Therapists in Smyrna, TN

Photo of Landra Orr, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Landra Orr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Smyrna, TN 37167
I enjoy working with a variety of different people. I appreciate all the complexities of being human. Through a trusting and compassionate relationship there can be healing from many of life’s problems from childhood sexual abuse to recreating life after a divorce to recovering from an affair. Many of my clients both couples and individuals state their relationships and their life is better after therapy. They appreciate the time to pause and reflect. Sometimes they want to make changes or continue what is working.
I enjoy working with a variety of different people. I appreciate all the complexities of being human. Through a trusting and compassionate relationship there can be healing from many of life’s problems from childhood sexual abuse to recreating life after a divorce to recovering from an affair. Many of my clients both couples and individuals state their relationships and their life is better after therapy. They appreciate the time to pause and reflect. Sometimes they want to make changes or continue what is working.
(615) 358-5922 View (615) 358-5922
Photo of Summer McKinney, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Summer McKinney
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Smyrna, TN 37167
I believe we are created for relationships, which is why having healthy relational dynamics among family, friends, coworkers, or other individuals is crucial to our well being. There are many obstacles we face in our daily lives. Some situations we can easily navigate, while others can be more challenging and cause us to question ourselves and our ability to persevere and overcome. Life is hard and we are not meant to do it alone. It is important to know that you are not alone in your situation and that there IS help and support for you.
I believe we are created for relationships, which is why having healthy relational dynamics among family, friends, coworkers, or other individuals is crucial to our well being. There are many obstacles we face in our daily lives. Some situations we can easily navigate, while others can be more challenging and cause us to question ourselves and our ability to persevere and overcome. Life is hard and we are not meant to do it alone. It is important to know that you are not alone in your situation and that there IS help and support for you.
(615) 751-0942 View (615) 751-0942
Photo of undefined - Courageous People Therapy Center, LLC, LPC, MHSP, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Courageous People Therapy Center, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Do you often feel weighted down by feelings of anxiety or lose sleep due to distressing dreams? Together, we will work on strategies that will allow you to address the root causes of your difficulties and find peace. I typically see adolescent to adult individuals.
Do you often feel weighted down by feelings of anxiety or lose sleep due to distressing dreams? Together, we will work on strategies that will allow you to address the root causes of your difficulties and find peace. I typically see adolescent to adult individuals.
(615) 488-7518 View (615) 488-7518
Photo of undefined - Bowdoin Recovery Services, LLC, NCAC, II, LADAC, QSAP, QCS, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Bowdoin Recovery Services, LLC
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, NCAC, II, LADAC, QSAP, QCS
Verified Verified
Smyrna, TN 37167
We want to help you address life, relationship or legal problems which are keeping you from having your best life experiences. We believe that you can and will succeed in making healthy life changes. We want to provide you with skills and tools which lead you to success and personal happiness. We provide individual counseling as well as group therapy and education. We offer monthly DUI school/class. We offer 8, 10 and 12 hour all day Anger Management Classes one time each month. Parenting classes available upon special request.
We want to help you address life, relationship or legal problems which are keeping you from having your best life experiences. We believe that you can and will succeed in making healthy life changes. We want to provide you with skills and tools which lead you to success and personal happiness. We provide individual counseling as well as group therapy and education. We offer monthly DUI school/class. We offer 8, 10 and 12 hour all day Anger Management Classes one time each month. Parenting classes available upon special request.
(615) 257-2363 View (615) 257-2363
Photo of Kerissa Frazier, M Ed, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kerissa Frazier
Pre-Licensed Professional, M Ed
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167
Changing the way mental health is viewed. I am a compassionate and dedicated therapist committed to helping you navigate life’s challenges. Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or simply feeling stuck, I am here to provide a supportive and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings. With a holistic approach to therapy, I tailor my methods to suit your unique needs, ensuring that our sessions are as effective and meaningful as possible. I believe in the power of empathy, active listening, and evidence-based techniques to foster personal growth.
Changing the way mental health is viewed. I am a compassionate and dedicated therapist committed to helping you navigate life’s challenges. Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or simply feeling stuck, I am here to provide a supportive and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings. With a holistic approach to therapy, I tailor my methods to suit your unique needs, ensuring that our sessions are as effective and meaningful as possible. I believe in the power of empathy, active listening, and evidence-based techniques to foster personal growth.
(615) 709-5437 View (615) 709-5437
Photo of Sheila L Taylor, LPC, MHSP, SP, C, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sheila L Taylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, SP, C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167  (Online Only)
YOU CAN... reach your full potential, increase skills to navigate and cope with life stressors, address mental health and other challenges and establish a healthier, happier you. Are you struggling with relationship issues, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss or life transition struggles? I can help. My experience includes working with clients of various cultures, races, religions, socio-economic statuses and sexual orientations. Beyond mental health therapy, I am experienced in adoptions counseling, premarital counseling, pastoral support, blended family counseling, prison reentry counseling as well as group counseling.
YOU CAN... reach your full potential, increase skills to navigate and cope with life stressors, address mental health and other challenges and establish a healthier, happier you. Are you struggling with relationship issues, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss or life transition struggles? I can help. My experience includes working with clients of various cultures, races, religions, socio-economic statuses and sexual orientations. Beyond mental health therapy, I am experienced in adoptions counseling, premarital counseling, pastoral support, blended family counseling, prison reentry counseling as well as group counseling.
(615) 802-5289 View (615) 802-5289
Photo of Courtney Sanchez, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Courtney Sanchez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Smyrna, TN 37167
My passion involves helping couples and individuals navigate the complexities of life. Do you feel stuck in a stagnant relationship or frustrated with unresolved issues? Long for connection but feel isolated? I can help couples break negative patterns, enhance communication, and rebuild intimacy to establish emotional safety for growth and connection. Perhaps you are facing personal challenges? Do you feel trapped in worry, lost in what-ifs, feel invisible tension in your body, or are overwhelmed with simple tasks? Let's explore the roots of your struggles, work together to alleviate symptoms, and find a path toward healing.
My passion involves helping couples and individuals navigate the complexities of life. Do you feel stuck in a stagnant relationship or frustrated with unresolved issues? Long for connection but feel isolated? I can help couples break negative patterns, enhance communication, and rebuild intimacy to establish emotional safety for growth and connection. Perhaps you are facing personal challenges? Do you feel trapped in worry, lost in what-ifs, feel invisible tension in your body, or are overwhelmed with simple tasks? Let's explore the roots of your struggles, work together to alleviate symptoms, and find a path toward healing.
(629) 209-0840 View (629) 209-0840
Photo of Steve Grossman, Pastoral Counselor
Steve Grossman
Pastoral Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167
Accepting new clients. Are you desperate to have clarity, hope, direction, and courage about yourself, your life, and/or your relationships? Are you wanting to get unstuck and move forward? I help men and women like you break free of negative thought patterns and external lies so you can live as you’re meant to live. My specialties include self understanding and control; life/career/business planning and doing; and communication and influence. I work with young adults 13 and up and adults of all ages.
Accepting new clients. Are you desperate to have clarity, hope, direction, and courage about yourself, your life, and/or your relationships? Are you wanting to get unstuck and move forward? I help men and women like you break free of negative thought patterns and external lies so you can live as you’re meant to live. My specialties include self understanding and control; life/career/business planning and doing; and communication and influence. I work with young adults 13 and up and adults of all ages.
(629) 222-9109 View (629) 222-9109
Photo of undefined - Sabin Behavioral Health, PhD, Psychologist
Sabin Behavioral Health
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Smyrna, TN 37167
From 1977 to the present Dr. Ward has maintained his own private psychology practice. As a component of his practice he provided consulting psychological services to the Tennessee Rehabilitation Center (TRC) from 1981 to 2003. At TRC he conducted individual and group counseling for clients with a broad range of physical, emotional, and intellectual disabilities. He is a member of the Tennessee Psychological Association, the American Psychological Association, and the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
From 1977 to the present Dr. Ward has maintained his own private psychology practice. As a component of his practice he provided consulting psychological services to the Tennessee Rehabilitation Center (TRC) from 1981 to 2003. At TRC he conducted individual and group counseling for clients with a broad range of physical, emotional, and intellectual disabilities. He is a member of the Tennessee Psychological Association, the American Psychological Association, and the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
(615) 656-3211 View (615) 656-3211
Photo of Kate Sjostrom, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kate Sjostrom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167
Waitlist for new clients
Please Note: I started a waiting list due to no current availability. Does your child struggle with expressing his or her emotions, experience meltdowns, aggression, and changes in mood? Do you notice difficulties with regulating emotions and/or energy level? Perhaps you are getting phone calls from your child's school due to behavioral difficulties and disruptions. Or maybe you are noticing behavior challenges and power struggles at home. As a parent, it can be difficult and confusing as to how to best get help for your child. You want to see your child thriving with the necessary support and coping skills to make that happen.
Please Note: I started a waiting list due to no current availability. Does your child struggle with expressing his or her emotions, experience meltdowns, aggression, and changes in mood? Do you notice difficulties with regulating emotions and/or energy level? Perhaps you are getting phone calls from your child's school due to behavioral difficulties and disruptions. Or maybe you are noticing behavior challenges and power struggles at home. As a parent, it can be difficult and confusing as to how to best get help for your child. You want to see your child thriving with the necessary support and coping skills to make that happen.
(615) 697-4539 View (615) 697-4539
Photo of undefined - TSF Therapy, LPC, MHSP, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
TSF Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
Smyrna, TN 37167  (Online Only)
We all have a story and a journey filled with highs and lows. Our paths often lead us to challenge ourselves in ways we never imagined. One thought can turn into ruminating doubt, negative self-talk, or trigger past trauma. It is during those times when we deserve a safe space to unpack before continuing on our life's calling. Accept our invitation to heal in the convenience of your own home. We created a virtual healing space for women to grow and heal courageously. Do not allow emotional and subconscious barriers to interfere with living a fulfilling life.
We all have a story and a journey filled with highs and lows. Our paths often lead us to challenge ourselves in ways we never imagined. One thought can turn into ruminating doubt, negative self-talk, or trigger past trauma. It is during those times when we deserve a safe space to unpack before continuing on our life's calling. Accept our invitation to heal in the convenience of your own home. We created a virtual healing space for women to grow and heal courageously. Do not allow emotional and subconscious barriers to interfere with living a fulfilling life.
(615) 219-2751 View (615) 219-2751
Photo of Chatiqua M Miller, LPC, EdD, Licensed Professional Counselor
Chatiqua M Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, EdD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167
Are you ready to take the next step that can change your life for the better? Are feelings of anger, shame, anxiety or depression weighing you down? Are the memories of your past preventing you from stepping into your future? Do you want to feel better? There is hope for you, and your life matters! I am dedicated to helping people get through the tough times. I am here to provide acceptance and encouragement for you to grow and change.
Are you ready to take the next step that can change your life for the better? Are feelings of anger, shame, anxiety or depression weighing you down? Are the memories of your past preventing you from stepping into your future? Do you want to feel better? There is hope for you, and your life matters! I am dedicated to helping people get through the tough times. I am here to provide acceptance and encouragement for you to grow and change.
(615) 488-4597 View (615) 488-4597
Photo of Jillian Wolf, PhD, HSP, Psychologist
Jillian Wolf
Psychologist, PhD, HSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
**Not currently accepting new clients** Sometimes it can be difficult for people to know how to best express themselves, cope with daily life or deal with issues such as anxiety, depression or decision-making. Therapy is a positive way for a person to learn how to use strengths more effectively and tolerate and become less limited by weaknesses. Issues such as trauma, depression, anxiety, job concerns, relationships and navigating life transitions can make us feel like we aren't as capable as those we see around us.
**Not currently accepting new clients** Sometimes it can be difficult for people to know how to best express themselves, cope with daily life or deal with issues such as anxiety, depression or decision-making. Therapy is a positive way for a person to learn how to use strengths more effectively and tolerate and become less limited by weaknesses. Issues such as trauma, depression, anxiety, job concerns, relationships and navigating life transitions can make us feel like we aren't as capable as those we see around us.
(615) 258-6496 View (615) 258-6496
Photo of Carrie Bock, LPC, MHSP, Counselor
Carrie Bock
Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167
Are you ready to get unstuck from worry, obsessions, uncomfortable body sensations, traumatic memories, or shame? I believe a deeper level of healing is possible by getting to the root of the issue. I have 15 years of watching clients transform their lives, so I know it's possible for you too. Often talking alone will not get you there because your nervous system holds the keys to unlocking automatic responses. By making mind, emotion, and body connections together, we will work together to help you reach your goals. Looking to heal faster? Ask me about therapy retreat services.
Are you ready to get unstuck from worry, obsessions, uncomfortable body sensations, traumatic memories, or shame? I believe a deeper level of healing is possible by getting to the root of the issue. I have 15 years of watching clients transform their lives, so I know it's possible for you too. Often talking alone will not get you there because your nervous system holds the keys to unlocking automatic responses. By making mind, emotion, and body connections together, we will work together to help you reach your goals. Looking to heal faster? Ask me about therapy retreat services.
(615) 933-2628 View (615) 933-2628
Photo of Jeff Devine, EdS, LPC, MHSP-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jeff Devine
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC, MHSP-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck? You're not alone. As a Licensed Professional Counselor with over a 25 years of experience, I'm here to guide you toward healing and growth. I believe in a holistic approach to mental health. We'll explore your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors together. Whether you're dealing with relationship challenges, trauma, or life transitions, I'll work together with you to tailor evidence-based techniques to your unique needs.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck? You're not alone. As a Licensed Professional Counselor with over a 25 years of experience, I'm here to guide you toward healing and growth. I believe in a holistic approach to mental health. We'll explore your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors together. Whether you're dealing with relationship challenges, trauma, or life transitions, I'll work together with you to tailor evidence-based techniques to your unique needs.
(629) 284-2589 View (629) 284-2589
Photo of Lois C. Kirk, PhD,  LPC, MHSP, ACS, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lois C. Kirk
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, MHSP, ACS, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167
For many individuals reaching out for help can be difficult but it is an important step towards change. In sessions, clients can expect to experience a safe and warm environment free of judgment to explore their concerns. I help clients work through addiction, trauma, anxiety, and OCD utilizing a variety of approaches such as CBT, EMDR, and ERP therapy. I also offer clinical supervision for those seeking licensure in Tennessee.
For many individuals reaching out for help can be difficult but it is an important step towards change. In sessions, clients can expect to experience a safe and warm environment free of judgment to explore their concerns. I help clients work through addiction, trauma, anxiety, and OCD utilizing a variety of approaches such as CBT, EMDR, and ERP therapy. I also offer clinical supervision for those seeking licensure in Tennessee.
(615) 205-9665 View (615) 205-9665
Photo of undefined - Insights Counseling, BS, MSSW, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Insights Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BS, MSSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Smyrna, TN 37167  (Online Only)
“I really care about the happiness and well being of each one of my clients. After 15 years of practice, I still feel thankful for each new relationship. The privilege of helping people discover their true selves and to assist them in being their very best is a delight and a blessing.”
“I really care about the happiness and well being of each one of my clients. After 15 years of practice, I still feel thankful for each new relationship. The privilege of helping people discover their true selves and to assist them in being their very best is a delight and a blessing.”
(629) 222-1197 View (629) 222-1197
Photo of Maranda Carney, LPC-MHS, (temp), NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Maranda Carney
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC-MHS, (temp), NCC
Verified Verified
Smyrna, TN 37167  (Online Only)
I have spent most of my career working with individuals with substance abuse issues. Through working in this field, I have gained experience working with many co-occurring disorders and maladaptive behaviors. I believe there is no one size fits all approach when it comes to therapy. My job is to work collaboratively with you to tailor a treatment plan that is as unique as you. You are the expert on your own life, my role is to work with you to help find solutions to improve your life.
I have spent most of my career working with individuals with substance abuse issues. Through working in this field, I have gained experience working with many co-occurring disorders and maladaptive behaviors. I believe there is no one size fits all approach when it comes to therapy. My job is to work collaboratively with you to tailor a treatment plan that is as unique as you. You are the expert on your own life, my role is to work with you to help find solutions to improve your life.
(629) 299-1831 View (629) 299-1831
Photo of Alesha Martin, LCSW, CSAT-C, ERPSCC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alesha Martin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAT-C, ERPSCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167  (Online Only)
As humans, we are designed to endure a great amount of stress and pain. However, if the stress and pain are not balanced with relief, then we begin to deteriorate in different areas of our life. In the fast paced world we live in today it is difficult to slow down long enough to seek this balance. We may begin to seek relief with short term solutions (ie alcohol, anger, sex, shopping, unhealthy relationships) that often come with destructive side effects. My goal is to assist people in bringing more balance to their lives.
As humans, we are designed to endure a great amount of stress and pain. However, if the stress and pain are not balanced with relief, then we begin to deteriorate in different areas of our life. In the fast paced world we live in today it is difficult to slow down long enough to seek this balance. We may begin to seek relief with short term solutions (ie alcohol, anger, sex, shopping, unhealthy relationships) that often come with destructive side effects. My goal is to assist people in bringing more balance to their lives.
(615) 813-4662 View (615) 813-4662
Photo of Brandi Vann, LPCMHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brandi Vann
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Smyrna, TN 37167  (Online Only)
I recognize that opening up to someone and addressing one’s personal struggles can be difficult. However, it is my belief that every person deserves to live their lives to their ultimate potential. It is my goal to provide a caring and supportive environment for each person while strengthening and empowering them. I believe that I am most effective in improving the self-efficacy of my clients by providing an environment of safety and trust. I have been a clinician for 16 years working with children, adolescents, young adults, and families.
I recognize that opening up to someone and addressing one’s personal struggles can be difficult. However, it is my belief that every person deserves to live their lives to their ultimate potential. It is my goal to provide a caring and supportive environment for each person while strengthening and empowering them. I believe that I am most effective in improving the self-efficacy of my clients by providing an environment of safety and trust. I have been a clinician for 16 years working with children, adolescents, young adults, and families.
(615) 283-9350 View (615) 283-9350

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Smyrna, TN

90+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Smyrna, TN who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
81% Depression
78% Stress
77% Coping Skills
77% Self Esteem
75% Relationship Issues
71% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
82% Cigna and Evernorth
76% Optum

How Therapists in Smyrna, TN see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

71% Female
29% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Smyrna?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.