Psychodynamic Therapists in College Grove, TN

Photo of Dr. Lyndsay Elliott, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Lyndsay Elliott
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
College Grove, TN 37046
My orientation blends cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and family systems approaches to healing and change.
My approach is to actively engage, creating a supportive and collaborative environment that is equally empathic and challenging. By focusing on both past experiences and present circumstances, I seek to access the client's inner strengths in order to overcome difficult situations, make noticeable changes and break unhealthy patterns.
My orientation blends cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and family systems approaches to healing and change.
My approach is to actively engage, creating a supportive and collaborative environment that is equally empathic and challenging. By focusing on both past experiences and present circumstances, I seek to access the client's inner strengths in order to overcome difficult situations, make noticeable changes and break unhealthy patterns.
(615) 903-5788 View (615) 903-5788

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Cindy Butler Mancini, PhD, Psychologist
Cindy Butler Mancini
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37064
I draw on a variety of psychodynamic techniques, as well as more directive, cognitive-based approaches.
I believe we all do our very best to cope with life’s challenges. Allowing someone to face those challenges with you can be one of the hardest aspects of starting psychotherapy. I approach therapy as a partner in exploration and discovery. I work toward creating a safe, warm environment that facilitates connection, understanding, and positive change. Every person is unique and so are their strengths, struggles, and goals, so I focus on tailoring treatment to the specific needs of each client.
I draw on a variety of psychodynamic techniques, as well as more directive, cognitive-based approaches.
I believe we all do our very best to cope with life’s challenges. Allowing someone to face those challenges with you can be one of the hardest aspects of starting psychotherapy. I approach therapy as a partner in exploration and discovery. I work toward creating a safe, warm environment that facilitates connection, understanding, and positive change. Every person is unique and so are their strengths, struggles, and goals, so I focus on tailoring treatment to the specific needs of each client.
(615) 270-9994 View (615) 270-9994
Photo of Christianne Downey, MA LPC, MHSP, NCC, CCMHC, CCTP-II, Licensed Professional Counselor
Christianne Downey
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA LPC, MHSP, NCC, CCMHC, CCTP-II
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37067  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My approach is psychodynamic, strength-based, and individualized to meet your needs.
Hope and healing are possible! I specialize in trauma, complex trauma, PTSD, C-PTSD, and adult children of alcoholics and dysfunctional families. My passion is helping clients feel safe and empowered so they can find relief from anxiety and depression, connect with themselves and others, and find peace and joy. Working together, you can heal from trauma, dysfunctional relationships, and other painful life experiences. I'll help you break free from shame, feel self-love, set healthy boundaries, and cultivate the fulfilling life you deserve.
My approach is psychodynamic, strength-based, and individualized to meet your needs.
Hope and healing are possible! I specialize in trauma, complex trauma, PTSD, C-PTSD, and adult children of alcoholics and dysfunctional families. My passion is helping clients feel safe and empowered so they can find relief from anxiety and depression, connect with themselves and others, and find peace and joy. Working together, you can heal from trauma, dysfunctional relationships, and other painful life experiences. I'll help you break free from shame, feel self-love, set healthy boundaries, and cultivate the fulfilling life you deserve.
(615) 703-5455 View (615) 703-5455
Photo of Peggy Miller Allbritten, MS, LPC, MHSP, (temp), Pre-Licensed Professional
Peggy Miller Allbritten
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LPC, MHSP, (temp)
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37067
Waitlist for new clients
My approach to therapy is rooted in connection and safety. I believe in the importance of the therapeutic relationship for healing and growth, and I strive to create a safe, accepting space for each of my clients. I approach therapy from a trauma-informed, psychodynamic perspective, exploring with clients how past experiences, attachment, and trauma have impacted them. I believe in the importance of acknowledging the whole self in the healing process, and I often incorporate ideas from Somatic Experiencing, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, playtherapy/expressive arts, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy into counseling.
My approach to therapy is rooted in connection and safety. I believe in the importance of the therapeutic relationship for healing and growth, and I strive to create a safe, accepting space for each of my clients. I approach therapy from a trauma-informed, psychodynamic perspective, exploring with clients how past experiences, attachment, and trauma have impacted them. I believe in the importance of acknowledging the whole self in the healing process, and I often incorporate ideas from Somatic Experiencing, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, playtherapy/expressive arts, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy into counseling.
(615) 551-9398 View (615) 551-9398
Photo of Kristen P Blackshear, PsyD, Psychologist
Kristen P Blackshear
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37067
My theoretical orientation is primarily psychodynamic, which emphasizes insight and awareness.
We all experience struggles and challenges as we move through life. Through therapy, my hope is to help people create more fulfilling and satisfying lives. I believe that the relationship between therapist and client is crucial to the success of therapy. Therefore, I work to create a safe and welcoming environment. My therapeutic style balances direct feedback with active, empathic listening. I treat each client according to their individual needs and unique presentation. My approach is flexible and based on what is best for each client. I am passionate about helping individuals learn and understand more about themselves and their relationships in order to live fuller, healthier lives.
My theoretical orientation is primarily psychodynamic, which emphasizes insight and awareness.
We all experience struggles and challenges as we move through life. Through therapy, my hope is to help people create more fulfilling and satisfying lives. I believe that the relationship between therapist and client is crucial to the success of therapy. Therefore, I work to create a safe and welcoming environment. My therapeutic style balances direct feedback with active, empathic listening. I treat each client according to their individual needs and unique presentation. My approach is flexible and based on what is best for each client. I am passionate about helping individuals learn and understand more about themselves and their relationships in order to live fuller, healthier lives.
(615) 285-3120 View (615) 285-3120
Photo of Leiah Drew Hightower - The Therapuetic Studio, LLC, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
The Therapuetic Studio, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37064
Life is hard and we are all trying to heal from someone or something. The therapeutic process is the greatest gift you could give yourself or your child. We have one life, we are all learning daily and we are in this together. We have a deep passion for children, adolescents and families who have come from hard places and spaces.
Life is hard and we are all trying to heal from someone or something. The therapeutic process is the greatest gift you could give yourself or your child. We have one life, we are all learning daily and we are in this together. We have a deep passion for children, adolescents and families who have come from hard places and spaces.
(615) 488-8860 View (615) 488-8860
Photo of Debbie Tenpenny, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Debbie Tenpenny
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37067
I believe that walking alongside hurting individuals, couples, and families is a crucial element on the path to healing. Brokenness, chaos, shattered relationships, and loss are often concealed gifts of transformation. People who have experienced trauma resulting in attachment struggles, addictions, anxiety, codependency and relational conflict are common to the individuals I see. Keith, my husband, and I offer couples and family therapy together as we feel that it is effective and expedient. When I am not counseling with my husband, I work with individuals and families who are in crisis and are desperate for change.
I believe that walking alongside hurting individuals, couples, and families is a crucial element on the path to healing. Brokenness, chaos, shattered relationships, and loss are often concealed gifts of transformation. People who have experienced trauma resulting in attachment struggles, addictions, anxiety, codependency and relational conflict are common to the individuals I see. Keith, my husband, and I offer couples and family therapy together as we feel that it is effective and expedient. When I am not counseling with my husband, I work with individuals and families who are in crisis and are desperate for change.
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Photo of Mary Margaret Johnson, LMFT, LPC, MHSP, CST, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mary Margaret Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC, MHSP, CST
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Spring Hill, TN 37174
It isn't easy to ask for help. It’s easy to get discouraged in life, and in relationships. It’s hard to break patterns that keep us stuck and to move past the pain and anxieties we face. With an integrative approach to therapy, I help clients break destructive patterns, heal wounds, develop better coping strategies, improve relational skills, and gain richer understanding of themselves and others. The common challenges I work with include: sexual intimacy. codependency, anxiety, infidelity, loss, personality growth, trauma, family conflict, parenting, eating disorders, spiritual abuse and Christian spiritual direction.
It isn't easy to ask for help. It’s easy to get discouraged in life, and in relationships. It’s hard to break patterns that keep us stuck and to move past the pain and anxieties we face. With an integrative approach to therapy, I help clients break destructive patterns, heal wounds, develop better coping strategies, improve relational skills, and gain richer understanding of themselves and others. The common challenges I work with include: sexual intimacy. codependency, anxiety, infidelity, loss, personality growth, trauma, family conflict, parenting, eating disorders, spiritual abuse and Christian spiritual direction.
(615) 209-9278 View (615) 209-9278
Photo of Sarah Probst - Pneuma Counseling, EMDR & Neurofeedback, MA, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Pneuma Counseling, EMDR & Neurofeedback
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
Pneuma Counseling & Neurofeedback practices state-of-the-art approaches including Neurofeedback, EMDR, Lifespan Integration, & other brain-smart, trauma-informed therapies. We incorporate various curriculums and trauma-informed, brain-based therapies into treatment plans to help clients see significant changes not otherwise achieved. Schedules are typically pretty full due to the volume of inquiries for these modalities, but please click the "website" button to the left to fill out our "contact us" form to begin your healing journey.
Pneuma Counseling & Neurofeedback practices state-of-the-art approaches including Neurofeedback, EMDR, Lifespan Integration, & other brain-smart, trauma-informed therapies. We incorporate various curriculums and trauma-informed, brain-based therapies into treatment plans to help clients see significant changes not otherwise achieved. Schedules are typically pretty full due to the volume of inquiries for these modalities, but please click the "website" button to the left to fill out our "contact us" form to begin your healing journey.
(985) 298-8771 View (985) 298-8771
Photo of Jolene Underwood, MA, LPCMHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jolene Underwood
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCMHSP
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37067
Do you feel stuck in patterns you can’t control? Like feelings show up in ways you can’t think yourself out of? As a trauma therapist, I believe that our bodies and nervous systems are home to memories that continue to impact us in our day-to-day lives. We may still have parts of us that stay in high-alert, ruminating and planning. Or we may have parts that rage, shut down, numb-out, or freeze. In therapy, we learn to honor these patterns and appreciate their service to us. We also work on building a nurturing relationship with our inner child parts, providing them with care and kindly asking for the breath of space.
Do you feel stuck in patterns you can’t control? Like feelings show up in ways you can’t think yourself out of? As a trauma therapist, I believe that our bodies and nervous systems are home to memories that continue to impact us in our day-to-day lives. We may still have parts of us that stay in high-alert, ruminating and planning. Or we may have parts that rage, shut down, numb-out, or freeze. In therapy, we learn to honor these patterns and appreciate their service to us. We also work on building a nurturing relationship with our inner child parts, providing them with care and kindly asking for the breath of space.
(615) 709-5063 View (615) 709-5063
Photo of Victory Point - Victory Point, LPC, LCSW, L-Coach, Licensed Professional Counselor
Victory Point
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCSW, L-Coach
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spring Hill, TN 37174  (Online Only)
Life isn’t easy at times. Challenges and struggles can shake your foundation and leave you feeling confused, overwhelmed, disappointed, frustrated, or hurt. As a result you may experience uncomfortable symptoms such as grief, anxiety, depression or relationship struggles. You do not have to navigate these situations or feelings alone; we are here to help you with your journey!
Life isn’t easy at times. Challenges and struggles can shake your foundation and leave you feeling confused, overwhelmed, disappointed, frustrated, or hurt. As a result you may experience uncomfortable symptoms such as grief, anxiety, depression or relationship struggles. You do not have to navigate these situations or feelings alone; we are here to help you with your journey!
(931) 325-2711 View (931) 325-2711
Photo of Marvin L. Wilkerson Ch. Ci. Cm.nlp, CH, CI, CMNLP
Marvin L. Wilkerson Ch. Ci. Cm.nlp
CH, CI, CMNLP
Verified Verified
Spring Hill, TN 37174
Hi, Marvin Wilkerson, Consulting & Medical Hypnotist, Master NLP & Esoteric Psychology. I help clients with mental and physical issues causing conflicts in the body & mind. Beliefs from programming, past experiences, can cause undesirable consequences such as anxieties, depression, psychosomatic disorders, habits, illness along with many other discomforts. I work with pain management, confidence, and self-esteem. Through my work, I help you discover your doctor within, the only true path to healing soul/mind/body. As my slogan attests, “A true healer finds joy in each client’s recovery.”® Don’t you deserve a life-change today?
Hi, Marvin Wilkerson, Consulting & Medical Hypnotist, Master NLP & Esoteric Psychology. I help clients with mental and physical issues causing conflicts in the body & mind. Beliefs from programming, past experiences, can cause undesirable consequences such as anxieties, depression, psychosomatic disorders, habits, illness along with many other discomforts. I work with pain management, confidence, and self-esteem. Through my work, I help you discover your doctor within, the only true path to healing soul/mind/body. As my slogan attests, “A true healer finds joy in each client’s recovery.”® Don’t you deserve a life-change today?
(615) 645-1602 View (615) 645-1602
Photo of Lori Lee Staton, BS, MA, tempLPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lori Lee Staton
Pre-Licensed Professional, BS, MA, tempLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37067
Tired of holding so much inside? Everyone goes through tough times and needs a safe space to talk. My style of practice enables me to offer effective outpatient, individualized, psychological care. I treat several mental health disorders and provide a peaceful & neutral ground to individuals, families, and couples. My focus is to help individuals heal, energize, and become aware of their inner strengths. This is achieved by providing a caring, safe space without judgment, listening to your concerns, and customizing a treatment plan that helps you reach your goals.
Tired of holding so much inside? Everyone goes through tough times and needs a safe space to talk. My style of practice enables me to offer effective outpatient, individualized, psychological care. I treat several mental health disorders and provide a peaceful & neutral ground to individuals, families, and couples. My focus is to help individuals heal, energize, and become aware of their inner strengths. This is achieved by providing a caring, safe space without judgment, listening to your concerns, and customizing a treatment plan that helps you reach your goals.
(931) 208-6309 View (931) 208-6309
Photo of Curtis B. Freed, MSN, LPC, RN, Licensed Professional Counselor
Curtis B. Freed
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSN, LPC, RN
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37067  (Online Only)
We all experience events in our life that exceed our capacity to effectively cope. During those times we may need the support of a friend, or at times, a professional. Are you needing assistance to help you deal with difficulties in relationships, career, or other major decisions, the trauma of abuse, exposure to other traumatic events? Perhaps you are struggling daily with anxiety or depression or simply overwhelmed to the point of not being able to function effectively. If so, I will be glad to help.
We all experience events in our life that exceed our capacity to effectively cope. During those times we may need the support of a friend, or at times, a professional. Are you needing assistance to help you deal with difficulties in relationships, career, or other major decisions, the trauma of abuse, exposure to other traumatic events? Perhaps you are struggling daily with anxiety or depression or simply overwhelmed to the point of not being able to function effectively. If so, I will be glad to help.
(631) 459-4295 View (631) 459-4295
Photo of Nicole Bryant: As You Are Therapy, EdD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nicole Bryant: As You Are Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdD, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37067
At work, you’re a rock star! You can handle anything that comes your way. Whenever there’s a problem, you’re the one who fixes it. It’s your show and you’re killing it. So why do you feel so unfulfilled? On paper, you’re successful – making your family proud. But inside, something is still missing. A longing emptiness sits deep in the pit of your stomach. You’ve always worked so hard to pursue goals “at any cost,” but you’ve begun to realize that the cost was your well-being. All of your relationships seem to be out of obligation. You never have any time to care for yourself. Unless something changes, things will only get worse.
At work, you’re a rock star! You can handle anything that comes your way. Whenever there’s a problem, you’re the one who fixes it. It’s your show and you’re killing it. So why do you feel so unfulfilled? On paper, you’re successful – making your family proud. But inside, something is still missing. A longing emptiness sits deep in the pit of your stomach. You’ve always worked so hard to pursue goals “at any cost,” but you’ve begun to realize that the cost was your well-being. All of your relationships seem to be out of obligation. You never have any time to care for yourself. Unless something changes, things will only get worse.
(615) 437-7191 View (615) 437-7191
Photo of Megan Graf Thomas, LPC, MHSP, MA, SEP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Megan Graf Thomas
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, MA, SEP
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37067
You know yourself best, and I hope to help guide you in the journey of improving your quality of life. We all need help from an outside perspective from time to time; I create a safe, non-judgmental, environment to help you with your goals. Battling anxiety? Wanting to grow into a more authentic you? Let's work together to meet these struggles head on.
You know yourself best, and I hope to help guide you in the journey of improving your quality of life. We all need help from an outside perspective from time to time; I create a safe, non-judgmental, environment to help you with your goals. Battling anxiety? Wanting to grow into a more authentic you? Let's work together to meet these struggles head on.
(615) 488-8736 View (615) 488-8736
Photo of Renee Lackey, MA, NCC, LPC, MHSP, (temp), Pre-Licensed Professional
Renee Lackey
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC, LPC, MHSP, (temp)
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37067
Is your child struggling with excessive worries, frequent yelling or hitting, a fear of dogs or the dark, self-esteem, overreacting, an inability to cope with stress or unpleasant feelings, trouble with peers, the impact of divorce, or the loss of a loved one? As a parent, you may feel exhausted, lose patience, unsure of how to help, or want another perspective. I work with your child and family to provide a path for personal growth, learning healthy coping skills, building a stronger connection, improving communication, resolving conflicts, and having fun! Parents will learn how to co-regulate and manage challenging behaviors.
Is your child struggling with excessive worries, frequent yelling or hitting, a fear of dogs or the dark, self-esteem, overreacting, an inability to cope with stress or unpleasant feelings, trouble with peers, the impact of divorce, or the loss of a loved one? As a parent, you may feel exhausted, lose patience, unsure of how to help, or want another perspective. I work with your child and family to provide a path for personal growth, learning healthy coping skills, building a stronger connection, improving communication, resolving conflicts, and having fun! Parents will learn how to co-regulate and manage challenging behaviors.
(629) 276-6390 View (629) 276-6390
Photo of C. Keith Tenpenny, LMFT, MA, MDiv, Marriage & Family Therapist
C. Keith Tenpenny
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, MDiv
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37067
Waitlist for new clients
"I need something to change" is a great place to start. Counseling can be a place to facilitate this change. You may find that you are speaking one language while your spouse is speaking another. You can learn how to have a common language and corrective experiences that draw you closer together instead of further apart. Many of your wounds occurred in relationships, thus it is in relationships where they can be restored. I have served individuals and couples in a helping profession for nearly 30 years. You can find practical solutions as well as deep soul and relational change. Though not easy, real change is possible.
"I need something to change" is a great place to start. Counseling can be a place to facilitate this change. You may find that you are speaking one language while your spouse is speaking another. You can learn how to have a common language and corrective experiences that draw you closer together instead of further apart. Many of your wounds occurred in relationships, thus it is in relationships where they can be restored. I have served individuals and couples in a helping profession for nearly 30 years. You can find practical solutions as well as deep soul and relational change. Though not easy, real change is possible.
(615) 257-2284 View (615) 257-2284
Photo of Dr. Ashley S. Childers, DSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Ashley S. Childers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37067  (Online Only)
Are you interested in discovering more about yourself? Improve self-esteem, dignity? Set better boundaries? Explore patterns? I see 18 years+ Treatment areas include exploration of Shame, Self-Esteem, Self-Compassion, Trauma, PTSD, Depressive Disorders, Anxiety Issues, Shyness, Phobias, Grief and Loss, Boundaries, & Interpersonal Issues. I work well with men and women who want to find more joy in life while increasing mood stability, self-curiosity, & healthy relationships. My philosophy incorporates an egalitarian, collaborative approach steeped in Relational-Cultural Theory; & a belief that clients are the experts on themselves.
Are you interested in discovering more about yourself? Improve self-esteem, dignity? Set better boundaries? Explore patterns? I see 18 years+ Treatment areas include exploration of Shame, Self-Esteem, Self-Compassion, Trauma, PTSD, Depressive Disorders, Anxiety Issues, Shyness, Phobias, Grief and Loss, Boundaries, & Interpersonal Issues. I work well with men and women who want to find more joy in life while increasing mood stability, self-curiosity, & healthy relationships. My philosophy incorporates an egalitarian, collaborative approach steeped in Relational-Cultural Theory; & a belief that clients are the experts on themselves.
(615) 465-0332 View (615) 465-0332
New Moon Rising Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37067
Accepting New Clients, Flexible Pricing, Evening + Weekends Available. Are you finding it challenging to manage stress or anxiety? Do you feel like you're constantly running on empty, lacking the energy and motivation to truly enjoy life? Or perhaps you're longing for a sense of purpose and fulfillment, but you're not sure where to start? If you're feeling overwhelmed by the demands of daily life, struggling to find balance, or simply seeking a deeper sense of well-being, you're in the right place. Our dynamic team of clinicians utilizes evidence-based approaches including EMDR, Brainspotting, Somatic Experiencing, IFS, and more.
Accepting New Clients, Flexible Pricing, Evening + Weekends Available. Are you finding it challenging to manage stress or anxiety? Do you feel like you're constantly running on empty, lacking the energy and motivation to truly enjoy life? Or perhaps you're longing for a sense of purpose and fulfillment, but you're not sure where to start? If you're feeling overwhelmed by the demands of daily life, struggling to find balance, or simply seeking a deeper sense of well-being, you're in the right place. Our dynamic team of clinicians utilizes evidence-based approaches including EMDR, Brainspotting, Somatic Experiencing, IFS, and more.
(615) 802-5739 View (615) 802-5739

See more therapy options for College Grove

Psychodynamic Therapists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.