Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Therapists in Seattle, WA

Photo of Emily Steen -  The PTSD Institute, BCN, MD
The PTSD Institute
BCN, MD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101
We specialize in Neurofeedback services for those with PTSD and Traumatic Brain Injury.
The PTSD Institute is here to assist individuals in addressing their symptoms related to Trauma. Overcoming difficult emotions after a traumatic incident or life long trauma
We specialize in Neurofeedback services for those with PTSD and Traumatic Brain Injury.
The PTSD Institute is here to assist individuals in addressing their symptoms related to Trauma. Overcoming difficult emotions after a traumatic incident or life long trauma
(206) 825-6477 View (206) 825-6477
Photo of Samantha Powers - Healing Powers of Therapy, PhD, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Healing Powers of Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LICSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98125  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in many modalities to address issues such as PTSD/TBI/MST to get to a place of post-traumatic growth.
I have experience working with military service members (active duty, reserves, and guard) and veterans (and their families). I also have experience working with students in a variety of different settings (to include student veterans). Additionally, I specialize in working with women for women-focused issues, women leaders in particular. My ideal client wants to process their issue with me as their guide to obtain an ultimate goal of feeling better. Ultimately, my clients will be the deciders of their own goals in therapy with me.
I specialize in many modalities to address issues such as PTSD/TBI/MST to get to a place of post-traumatic growth.
I have experience working with military service members (active duty, reserves, and guard) and veterans (and their families). I also have experience working with students in a variety of different settings (to include student veterans). Additionally, I specialize in working with women for women-focused issues, women leaders in particular. My ideal client wants to process their issue with me as their guide to obtain an ultimate goal of feeling better. Ultimately, my clients will be the deciders of their own goals in therapy with me.
(206) 875-2465 View (206) 875-2465
Photo of Dr. Larissa Del Piero, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Larissa Del Piero
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98116
I offer assessment and intervention services for people with cognitive (memory, attention) difficulties, traumatic brain injury, strokes, and other chronic health conditions. I help people understand their personal strengths and use tailored coping tools to improve their lives. I offer evidence-based therapeutic interventions including cognitive behavioral therapy focused on coping with health conditions, pain, and changes in physical abilities linked to injury, illness, and aging. I also offer learning disability, ADHD, dementia, and comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. I work with teenagers and adults (ages 12+).
I offer assessment and intervention services for people with cognitive (memory, attention) difficulties, traumatic brain injury, strokes, and other chronic health conditions. I help people understand their personal strengths and use tailored coping tools to improve their lives. I offer evidence-based therapeutic interventions including cognitive behavioral therapy focused on coping with health conditions, pain, and changes in physical abilities linked to injury, illness, and aging. I also offer learning disability, ADHD, dementia, and comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. I work with teenagers and adults (ages 12+).
(206) 202-4346 View (206) 202-4346
Photo of Cresaya E. Kingsbury, MA, LMHCA, Counselor
Cresaya E. Kingsbury
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98116
Whether you desire to engage childhood sexual abuse, relationship issues or traumatic brain injury, it'd be an honor to journey with you.
I invite you to a better second half of your life than the first half was. My specialties? Healing childhood abuse, couples, & brain injury. So often we settle for less—I invite you to a life full of more. Our lives are stories that intersect with those around us. Who we are, our relationship patterns, careers, & how we navigate life's events are rooted in our formational experiences. In a kind and conversational style, I invite you to step into the earth of those places. By walking barefoot through the dirt of your deepest heartache and how you were (and are) shaped by it, you will find that you return to your truest self.
Whether you desire to engage childhood sexual abuse, relationship issues or traumatic brain injury, it'd be an honor to journey with you.
I invite you to a better second half of your life than the first half was. My specialties? Healing childhood abuse, couples, & brain injury. So often we settle for less—I invite you to a life full of more. Our lives are stories that intersect with those around us. Who we are, our relationship patterns, careers, & how we navigate life's events are rooted in our formational experiences. In a kind and conversational style, I invite you to step into the earth of those places. By walking barefoot through the dirt of your deepest heartache and how you were (and are) shaped by it, you will find that you return to your truest self.
(206) 944-5684 View (206) 944-5684
Photo of Shelly L Rienhardt, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shelly L Rienhardt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103  (Online Only)
I provide individual therapy to older adolescents and adults of all ages. I am drawn to working with individuals who want to resolve issues stemming from childhood and or adult trauma adversities. The areas I most work with are trauma and somatic related disorders, depression, mood and schizoaffective disorders, ADHD and learning difficulties, interpersonal relationship skills, narcissistic abuse, phase of life issues, and spiritual concerns/issues. Furthermore, I am passionate to assist individuals who are suffering with health issues, traumatic brain injury, and strokes to overcome mental and physical barriers.
I provide individual therapy to older adolescents and adults of all ages. I am drawn to working with individuals who want to resolve issues stemming from childhood and or adult trauma adversities. The areas I most work with are trauma and somatic related disorders, depression, mood and schizoaffective disorders, ADHD and learning difficulties, interpersonal relationship skills, narcissistic abuse, phase of life issues, and spiritual concerns/issues. Furthermore, I am passionate to assist individuals who are suffering with health issues, traumatic brain injury, and strokes to overcome mental and physical barriers.
(205) 953-4956 View (205) 953-4956
Photo of Dr. Steve Tutty - N. W. Family Psychology, MA, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Steve Tutty - N. W. Family Psychology
Psychologist, MA, PhD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98112
Dr. Tutty provides psychological and neuropsychological evaluations to children and adolescents who may be struggling with ADHD (executive functioning), Autism, Learning Disabilities, Twice Exceptional, Anxiety, Depression, as well as counseling for children affected by high conflict divorce. Dr. Tutty also provides counseling to children and adolescents for these issues (most insurance plans accepted). In addition, Dr. Tutty provides forensic psychological services to adults in need of mental health and parenting evaluations, as well as personal injury evaluations (e.g., TBI), which are not covered by insurance.
Dr. Tutty provides psychological and neuropsychological evaluations to children and adolescents who may be struggling with ADHD (executive functioning), Autism, Learning Disabilities, Twice Exceptional, Anxiety, Depression, as well as counseling for children affected by high conflict divorce. Dr. Tutty also provides counseling to children and adolescents for these issues (most insurance plans accepted). In addition, Dr. Tutty provides forensic psychological services to adults in need of mental health and parenting evaluations, as well as personal injury evaluations (e.g., TBI), which are not covered by insurance.
(360) 208-2713 View (360) 208-2713
Photo of Kenneth K. Marshall, MSW, LICSW, MHP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kenneth K. Marshall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, MHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98133  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with adults in the following areas: LGBTQI Issues, Gender/Sexuality, Intersectional Identity , Multiracial Identity, Cultural Identity & Group Belonging, Men's Issues/Masculinity, Depression, Anxiety, PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), and TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury).
My approach to working with clients is based on building upon strengths, to generate solutions that empower the individual. I support my clients using various therapeutic modalities as they fortify their connection to themselves and others. Being multi-racial, gay, and having been raised in a bicultural household, I have learned that there are many ways to make meaning of the life that you were born into, while informing the life you create for yourself.
I specialize in working with adults in the following areas: LGBTQI Issues, Gender/Sexuality, Intersectional Identity , Multiracial Identity, Cultural Identity & Group Belonging, Men's Issues/Masculinity, Depression, Anxiety, PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), and TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury).
My approach to working with clients is based on building upon strengths, to generate solutions that empower the individual. I support my clients using various therapeutic modalities as they fortify their connection to themselves and others. Being multi-racial, gay, and having been raised in a bicultural household, I have learned that there are many ways to make meaning of the life that you were born into, while informing the life you create for yourself.
(206) 504-2608 View (206) 504-2608
Photo of Wen-Yu Cheng - Wen-Yu Cheng, Jungian Analyst, Neuropsychologist, PsyD, PSYPACT, Psychologist
Wen-Yu Cheng, Jungian Analyst, Neuropsychologist
Psychologist, PsyD, PSYPACT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98121  (Online Only)
Welcome to what may well be a journey of transformation. As a psychologist, neuropsychologist, and Jungian analyst, I am dedicated to facilitating your psychotherapy or neurorehabilitation. My background in neuropsychology, mindfulness, Jungian/depth psychology, and multicultural perspectives enables me to tailor our work, guiding you through your inner struggles, relationship issues, and brain health challenges (e.g., stress, anxiety/depression/grief, trauma, racial identities, LGBTQ+, life transitions, aging, chronic illness, brain injury/TBI/Alzheimer's). Together, we can arrive at a path of growth that makes sense to you.
Welcome to what may well be a journey of transformation. As a psychologist, neuropsychologist, and Jungian analyst, I am dedicated to facilitating your psychotherapy or neurorehabilitation. My background in neuropsychology, mindfulness, Jungian/depth psychology, and multicultural perspectives enables me to tailor our work, guiding you through your inner struggles, relationship issues, and brain health challenges (e.g., stress, anxiety/depression/grief, trauma, racial identities, LGBTQ+, life transitions, aging, chronic illness, brain injury/TBI/Alzheimer's). Together, we can arrive at a path of growth that makes sense to you.
(206) 208-8451 View (206) 208-8451
Photo of Dr. Scott A Whitmer Psyd, PsyD, LMHC, CFMHE, ABVE, IPEC, Counselor
Dr. Scott A Whitmer Psyd
Counselor, PsyD, LMHC, CFMHE, ABVE, IPEC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101
Whitmer's specialties includes treating ADHD, Mood Disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Traumatic Brain Injuries, Neurocognitive Disorders, catastrophic injuries and forensic mental health evaluations.
Dr. Whitmer treats individuals, couples, and families. His doctoral training in clinical psychology has prepared him to treat many mental health disorders with various interventions. Dr. Whitmer is board certified as a Certified Forensic Mental Health Evaluator and a Forensic Vocational Expert. He is nationally certified as Certified Rehabilitation Counselor, and is International Psychometric Evaluation Certified. Dr. Whitmer is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Washington State.
Whitmer's specialties includes treating ADHD, Mood Disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Traumatic Brain Injuries, Neurocognitive Disorders, catastrophic injuries and forensic mental health evaluations.
Dr. Whitmer treats individuals, couples, and families. His doctoral training in clinical psychology has prepared him to treat many mental health disorders with various interventions. Dr. Whitmer is board certified as a Certified Forensic Mental Health Evaluator and a Forensic Vocational Expert. He is nationally certified as Certified Rehabilitation Counselor, and is International Psychometric Evaluation Certified. Dr. Whitmer is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Washington State.
(509) 257-4173 View (509) 257-4173
Photo of Benjamin Rucker - Calm Resilience Counseling, PLLC, LMHC, NCC
Calm Resilience Counseling, PLLC
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98105  (Online Only)
Greetings! You have a lot of courage to begin your search for the right counselor. This shows a great strength toward personal growth. I have experience working with children, adolescents, teens, and adults who were overcoming grief, trauma (PTSD), depression (lack of motivation), addiction, anxiety, ADHD, Post-Concussive Syndrome TBI, career struggles, and disruptive life events (divorce or loss). Since graduating high school in 1995, I have been actively engaged in personal growth including emotional healing, art therapy, and movement therapies in order to overcome my own Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE’s/childhood traumas).
Greetings! You have a lot of courage to begin your search for the right counselor. This shows a great strength toward personal growth. I have experience working with children, adolescents, teens, and adults who were overcoming grief, trauma (PTSD), depression (lack of motivation), addiction, anxiety, ADHD, Post-Concussive Syndrome TBI, career struggles, and disruptive life events (divorce or loss). Since graduating high school in 1995, I have been actively engaged in personal growth including emotional healing, art therapy, and movement therapies in order to overcome my own Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE’s/childhood traumas).
(360) 323-7450 View (360) 323-7450
Photo of Sal Barba, PhD, BCN, Counselor
Sal Barba
Counselor, PhD, BCN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98103
I specialize neuromodulation therapies. My emphasis is on the interaction of our relationship, the integration of brain, mind and body. What brings you to search for a skilled professional to be present to your inquiry? An inquiry perhaps ignited by an ineffable experience, invoking you to reshape your life, or perhaps an inner call to open deeper connectivity and understanding beyond the multitude of daily cyber interactions? What do you require most to navigate your life through the labyrinth of work, relationships and community? I am available to explore your questions with you, and to support you to awaken to your own potential.
I specialize neuromodulation therapies. My emphasis is on the interaction of our relationship, the integration of brain, mind and body. What brings you to search for a skilled professional to be present to your inquiry? An inquiry perhaps ignited by an ineffable experience, invoking you to reshape your life, or perhaps an inner call to open deeper connectivity and understanding beyond the multitude of daily cyber interactions? What do you require most to navigate your life through the labyrinth of work, relationships and community? I am available to explore your questions with you, and to support you to awaken to your own potential.
(360) 464-1297 View (360) 464-1297
Photo of Katrina Kwan, PsyD, Psychologist
Katrina Kwan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
I specialize in adults with health related issues, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
I specialize in adults with health related issues, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
(206) 582-7016 x1002 View (206) 582-7016 x1002
Photo of Aaron Parker, PsyD, Psychologist
Aaron Parker
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101
Waitlist for new clients
You are on the verge of taking a brave step. Perhaps you have encountered a new challenge, or have realized you need a new way of coping with an old problem. Often this is a moment of crisis, and at the same time, an opportunity to learn and to grow. I am passionate about working with clients who are coping with major life changes. If a medical condition (e.g. brain injury, post-concussion syndrome, stroke, spinal injury, chronic dizziness/pain, chronic illness or critical illness/COVID) has affected you or your loved one, or if your quality of life is impacted by treatable conditions such as PTSD or anxiety, we may be a good fit.
You are on the verge of taking a brave step. Perhaps you have encountered a new challenge, or have realized you need a new way of coping with an old problem. Often this is a moment of crisis, and at the same time, an opportunity to learn and to grow. I am passionate about working with clients who are coping with major life changes. If a medical condition (e.g. brain injury, post-concussion syndrome, stroke, spinal injury, chronic dizziness/pain, chronic illness or critical illness/COVID) has affected you or your loved one, or if your quality of life is impacted by treatable conditions such as PTSD or anxiety, we may be a good fit.
(833) 950-1872 View (833) 950-1872
Photo of Jerrold Yeo, PsyD, Psychologist
Jerrold Yeo
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98101  (Online Only)
Stressors related to work, relationships, medical conditions and other key areas of life occur every single day, and sometimes they may become overwhelming and out of control. Most of the time, we are able to help ourselves out of these types of situations, but there are times when it is too challenging to handle alone. When that happens, we often find ourselves stuck and unable to react, or continue to use solutions that may not be the best for us. It can be very draining and demotivating, and spiraling out of control. We sometimes want someone to find a solution for us, while at other times, we just want someone to listen to us.
Stressors related to work, relationships, medical conditions and other key areas of life occur every single day, and sometimes they may become overwhelming and out of control. Most of the time, we are able to help ourselves out of these types of situations, but there are times when it is too challenging to handle alone. When that happens, we often find ourselves stuck and unable to react, or continue to use solutions that may not be the best for us. It can be very draining and demotivating, and spiraling out of control. We sometimes want someone to find a solution for us, while at other times, we just want someone to listen to us.
(303) 276-1393 View (303) 276-1393
Photo of Charlie Health - Charlie Health
Charlie Health
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101  (Online Only)
Charlie Health is a leading provider of virtual mental health treatment for people in need of more than once-weekly therapy. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, self-harm, suicidal ideation, or any ongoing mental health issue, Charlie Health’s Clinical Team is ready to help you start your healing journey today. You don’t have to struggle alone – we’re here for you. To get started today, reach out at t.ly/ch-ut
Charlie Health is a leading provider of virtual mental health treatment for people in need of more than once-weekly therapy. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, self-harm, suicidal ideation, or any ongoing mental health issue, Charlie Health’s Clinical Team is ready to help you start your healing journey today. You don’t have to struggle alone – we’re here for you. To get started today, reach out at t.ly/ch-ut
(206) 207-9605 View (206) 207-9605
Photo of Garrett A. Gilchrist, PhD, Psychologist
Garrett A. Gilchrist
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98133
I received my Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology with an emphasis in Child, Adolescent, and Family treatment from Seattle Pacific University (2008) and my M.A. in Counseling Psychology from Gonzaga University (2001). I have been a Licensed Psychologist in WA since 2010, and I am paneled with most insurance carriers. I have practiced in a variety of settings, including university counseling centers, public school systems, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, and mental health agencies. I view my primary role as providing a safe and contained environment where individuals can gain stability, increase insights into themselves, and develop more positive coping strategies.
I received my Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology with an emphasis in Child, Adolescent, and Family treatment from Seattle Pacific University (2008) and my M.A. in Counseling Psychology from Gonzaga University (2001). I have been a Licensed Psychologist in WA since 2010, and I am paneled with most insurance carriers. I have practiced in a variety of settings, including university counseling centers, public school systems, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, and mental health agencies. I view my primary role as providing a safe and contained environment where individuals can gain stability, increase insights into themselves, and develop more positive coping strategies.
(206) 823-1149 View (206) 823-1149
Photo of Thomas Farmer - Cascades Wellness Center, PsyD, PhD, Psychologist
Cascades Wellness Center
Psychologist, PsyD, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98103
We are committed to restoring you to your best. Using an individualized, client-centered approach, we work with you to identify strengths and deepen relationships for sustainable and holistic change. At Cascades Wellness Center, our team offers extensive experience as well as a holistic approach to mental health and wellness. Through awareness, compassion, and acceptance, we work with our clients to return you to the life you want and deserve. For us, therapy is not about fixing what is wrong, but about recapturing your capacities to increase your overall health, well-being, and sense of connection in the world.
We are committed to restoring you to your best. Using an individualized, client-centered approach, we work with you to identify strengths and deepen relationships for sustainable and holistic change. At Cascades Wellness Center, our team offers extensive experience as well as a holistic approach to mental health and wellness. Through awareness, compassion, and acceptance, we work with our clients to return you to the life you want and deserve. For us, therapy is not about fixing what is wrong, but about recapturing your capacities to increase your overall health, well-being, and sense of connection in the world.
(206) 258-7498 View (206) 258-7498
Photo of Judith E Camann, MEd, MFA, LMHCA, CDP, NBCT, Counselor
Judith E Camann
Counselor, MEd, MFA, LMHCA, CDP, NBCT
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98122  (Online Only)
Are you navigating the complexities of life transitions, grappling with challenges like the uncertainties of adulthood, aging or the ups and downs of teenage years? Are you experiencing shifts in your relationships, thoughts or career? You aren’t alone. Life is full of change which often brings up difficult emotions. Through therapy, I offer a safe and confidential space where you can explore your emotions, build up your strengths, and feel self-empowered. My goal is to guide you as you navigate your evolving life be it parenting stress, relationship changes, career shifts, health trials or other demanding challenges.
Are you navigating the complexities of life transitions, grappling with challenges like the uncertainties of adulthood, aging or the ups and downs of teenage years? Are you experiencing shifts in your relationships, thoughts or career? You aren’t alone. Life is full of change which often brings up difficult emotions. Through therapy, I offer a safe and confidential space where you can explore your emotions, build up your strengths, and feel self-empowered. My goal is to guide you as you navigate your evolving life be it parenting stress, relationship changes, career shifts, health trials or other demanding challenges.
(206) 889-5307 View (206) 889-5307
Photo of Jeffery J Goff, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Jeffery J Goff
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98104
I work with those who struggle with anger. Often times the anger is brought on by unmet expectations and merely a symptom of deeper issues under the surface. It's my job to metaphorically stand in a place you can not see, and point you in the right direction as to the cause of what is contributing to the anger. By doing so, you can receive insight that will enrich your life and change it for the better.
I work with those who struggle with anger. Often times the anger is brought on by unmet expectations and merely a symptom of deeper issues under the surface. It's my job to metaphorically stand in a place you can not see, and point you in the right direction as to the cause of what is contributing to the anger. By doing so, you can receive insight that will enrich your life and change it for the better.
(206) 673-5349 View (206) 673-5349
Photo of Thomas Beck, PhD
Thomas Beck
Mental Health Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103  (Online Only)
In this time of unprecedented loss and stress due to COVID-19 and other world events such as accelerating climate change, I can help you deal with anxiety and depression. My orientation is transpersonal as I see physical and emotional issues as doorways to transformation and spiritual awakening. In my psychotherapy practice, people have achieved new levels of personal freedom and self-esteem. Together, we can enrich your quality of life and enhance your creativity. Integrative healing encompasses body, mind & spirit. We all deserve to be happy in our bodies and our lives. I work also with couples to resolve relationship issues.
In this time of unprecedented loss and stress due to COVID-19 and other world events such as accelerating climate change, I can help you deal with anxiety and depression. My orientation is transpersonal as I see physical and emotional issues as doorways to transformation and spiritual awakening. In my psychotherapy practice, people have achieved new levels of personal freedom and self-esteem. Together, we can enrich your quality of life and enhance your creativity. Integrative healing encompasses body, mind & spirit. We all deserve to be happy in our bodies and our lives. I work also with couples to resolve relationship issues.
(206) 260-0681 View (206) 260-0681
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Therapists

When should someone seek treatment for a traumatic brain injury?

People should seek a diagnosis and treatment after a head injury, especially if they were unconscious, and an early diagnosis can lead to a better recovery. Signs of a concussion include headaches, nausea or vomiting, exhaustion, dizziness, vision problems, sensitivity to light and sound, problems with attention and memory, brain fog, unusual irritability or sadness, and unusual sleep patterns.

What’s the most common treatment for a traumatic brain injury?

Treatment for a traumatic brain injury will be different depending on the severity of the problem. For mild injuries, treatment may involve rest and over-the-counter pain or headache medication. For moderate or severe injuries, treatment may involve stabilization, medication, and rehabilitative therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, cognitive therapy, and counseling.

How long does it take to recover from traumatic brain injury?

The recovery time for a traumatic brain injury depends on the individual and the severity and nature of the injury; the length of time spent unconscious is often an indicator of severity. Recovery time for mild injuries may be a week or two while recovery time for more severe injuries may be six months to two years. Research suggests that the vast majority of recovery occurs in the first two years after an injury; recovery after that time frame is less certain.

What if a traumatic brain injury is left untreated?

If a traumatic brain injury is left untreated, it can lead to long-term physical and mental health problems. Physical problems may include dizziness, headaches, vision, healing, or speech loss, and an elevated risk of dementia. Psychological problems may include impairments of memory, judgment, and decision-making, depression, aggression, poor impulse control, and personality changes.