves and their relationships to make effective change. My eclectic and person-centered approach allows me to cater to the individual needs of my clients. I gravitate towards using CBT, Mindfulness, Experiential, Gottman, Attachment based approaches. In counseling, I want to help support you in living a life that feels happy and fulfilling to you!
Are you facing challenges in your life that feels difficult to navigate on your own? Are you needing additional support adjusting to change? You're not alone. My goal is to bring a loving, warm, and non-judgmental presence to the counseling room to help clients gain awareness about themselves and their relationships to make effective change. My eclectic and person-centered approach allows me to cater to the individual needs of my clients. I gravitate towards using CBT, Mindfulness, Experiential, Gottman, Attachment based approaches. In counseling, I want to help support you in living a life that feels happy and fulfilling to you!
(512) 886-9076 View (512) 886-9076
Photo of Sepideh Nash, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sepideh Nash
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Houston, TX 77024  (Online Only)
Do you feel like you’re drifting away from your partner? Are the two of you facing a life decision but you’re not on the same page about it? Have you begun to worry about your future together? It can feel very lonely inside a relationship when you’re not in sync with your partner. Perhaps you’re struggling to overcome infidelity or an emotional affair, or maybe you’ve gradually grown apart, but you’re not sure what’s changed or how to get things back to where you used to be. It could be that chronic illness, friction with the inlaws or addiction, in one of its many forms, is what’s causing the distance between you.
Do you feel like you’re drifting away from your partner? Are the two of you facing a life decision but you’re not on the same page about it? Have you begun to worry about your future together? It can feel very lonely inside a relationship when you’re not in sync with your partner. Perhaps you’re struggling to overcome infidelity or an emotional affair, or maybe you’ve gradually grown apart, but you’re not sure what’s changed or how to get things back to where you used to be. It could be that chronic illness, friction with the inlaws or addiction, in one of its many forms, is what’s causing the distance between you.
(346) 523-8411 View (346) 523-8411
Photo of Phaecia Ward, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Phaecia Ward
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Port Arthur, TX 77640  (Online Only)
I employ an attachment-based approach to address and heal past emotional wounds, thereby enhancing relationship dynamics.
Welcome ! My name is Dr. Phaecia Ward and I have over a decade of experience and specializes in supporting African American adults and families.
I employ an attachment-based approach to address and heal past emotional wounds, thereby enhancing relationship dynamics.
Welcome ! My name is Dr. Phaecia Ward and I have over a decade of experience and specializes in supporting African American adults and families.
(409) 509-7938 View (409) 509-7938
Photo of Hailey Grant, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hailey Grant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77494
Through my education and experience, I have learned that people are truly doing the best they can at all times. Life can be so difficult, and we as humans are tasked with the complex job of navigating those difficulties. I utilize a multi-dimensional, trauma-informed, and attachment-based approach to help clients understand themselves, others, and their place in the world. However, when working with anyone, my goal is to give you tools, skills, and support to help you navigate the world outside of therapy. You deserve to feel safe, seen, heard, and understood.
Through my education and experience, I have learned that people are truly doing the best they can at all times. Life can be so difficult, and we as humans are tasked with the complex job of navigating those difficulties. I utilize a multi-dimensional, trauma-informed, and attachment-based approach to help clients understand themselves, others, and their place in the world. However, when working with anyone, my goal is to give you tools, skills, and support to help you navigate the world outside of therapy. You deserve to feel safe, seen, heard, and understood.
(281) 426-0676 View (281) 426-0676
Photo of Michelle Wolf, MA, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Michelle Wolf
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Kingwood, TX 77339
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor-Supervisor and have spent over 20 years collaborating therapeutically with individuals, families, and schools. My passion is to help people learn ways to capitalize on their strengths and provide support as clients set a path towards improved day-to-day functioning. I am devoted to creating a safe, nonjudgmental environment for healing. I am genuinely curious about the experiences, ideas, beliefs, and hopes clients bring. My theoretical orientation is integrated, pulling from person-centered, cognitive-behavioral, existential, and attachment-based methodologies. In addition, I am EMDR trained.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor-Supervisor and have spent over 20 years collaborating therapeutically with individuals, families, and schools. My passion is to help people learn ways to capitalize on their strengths and provide support as clients set a path towards improved day-to-day functioning. I am devoted to creating a safe, nonjudgmental environment for healing. I am genuinely curious about the experiences, ideas, beliefs, and hopes clients bring. My theoretical orientation is integrated, pulling from person-centered, cognitive-behavioral, existential, and attachment-based methodologies. In addition, I am EMDR trained.
(281) 709-2885 View (281) 709-2885
Photo of Ashlee Knight, LPC, LMHC, MA, Counselor
Ashlee Knight
Counselor, LPC, LMHC, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Houston, TX 77006
Are you frustrated by the quality of the relationships in your life? I help individuals and couples seeking reconnection, conflict management, communication skills, deeper intimacy, and a general sense of understanding how their past impacts their current relational patterns. Relational healing and emotional connectivity makes our experience of partnership much more fulfilling, which impacts every other area of our lives. Utilizing Emotionally Focused Therapy and trauma-informed & attachment based techniques, our work together can transform your understanding of each other as well as the quality of your life together.
Are you frustrated by the quality of the relationships in your life? I help individuals and couples seeking reconnection, conflict management, communication skills, deeper intimacy, and a general sense of understanding how their past impacts their current relational patterns. Relational healing and emotional connectivity makes our experience of partnership much more fulfilling, which impacts every other area of our lives. Utilizing Emotionally Focused Therapy and trauma-informed & attachment based techniques, our work together can transform your understanding of each other as well as the quality of your life together.
(206) 457-1478 View (206) 457-1478
Photo of Grant Baldwin, LPC , Licensed Professional Counselor
Grant Baldwin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Houston, TX 77009  (Online Only)
Deciding to seek help and be vulnerable with someone new can be daunting, but I am here to help make that an easier experience. I understand making changes is often not so easy, but I want to be the one to walk with you as you try. By learning about you and how you got here I will individualize treatment to best help you evolve into who you aim to be. My approach to therapy uses Attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Trauma Focused, and Solution Focused. I enjoy working with men, women, and adolescents, specializing in areas such as trauma, self-worth, anxiety, depression, and attachment.
Deciding to seek help and be vulnerable with someone new can be daunting, but I am here to help make that an easier experience. I understand making changes is often not so easy, but I want to be the one to walk with you as you try. By learning about you and how you got here I will individualize treatment to best help you evolve into who you aim to be. My approach to therapy uses Attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Trauma Focused, and Solution Focused. I enjoy working with men, women, and adolescents, specializing in areas such as trauma, self-worth, anxiety, depression, and attachment.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Chelsea Chang, LCSW, LCADC, ICADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chelsea Chang
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC, ICADC
Verified Verified
Houston, TX 77074  (Online Only)
The types of therapy I offer include Attachment-Based, Coaching, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Culturally Sensitive, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Feminist, Grief Support Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Multicultural, and Solution-Focused Therapy.
I have been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker since 2019, and I have experience supporting young adults and adults with concerns such as addictions, substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship/ family issues, and anger management. My ideal client would like to resolve these issues by empowering themselves to learn how to counter negative thoughts, regulate emotions, tolerate moments of distress, communicate effectively, and mindfully stay within the present moment. My ideal client would like to learn these skills in order to manifest their ideal life and be the best version of themselves.
The types of therapy I offer include Attachment-Based, Coaching, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Culturally Sensitive, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Feminist, Grief Support Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Multicultural, and Solution-Focused Therapy.
I have been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker since 2019, and I have experience supporting young adults and adults with concerns such as addictions, substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship/ family issues, and anger management. My ideal client would like to resolve these issues by empowering themselves to learn how to counter negative thoughts, regulate emotions, tolerate moments of distress, communicate effectively, and mindfully stay within the present moment. My ideal client would like to learn these skills in order to manifest their ideal life and be the best version of themselves.
(609) 795-7179 View (609) 795-7179
Photo of Megan N. Hawkins, MA, LPC-A, NCC
Megan N. Hawkins
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A, NCC
Verified Verified
Houston, TX 77007
While healthy relationships are the ideal for many of us - be it fulfilling friendships, secure romantic relationships, or even a loving and positive relationship with ourselves - there are a variety of challenges we may face which make this reality seem out of reach for us. With this in mind, I aim to help clients heal from and move past these challenges by exploring areas with them such as: trauma and toxic relationship recovery, attachment-based wounds, self-esteem, boundaries, communication, and emotional regulation. A reality where you feel secure, loved, and accepted by yourself and in your relationships is possible indeed!
While healthy relationships are the ideal for many of us - be it fulfilling friendships, secure romantic relationships, or even a loving and positive relationship with ourselves - there are a variety of challenges we may face which make this reality seem out of reach for us. With this in mind, I aim to help clients heal from and move past these challenges by exploring areas with them such as: trauma and toxic relationship recovery, attachment-based wounds, self-esteem, boundaries, communication, and emotional regulation. A reality where you feel secure, loved, and accepted by yourself and in your relationships is possible indeed!
(346) 239-1587 View (346) 239-1587
Photo of Patience Simms, LPC, LMFT-A, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Patience Simms
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT-A, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Houston, TX 77018
I approach counseling from a systems and attachment-based, trauma informed approach.
My goal is to create an environment for my clients where change and healing can happen. Many of my clients come to me because nothing else has worked and they're ready to give up. Whether I am working with a a couple trying to stay married or considering divorce or an adolescent struggling with self harm, I believe clients can surpass coping, heal from trauma and thrive. And, I believe that challenging marriages can grow into healthy connected relationships.
I approach counseling from a systems and attachment-based, trauma informed approach.
My goal is to create an environment for my clients where change and healing can happen. Many of my clients come to me because nothing else has worked and they're ready to give up. Whether I am working with a a couple trying to stay married or considering divorce or an adolescent struggling with self harm, I believe clients can surpass coping, heal from trauma and thrive. And, I believe that challenging marriages can grow into healthy connected relationships.
(713) 903-2764 View (713) 903-2764
Photo of Yara Castillo, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Yara Castillo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Houston, TX 77070  (Online Only)
I graduated from the University of Houston with an MEd in Counseling. I am passionate about helping others feel heard and validated. I have extensive experience working with populations with chronic mental illness. I have worked in inpatient hospital settings, partial hospitalization programs, intensive outpatient programs, and group and private practices. My style is Eclectic as I use a variety of therapeutic styles and interventions during sessions, such as Cognitive Behavioral therapy, Solution-Focused therapy, Mindfulness, Attachment-Based therapy and Strengths-Based therapy.
I graduated from the University of Houston with an MEd in Counseling. I am passionate about helping others feel heard and validated. I have extensive experience working with populations with chronic mental illness. I have worked in inpatient hospital settings, partial hospitalization programs, intensive outpatient programs, and group and private practices. My style is Eclectic as I use a variety of therapeutic styles and interventions during sessions, such as Cognitive Behavioral therapy, Solution-Focused therapy, Mindfulness, Attachment-Based therapy and Strengths-Based therapy.
(832) 219-8631 View (832) 219-8631
Photo of Judith Ordoñez-Rudel, LPC-A
Judith Ordoñez-Rudel
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Magnolia, TX 77354
My approach combines client-centered, family systems, attachment-based, and cognitive behavioral techniques, supporting clients of all ages.
Parents invested in their child's well-being, seeking support for children's challenges like ADHD, depression, or anxiety is a population I specialize in. Additionally, adults facing their own mental health struggles find solace here. I offer tailored therapy for teens and adults, alongside parent consultations. My holistic approach fosters secure attachments, promotes family harmony, and supports individual growth and healing.
My approach combines client-centered, family systems, attachment-based, and cognitive behavioral techniques, supporting clients of all ages.
Parents invested in their child's well-being, seeking support for children's challenges like ADHD, depression, or anxiety is a population I specialize in. Additionally, adults facing their own mental health struggles find solace here. I offer tailored therapy for teens and adults, alongside parent consultations. My holistic approach fosters secure attachments, promotes family harmony, and supports individual growth and healing.
(281) 767-8789 View (281) 767-8789
Photo of David Selby, MA, LPC, LSOTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
David Selby
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LSOTP
Verified Verified
The Woodlands, TX 77380  (Online Only)
Together, we will identify the negative thought patterns that keep you repeating a cycle of "doing what you've always done", using a whole person approach which combines attachment-based, trauma-informed methods with spiritually-focused techniques.
There are many reasons to seek the assistance of a professional counselor, but often a person waits until they have hit “rock bottom” and are now facing serious consequences for their behaviors. Perhaps you are dealing with out of control anger, sexual addiction to pornography, or possibly an unfaithful partner. As a result, you're having frequent conflicts at work, lack of trust in relationships, or financial difficulties. If any of this sounds familiar, then the good news is you don't have to continue to struggle alone because I'm here to help !
Together, we will identify the negative thought patterns that keep you repeating a cycle of "doing what you've always done", using a whole person approach which combines attachment-based, trauma-informed methods with spiritually-focused techniques.
There are many reasons to seek the assistance of a professional counselor, but often a person waits until they have hit “rock bottom” and are now facing serious consequences for their behaviors. Perhaps you are dealing with out of control anger, sexual addiction to pornography, or possibly an unfaithful partner. As a result, you're having frequent conflicts at work, lack of trust in relationships, or financial difficulties. If any of this sounds familiar, then the good news is you don't have to continue to struggle alone because I'm here to help !
(281) 378-6467 View (281) 378-6467
Photo of Anthony Shannon, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Anthony Shannon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Houston, TX 77034
My name is Anthony Shannon. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 6 years of clinical experience working with a wide range of clients with Trauma, PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Mood Disorders, and Stress. I utilize a mix of several approaches that inlcudes Attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Eclectic, Trauma Focused, and Person-Centered therapies during treatment. I believe people often suffer alone because the discomforts of the mind isolate us from others. I gain immense satisfaction in helping people find peace.
My name is Anthony Shannon. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 6 years of clinical experience working with a wide range of clients with Trauma, PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Mood Disorders, and Stress. I utilize a mix of several approaches that inlcudes Attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Eclectic, Trauma Focused, and Person-Centered therapies during treatment. I believe people often suffer alone because the discomforts of the mind isolate us from others. I gain immense satisfaction in helping people find peace.
(972) 774-5870 View (972) 774-5870

See more therapy options for Cleveland

Attachment-based Therapists

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.