Oppositional Defiance (ODD) Therapists in Dickson, TN

Photo of Kristen Turbeville, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kristen Turbeville
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Dickson, TN 37055
I hope to create a space where you feel able to fully express yourself, without judgement or an emotionally-charged response. Opening up to someone, especially a stranger, can be scary. I believe that healing can come when we trust others enough with our problems to ask for help. Everyone at some point in their life could use someone to help them process through the difficult experiences that life sometimes holds. I would like to explore these issues together, in a setting where you feel comfortable being heard and understood.
I hope to create a space where you feel able to fully express yourself, without judgement or an emotionally-charged response. Opening up to someone, especially a stranger, can be scary. I believe that healing can come when we trust others enough with our problems to ask for help. Everyone at some point in their life could use someone to help them process through the difficult experiences that life sometimes holds. I would like to explore these issues together, in a setting where you feel comfortable being heard and understood.
(615) 475-5125 View (615) 475-5125
Photo of Bessie Naomi Costanza, MSSW, LCSW, CMFSW, CCTP, AMTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bessie Naomi Costanza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW, CMFSW, CCTP, AMTP
Verified Verified
Dickson, TN 37055
With compassion,insight and acceptance, I can help you explore the issues which prevent you from success in your personal and professional relationships. I believe that we all possess much of the knowledge needed to answer life's questions; however, as with all things, we sometimes simply forget where to look. I see my work primarily as a guide, helping my clients find their own answers and their own happiness.I view therapy as a way to gain self awareness in order to understand one's pattern of relating to others and dealing with life's challenges.
With compassion,insight and acceptance, I can help you explore the issues which prevent you from success in your personal and professional relationships. I believe that we all possess much of the knowledge needed to answer life's questions; however, as with all things, we sometimes simply forget where to look. I see my work primarily as a guide, helping my clients find their own answers and their own happiness.I view therapy as a way to gain self awareness in order to understand one's pattern of relating to others and dealing with life's challenges.
(931) 272-8594 View (931) 272-8594
Photo of Dean Porterfield, LPC, MHSP, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dean Porterfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
Dickson, TN 37055
Understanding that for most, making the decision to enter therapy is a difficult step, it is essential that I not only connect and relate, but I provide a degree of noticeable relief or insight within the first session. This is especially true with adolescents, young adults and men, who tend to be resistant at the onset of the therapy process. I meet my clients where they are at, build upon their strengths to address their struggles, establish mutually agreed upon goals, and become an advocate for their overall growth and well-being. I am affirming, but direct in my approach.
Understanding that for most, making the decision to enter therapy is a difficult step, it is essential that I not only connect and relate, but I provide a degree of noticeable relief or insight within the first session. This is especially true with adolescents, young adults and men, who tend to be resistant at the onset of the therapy process. I meet my clients where they are at, build upon their strengths to address their struggles, establish mutually agreed upon goals, and become an advocate for their overall growth and well-being. I am affirming, but direct in my approach.
(615) 900-2180 View (615) 900-2180
Photo of Dr. Jermeckia Sandefer (Dr. J), PhD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Dr. Jermeckia Sandefer (Dr. J)
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Dickson, TN 37055
Food. It should be nourishing, enjoyable, even celebratory. But for you, it's been a lifelong battleground. Disordered eating has you stuck in a cycle of restriction, guilt, and shame. You've tried it all – diets, willpower, maybe even a cupcake for breakfast (hey, no judgment). Yet, here you are again. Hi, I'm Dr. Jermeckia Sandefer, and I get it. Food used to be my battleground too. I specialize in helping individuals, like you, break free from the cycle of disordered eating. I've not only helped countless people, but I've also walked a similar path.
Food. It should be nourishing, enjoyable, even celebratory. But for you, it's been a lifelong battleground. Disordered eating has you stuck in a cycle of restriction, guilt, and shame. You've tried it all – diets, willpower, maybe even a cupcake for breakfast (hey, no judgment). Yet, here you are again. Hi, I'm Dr. Jermeckia Sandefer, and I get it. Food used to be my battleground too. I specialize in helping individuals, like you, break free from the cycle of disordered eating. I've not only helped countless people, but I've also walked a similar path.
(931) 263-1654 View (931) 263-1654

Online Therapists

Photo of Stephanie Vaughn, PsyD, DBT-LBC, Psychologist
Stephanie Vaughn
Psychologist, PsyD, DBT-LBC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37215  (Online Only)
I'm a DBT-Linehan Board Certified Clinician and an expert in Borderline Personality Disorder, anxiety disorders, PTSD, self-harm, and oppositional adolescents.
My clients don't come to therapy to hear someone nod and agree with everything they say—that's not worth their time or money. They want real help. They want to know "what to do" and "how to fix it" because they're struggling with depression, severe anxiety, relationship problems, trauma, suicidal thoughts, parenting issues, and other painful situations. They are looking for a true expert that they can actually talk to. I am a member of PSYPACT which means I can see clients in every state that is a member of PSYPACT and I am also licensed in MA.
I'm a DBT-Linehan Board Certified Clinician and an expert in Borderline Personality Disorder, anxiety disorders, PTSD, self-harm, and oppositional adolescents.
My clients don't come to therapy to hear someone nod and agree with everything they say—that's not worth their time or money. They want real help. They want to know "what to do" and "how to fix it" because they're struggling with depression, severe anxiety, relationship problems, trauma, suicidal thoughts, parenting issues, and other painful situations. They are looking for a true expert that they can actually talk to. I am a member of PSYPACT which means I can see clients in every state that is a member of PSYPACT and I am also licensed in MA.
(857) 271-4038 View (857) 271-4038
Photo of Jessica Davidson, MA, MS, LPC, MHSP-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jessica Davidson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MS, LPC, MHSP-S
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37221
I have worked with children with diagnoses of ADHD, anxiety, depression, PTSD and ODD.
Are you worried about your child? Does your child not seem like themselves? Your child may be irritable, aggressive and defiant. Your child may seem angry or withdrawn. Adolescents often refuse to talk to you, participate in enjoyable activities, experience thoughts of suicide or do things to harm themselves. Your child may have experienced a traumatic event or is having difficulty navigating a life change such as divorce, death of a family member or adoption. You may feel hopeless and not sure how to help your child. If this sounds familiar, I can help. I have experience working with children with these same issues.
I have worked with children with diagnoses of ADHD, anxiety, depression, PTSD and ODD.
Are you worried about your child? Does your child not seem like themselves? Your child may be irritable, aggressive and defiant. Your child may seem angry or withdrawn. Adolescents often refuse to talk to you, participate in enjoyable activities, experience thoughts of suicide or do things to harm themselves. Your child may have experienced a traumatic event or is having difficulty navigating a life change such as divorce, death of a family member or adoption. You may feel hopeless and not sure how to help your child. If this sounds familiar, I can help. I have experience working with children with these same issues.
(615) 434-4227 View (615) 434-4227
Photo of Dayciaa C. Smith, EdD, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dayciaa C. Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Clarksville, TN 37040
Such conditions may be ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Autism, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, etc.
Happy Hello! I counsel children and adolescents, from ages 6-18, on academic and behavioral matters including, but not limited to, the following: Goal-Setting, Study Skills, Test-Taking Strategies, Organization/Time Management, Non-Violent Conflict Resolution, Respect/Responsibility, Decision-Making, New School Transitions, Self-Esteem Issues, Grief/Bereavement, Stress Management, Anger Management, and College/Career Awareness, Exploration and Planning. I also work with adults of all ages and life stages on a range of issues, including anxiety and depression, eating disorders and PTSD.
Such conditions may be ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Autism, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, etc.
Happy Hello! I counsel children and adolescents, from ages 6-18, on academic and behavioral matters including, but not limited to, the following: Goal-Setting, Study Skills, Test-Taking Strategies, Organization/Time Management, Non-Violent Conflict Resolution, Respect/Responsibility, Decision-Making, New School Transitions, Self-Esteem Issues, Grief/Bereavement, Stress Management, Anger Management, and College/Career Awareness, Exploration and Planning. I also work with adults of all ages and life stages on a range of issues, including anxiety and depression, eating disorders and PTSD.
(901) 617-3139 View (901) 617-3139
Photo of Cecilia C. Oaks - Cecilia C. Oaks Counseling, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Cecilia C. Oaks Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37067
Accepting new clients and scheduling for Saturdays! EMDR trained. Please feel free to call or text me at 931.242.4204. I love working with children and adolescents! I'm taking on adults as well! In addition to talk-therapy, I implement games, puzzles, stories, music, art, and toys into therapy. Therapy should not be boring! My areas of working with clients include, but are not limited to: depression, anxiety, ADHD, ODD, social skills, anger management, self-harm, suicidal ideation, low self-esteem, abuse, and trauma. My main modalities include TF-CBT, CBT, EMDR and behavior modification.
Accepting new clients and scheduling for Saturdays! EMDR trained. Please feel free to call or text me at 931.242.4204. I love working with children and adolescents! I'm taking on adults as well! In addition to talk-therapy, I implement games, puzzles, stories, music, art, and toys into therapy. Therapy should not be boring! My areas of working with clients include, but are not limited to: depression, anxiety, ADHD, ODD, social skills, anger management, self-harm, suicidal ideation, low self-esteem, abuse, and trauma. My main modalities include TF-CBT, CBT, EMDR and behavior modification.
(615) 205-9734 View (615) 205-9734
Photo of Susan S. Han, PhD, Psychologist
Susan S. Han
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37067
Prior to private practice, I was a mental health services researcher, with expertise in developing school-based intervention programs addressing both internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing (defiant, oppositional behaviors) problems.
I am a clinical psychologist specializing in cognitive-behavioral therapy for children, adolescents, and families. My approach to treatment is structured and collaborative, engaging and pragmatic, and tailored to the strengths and needs of the client and family. I strive to help young people and their parents to (1) develop a conceptual understanding of their presenting issues and problems of concern, (2) examine how their beliefs and feelings affect their behavior choices, and (3) develop and practice specific coping skills and strategies, emotion regulation skills, and step-by-step problem solving skills to better manage these issues and other stressors.
Prior to private practice, I was a mental health services researcher, with expertise in developing school-based intervention programs addressing both internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing (defiant, oppositional behaviors) problems.
I am a clinical psychologist specializing in cognitive-behavioral therapy for children, adolescents, and families. My approach to treatment is structured and collaborative, engaging and pragmatic, and tailored to the strengths and needs of the client and family. I strive to help young people and their parents to (1) develop a conceptual understanding of their presenting issues and problems of concern, (2) examine how their beliefs and feelings affect their behavior choices, and (3) develop and practice specific coping skills and strategies, emotion regulation skills, and step-by-step problem solving skills to better manage these issues and other stressors.
(615) 338-8679 View (615) 338-8679
Photo of Amanda P Jove, LPC , MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amanda P Jove
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC , MHSP
Verified Verified
Pleasant View, TN 37146
My name is Amanda Jove and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor working with Kids First Pediatrics. I believe mental health is crucial for a child’s healthy development and offer counseling services ages 4 and up. I have worked with children and adolescents for over seven years and utilize various counseling techniques and tools in efforts to individualize treatment and goals to fit their specific needs. I have vast experience treating depression, anxiety, high-risk behaviors (such as suicidal ideations and/or harmful behaviors),oppositional defiant behaviors, as well as highly acute diagnosis and patients with comorbid disorders.
My name is Amanda Jove and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor working with Kids First Pediatrics. I believe mental health is crucial for a child’s healthy development and offer counseling services ages 4 and up. I have worked with children and adolescents for over seven years and utilize various counseling techniques and tools in efforts to individualize treatment and goals to fit their specific needs. I have vast experience treating depression, anxiety, high-risk behaviors (such as suicidal ideations and/or harmful behaviors),oppositional defiant behaviors, as well as highly acute diagnosis and patients with comorbid disorders.
(615) 930-1647 View (615) 930-1647
Photo of Shatonya Crayton, MS, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shatonya Crayton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Murfreesboro, TN 37130
Unfortunately, I am not currently accepting any new clients at this time. "BE STRONG because things will get better. It may be stormy now, but it never lasts forever." Strength is something we all need help with at times. It is my goal to guide clients through stressful and difficult times in order to help them develop the skills and perspective necessary to manage the constant struggles life hands us all. Anxiety, Depression, Anger, Regret, Guilt, Shame and Addiction are things that can be coped with in order to move on.
Unfortunately, I am not currently accepting any new clients at this time. "BE STRONG because things will get better. It may be stormy now, but it never lasts forever." Strength is something we all need help with at times. It is my goal to guide clients through stressful and difficult times in order to help them develop the skills and perspective necessary to manage the constant struggles life hands us all. Anxiety, Depression, Anger, Regret, Guilt, Shame and Addiction are things that can be coped with in order to move on.
(615) 374-7577 View (615) 374-7577
Photo of Elizabeth G. Scoville - Scoville Counseling, LLC, LPC, MHSP, RPT, NCC, MS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Scoville Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, RPT, NCC, MS
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37205
I am a licensed professional counselor in Nashville, TN. I am passionate about helping others and I work with children, adolescents, and adults with a wide variety of presenting issues. Life is messy, full of hurts, disappointments, stressors, and grief – past and present. I want to help you get “unstuck” so you can live your best life, whatever that is for you. I have been where you are which makes me uniquely qualified to sit with you and to walk alongside you on your journey of healing. I cannot give you the answers, but I promise you will not have to find them alone.
I am a licensed professional counselor in Nashville, TN. I am passionate about helping others and I work with children, adolescents, and adults with a wide variety of presenting issues. Life is messy, full of hurts, disappointments, stressors, and grief – past and present. I want to help you get “unstuck” so you can live your best life, whatever that is for you. I have been where you are which makes me uniquely qualified to sit with you and to walk alongside you on your journey of healing. I cannot give you the answers, but I promise you will not have to find them alone.
(615) 235-5988 View (615) 235-5988
Photo of Elisabeth Lynch - Counseling Professionals, LPC, MHSP, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Counseling Professionals
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, MA
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37217
"When I started Counseling Professionals in 2001, my vision was to provide a place of refuge from the storms of life and to equip our clients and their families with the tools they need to live a happy and successful life. I am proud to say that we have made this vision a reality for our clients since the beginning. I'm so honored for the opportunity to help so many individuals, couples, families, children, and adolescents restore hope, peace, and harmony over the past 17 years."
"When I started Counseling Professionals in 2001, my vision was to provide a place of refuge from the storms of life and to equip our clients and their families with the tools they need to live a happy and successful life. I am proud to say that we have made this vision a reality for our clients since the beginning. I'm so honored for the opportunity to help so many individuals, couples, families, children, and adolescents restore hope, peace, and harmony over the past 17 years."
(615) 307-4269 View (615) 307-4269
Photo of Renee Lackey, MA, NCC, LPC, MHSP, (temp), Pre-Licensed Professional
Renee Lackey
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC, LPC, MHSP, (temp)
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Brentwood, TN 37027
Is your child struggling with excessive worries, frequent yelling or hitting, a fear of dogs or the dark, self-esteem, overreacting, an inability to cope with stress or unpleasant feelings, trouble with peers, the impact of divorce, or the loss of a loved one? As a parent, you may feel exhausted, lose patience, unsure of how to help, or want another perspective. I work with your child and family to provide a path for personal growth, learning healthy coping skills, building a stronger connection, improving communication, resolving conflicts, and having fun! Parents will learn how to co-regulate and manage challenging behaviors.
Is your child struggling with excessive worries, frequent yelling or hitting, a fear of dogs or the dark, self-esteem, overreacting, an inability to cope with stress or unpleasant feelings, trouble with peers, the impact of divorce, or the loss of a loved one? As a parent, you may feel exhausted, lose patience, unsure of how to help, or want another perspective. I work with your child and family to provide a path for personal growth, learning healthy coping skills, building a stronger connection, improving communication, resolving conflicts, and having fun! Parents will learn how to co-regulate and manage challenging behaviors.
(629) 276-6390 View (629) 276-6390
Photo of Todd Hickman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Todd Hickman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
If you need to talk to someone, don't wait. I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 30 yrs experience working with children, teens, families and adults of all ages specializing in treating a variety of issues including addictions, anxiety, depression, behavior problems, bipolar disorder, struggling teens, couples and adults of all ages. I am taking new clients by telehealth and in-person in the Nashville/Franklin/Springhill area. Let's get started today!
If you need to talk to someone, don't wait. I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 30 yrs experience working with children, teens, families and adults of all ages specializing in treating a variety of issues including addictions, anxiety, depression, behavior problems, bipolar disorder, struggling teens, couples and adults of all ages. I am taking new clients by telehealth and in-person in the Nashville/Franklin/Springhill area. Let's get started today!
(615) 471-7236 View (615) 471-7236
Photo of Danielle Choate, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Danielle Choate
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Murfreesboro, TN 37129
Life can be difficult to navigate and there's no user manual. Are you struggling with anxiety or depression? Do you have a child or teenager who is often mislabeled as a "bad kid"? Do you feel your plate is more than full? Are you struggling to manage it all at once? Life can feel overwhelming. You keep burying these feelings and telling yourself "I'm fine". You deserve time to slow down and focus on yourself.
Life can be difficult to navigate and there's no user manual. Are you struggling with anxiety or depression? Do you have a child or teenager who is often mislabeled as a "bad kid"? Do you feel your plate is more than full? Are you struggling to manage it all at once? Life can feel overwhelming. You keep burying these feelings and telling yourself "I'm fine". You deserve time to slow down and focus on yourself.
(629) 348-4283 View (629) 348-4283
Photo of Shervetta Porter, MA, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shervetta Porter
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Hendersonville, TN 37075
My ideal client is a person that needs help with regulating their day to day life due to relationship issues, codependency, couples issues, emotion regulation, parenting concerns, issues with the law, weight loss and obesity, and self-esteem concerns. I have worked a lot with victims of abuse in many forms. I enjoy helping others put the pieces of their life together step by step.
My ideal client is a person that needs help with regulating their day to day life due to relationship issues, codependency, couples issues, emotion regulation, parenting concerns, issues with the law, weight loss and obesity, and self-esteem concerns. I have worked a lot with victims of abuse in many forms. I enjoy helping others put the pieces of their life together step by step.
(615) 219-1081 View (615) 219-1081
Photo of KimBerly Claypool, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
KimBerly Claypool
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clarksville, TN 37043
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I have extensive experiences working with children, adolescents, parents and adults navigating their lives. Through my experiences, I’ve assisted in clients working through trauma, navigate life transitions, depression, anxiety and developing healthy coping strategies to assist with enhancing their life. I look forward to connecting and working with you.
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I have extensive experiences working with children, adolescents, parents and adults navigating their lives. Through my experiences, I’ve assisted in clients working through trauma, navigate life transitions, depression, anxiety and developing healthy coping strategies to assist with enhancing their life. I look forward to connecting and working with you.
(931) 342-4413 View (931) 342-4413
Photo of Matt Speer, MSMFT, LPC, MHSP, Counselor
Matt Speer
Counselor, MSMFT, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, TN 38401
Relationship is at the root of my work as a therapist. My goal is to establish trusting connections through empathy, humanness, acceptance, support and humor. I work with pre-teens, teens, adults, couples and families on relationship issues; I also offer treatment of depression, anxiety, mood disorders, grief and self-esteem.
Relationship is at the root of my work as a therapist. My goal is to establish trusting connections through empathy, humanness, acceptance, support and humor. I work with pre-teens, teens, adults, couples and families on relationship issues; I also offer treatment of depression, anxiety, mood disorders, grief and self-esteem.
(931) 347-1729 View (931) 347-1729
Photo of Katherine L Pennington - Lionheart Trauma Support Services, LLC , LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lionheart Trauma Support Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clarksville, TN 37040
Lionheart provides an environment that is non-judgmental, inviting, and laid back.. We are human with human emotions and experiences. We believe in being relatable, normalizing, and validating experiences, feelings, and situations. We understand the demands of life and recognize seeking help is hard at times and requires you to place trust in someone with your hurts, pains, and secrets. Lionheart wants you to know that our role is to make you feel safe and comfortable in a non-judgmental environment. My team is dedicated to being of services to you.
Lionheart provides an environment that is non-judgmental, inviting, and laid back.. We are human with human emotions and experiences. We believe in being relatable, normalizing, and validating experiences, feelings, and situations. We understand the demands of life and recognize seeking help is hard at times and requires you to place trust in someone with your hurts, pains, and secrets. Lionheart wants you to know that our role is to make you feel safe and comfortable in a non-judgmental environment. My team is dedicated to being of services to you.
(931) 236-2236 View (931) 236-2236

See more therapy options for Dickson

Oppositional Defiance (ODD) Therapists

What is the most effective treatment for oppositional defiant disorder?

The treatment of Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) will involve multiple approaches designed to help both the youngster and their parents, sometimes including medication. A therapist will help a child learn ways to regulate their emotions, curb their impulsiveness, and counteract anger, defiance, and disruption, while showing parents ways to bring these lessons into their home. A technique designed for children with conditions like ODD, known as Collaborative and Proactive Solutions (CPS), may also be used. CPS addresses a child’s concerns and rewards appropriate responses while discouraging harsh punishment or criticism.

How does treatment for oppositional defiant disorder work?

Treatment for ODD addresses the issues underlying a child’s defiance and disruption, the emotional regulation and impulse-control skills they lack, and the way adults respond to them. ODD therapy is based on the idea that children with the disorder understand the difference between right and wrong, that they want to behave well, and that, with help, they can. By responding to the child with empathy instead of harsh criticism, ignoring nonviolent behaviors, and rewarding positive actions, a therapist, and the other adults in a child’s life, can help children improve their behavior.

How long does therapy for oppositional defiant disorder take?

Therapy for oppositional defiant disorder is not a short-term undertaking. Depending on the severity of a child’s symptoms, their age, the presence of other conditions like ADHD, anxiety or a mood disorder, and their family dynamic, it can take months before improvement is noted. The cooperation of parents and teachers is crucial, because the skills learned in therapy must be practiced in real-world situations, with all their potential triggers.

Does oppositional defiant disorder go away?

ODD can remit following treatment. ODD is often diagnosed in nursery school, and early intervention is essential for a positive prognosis. In two-thirds of children, according to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, symptoms resolve within three years.