Therapists in Columbia, SC

Photo of Sarah Todd, MSW, LISW-CP, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Todd
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-CP, PMH-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbia, SC 29205
Being a new parent, no matter how you came into the role, can be difficult. It’s not unusual to experience feelings of sadness, anger, irritability, or intrusive, unsettling thoughts. My goal is to give you a safe place to vent your feelings, and work through your specific challenges in order to come to a happier place in your life, and love yourself for the awesome person you are. I have speciality training working with Postpartum depression and anxiety from Postpartum Support International, and I come to session as a fellow birthing person/parent who can empathize with your experience.
Being a new parent, no matter how you came into the role, can be difficult. It’s not unusual to experience feelings of sadness, anger, irritability, or intrusive, unsettling thoughts. My goal is to give you a safe place to vent your feelings, and work through your specific challenges in order to come to a happier place in your life, and love yourself for the awesome person you are. I have speciality training working with Postpartum depression and anxiety from Postpartum Support International, and I come to session as a fellow birthing person/parent who can empathize with your experience.
(864) 383-0610 View (864) 383-0610
Photo of Joseph Patrick Boland - Dr. Joseph Boland & Associates, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Joseph Boland & Associates
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29229
Dr. Boland has a general psychotherapy practice treating children, adolescents and adults . He has been in private practice since 1988 and specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Behavioral Family Psychotherapy. Dr. Boland graduated Summa Cum Laude (top 2%) from the University of Northern Colorado in 1981 and received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of South Carolina in 1987. He completed his psychology internship at the Medical College of Georgia and his postdoctoral supervision at G. Werber Bryan Psychiatric Hospital in Columbia, SC. He is licensed in South Carolina as a clinical psychologist.
Dr. Boland has a general psychotherapy practice treating children, adolescents and adults . He has been in private practice since 1988 and specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Behavioral Family Psychotherapy. Dr. Boland graduated Summa Cum Laude (top 2%) from the University of Northern Colorado in 1981 and received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of South Carolina in 1987. He completed his psychology internship at the Medical College of Georgia and his postdoctoral supervision at G. Werber Bryan Psychiatric Hospital in Columbia, SC. He is licensed in South Carolina as a clinical psychologist.
(803) 393-9939 View (803) 393-9939
Photo of Chayah Stoneberg, PhD, LMSW, MS, MA, LPC-A, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chayah Stoneberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMSW, MS, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29204
If you are going through difficult times and feeling emotionally distressed without enough support, know that you are not alone. Having the help of a skilled and confidential therapist can help you regain a sense of balance and well-being. As a therapist, my aim is to support you on your journey to becoming your best self. If you are reading this, know that you have already taken the first step towards healing. Let's work together towards your goals and finding new meaning in your path forward.
If you are going through difficult times and feeling emotionally distressed without enough support, know that you are not alone. Having the help of a skilled and confidential therapist can help you regain a sense of balance and well-being. As a therapist, my aim is to support you on your journey to becoming your best self. If you are reading this, know that you have already taken the first step towards healing. Let's work together towards your goals and finding new meaning in your path forward.
(803) 676-1871 View (803) 676-1871
Photo of Bill And Gina Rogers, MA, LPC, BCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Bill And Gina Rogers
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, BCC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Columbia, SC 29201
We are a male-female team that helps you work through problems and rebuild relationships.Those we work with find our unique male-female co-therapy team a fresh blend of counseling and personal life experience. Our approach offers a depth of compassion, understanding, and processes to support transition and change. Working together balances gender-related issues. We use one to one and couple to couple counseling/coaching to come alongside individuals, pre-marrieds and married couples. We work with those in addiction, trauma and work/life transitions. Having lived and served overseas in Romania, we are also involved with missionary families through member care.
We are a male-female team that helps you work through problems and rebuild relationships.Those we work with find our unique male-female co-therapy team a fresh blend of counseling and personal life experience. Our approach offers a depth of compassion, understanding, and processes to support transition and change. Working together balances gender-related issues. We use one to one and couple to couple counseling/coaching to come alongside individuals, pre-marrieds and married couples. We work with those in addiction, trauma and work/life transitions. Having lived and served overseas in Romania, we are also involved with missionary families through member care.
(803) 767-4066 View (803) 767-4066
Photo of Katie Forslund, PsyD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Katie Forslund
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29201  (Online Only)
Do you feel overwhelmed by a sea of opinions, options, and advice pulling you in different directions? Setting impossibly high expectations for yourself causing guilt, anxiety, and defeat when you fall short? You then find yourself making uncomfortable choices or acting impulsively then berating yourself, amplifying the anxiety and self-doubt? This happens partly because you are operating in survival mode. You likely wear a lot of different “hats” and juggling the different roles and expectations can lead to feeling like you are barely getting by in any one role, furthering this sense of survival mode and exhaustion.
Do you feel overwhelmed by a sea of opinions, options, and advice pulling you in different directions? Setting impossibly high expectations for yourself causing guilt, anxiety, and defeat when you fall short? You then find yourself making uncomfortable choices or acting impulsively then berating yourself, amplifying the anxiety and self-doubt? This happens partly because you are operating in survival mode. You likely wear a lot of different “hats” and juggling the different roles and expectations can lead to feeling like you are barely getting by in any one role, furthering this sense of survival mode and exhaustion.
(803) 836-8805 View (803) 836-8805
Photo of Kendra Miller, MSW,  LISW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kendra Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-C
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29223
endra MS Miller, LISW-CP, offers a compassionate and clinically sound approach to mental health care for individuals and couples in South Carolina. She specializes in anxiety, ADHD, stress management, self-esteem, trauma, and life coaching. Practicing from a Christian, trauma-informed perspective, Kendra recognizes the symptoms of trauma and helps clients understand how these manifest in their lives. Her goal is to empower individuals by helping them identify, own, and address their feelings while developing coping skills to replace negative thoughts and feelings.
endra MS Miller, LISW-CP, offers a compassionate and clinically sound approach to mental health care for individuals and couples in South Carolina. She specializes in anxiety, ADHD, stress management, self-esteem, trauma, and life coaching. Practicing from a Christian, trauma-informed perspective, Kendra recognizes the symptoms of trauma and helps clients understand how these manifest in their lives. Her goal is to empower individuals by helping them identify, own, and address their feelings while developing coping skills to replace negative thoughts and feelings.
(803) 974-7678 View (803) 974-7678
Photo of Samantha Bell, LPCA, CMHC, MS
Samantha Bell
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPCA, CMHC, MS
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29223  (Online Only)
My background includes conducting individual and group therapy sessions. I am experienced in working with clients who struggle with depression, anxiety, trauma, adjustment disorders, mood disorders, individuals who are struggling with transitioning back in the community after being incarcerated, and anger management. I take an individualized approach to therapy to assist you in discovering your personal strengths and capacities.
My background includes conducting individual and group therapy sessions. I am experienced in working with clients who struggle with depression, anxiety, trauma, adjustment disorders, mood disorders, individuals who are struggling with transitioning back in the community after being incarcerated, and anger management. I take an individualized approach to therapy to assist you in discovering your personal strengths and capacities.
(803) 681-2910 View (803) 681-2910
Photo of Virginia E Arrington, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Virginia E Arrington
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29205
Virginia knows how challenging life can be at times, whether mood related, disconnection within a relationship, or an overwhelming circumstance. She focuses on facilitating deeper emotional connection with the self and within relationships that heals wounds and creates new options for engaging. Based on attachment theory, she understands the innate need in all of us to connect, be comforted, and offer comfort to others.
Virginia knows how challenging life can be at times, whether mood related, disconnection within a relationship, or an overwhelming circumstance. She focuses on facilitating deeper emotional connection with the self and within relationships that heals wounds and creates new options for engaging. Based on attachment theory, she understands the innate need in all of us to connect, be comforted, and offer comfort to others.
(803) 692-8591 View (803) 692-8591
Photo of Nick Bagnell, PsyD, Psychologist
Nick Bagnell
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29201
It is often that when you have difficulties managing your emotions, they have a negative impact on your closest relationships. My goal is to support understanding of where these symptoms originate and how we can work to manage them. I specialize in working with people who have difficulties with their mood, relationships, and having the life they want. I also have expertise in conducting psychological assessment for diagnostic for school accommodations, by assessing for learning disorders and ADHD, as well as for diagnostic clarification and treatment recommendations.
It is often that when you have difficulties managing your emotions, they have a negative impact on your closest relationships. My goal is to support understanding of where these symptoms originate and how we can work to manage them. I specialize in working with people who have difficulties with their mood, relationships, and having the life they want. I also have expertise in conducting psychological assessment for diagnostic for school accommodations, by assessing for learning disorders and ADHD, as well as for diagnostic clarification and treatment recommendations.
(803) 708-7472 View (803) 708-7472
Photo of Kayce K. Bragg, MA, LPCS, LAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kayce K. Bragg
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCS, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, SC 29202
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor and a Licensed Addiction Counselor in SC. In addition to SC, I am licensed in GA, KS, WA, IL, OR, MN, NC, and can provide telehealth services in FL and VT. I have been practicing since 2011, spending years working in community mental health before branching out to private practice. I would love to work with you to achieve your full potential and live a happy and healthy life!
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor and a Licensed Addiction Counselor in SC. In addition to SC, I am licensed in GA, KS, WA, IL, OR, MN, NC, and can provide telehealth services in FL and VT. I have been practicing since 2011, spending years working in community mental health before branching out to private practice. I would love to work with you to achieve your full potential and live a happy and healthy life!
(803) 373-1643 View (803) 373-1643
Photo of Dr. LaNita M Jefferson, PhD, LPC, LPCS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. LaNita M Jefferson
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LPCS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Columbia, SC 29201
GRIEF, depression, and anxiety can limit our potential and our way of living... Let me help you change your quality of life and way of thinking through cognitive behavioral therapy techniques... Hello! My name is LaNita Jefferson. I am mental health therapist in Columbia SC. I hold a Masters in Rehabilitation Counseling from the UofSC School of Medicine. B.A in Sociology from Hollins University Roanoke VA. I also have a Paralegal Certificate from Midlands Technical College Columbia SC.
GRIEF, depression, and anxiety can limit our potential and our way of living... Let me help you change your quality of life and way of thinking through cognitive behavioral therapy techniques... Hello! My name is LaNita Jefferson. I am mental health therapist in Columbia SC. I hold a Masters in Rehabilitation Counseling from the UofSC School of Medicine. B.A in Sociology from Hollins University Roanoke VA. I also have a Paralegal Certificate from Midlands Technical College Columbia SC.
(803) 291-4924 View (803) 291-4924
Photo of Zeakela McRae, LISW-CP, CCTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Zeakela McRae
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP, CCTP
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29223  (Online Only)
Are past events currently making it harder to create the life you deserve? Are you struggling to build healthier connections with your partner, child, and/or others in your life? Are you on a journey to identify and break generational patterns? As a therapist, I consider it a privilege to walk alongside you and provide you tools to create lasting change. Together, we will prioritize your growth as a whole person- body, mind, & spirit- to help you create a full, well-balanced life.
Are past events currently making it harder to create the life you deserve? Are you struggling to build healthier connections with your partner, child, and/or others in your life? Are you on a journey to identify and break generational patterns? As a therapist, I consider it a privilege to walk alongside you and provide you tools to create lasting change. Together, we will prioritize your growth as a whole person- body, mind, & spirit- to help you create a full, well-balanced life.
(803) 715-1827 View (803) 715-1827
Photo of Terronda L. Jackson, MA, NCC, LPCS/C, Licensed Professional Counselor
Terronda L. Jackson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPCS/C
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Columbia, SC 29201  (Online Only)
Are you ready to discover your truth? Are you ready to shed light on what has been holding you back? Do you struggle with direction and decision-making? I am a culturally sensitive and highly effective psychotherapist who is focused on helping you discover and maintain a healthy life balance. With the use of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Faith-Based Counseling, I will work with you to address issues of Trauma, Abandonment, Emotional/Phyhsical/Sexual Abuse, Rejection, Grief, Loss, Anxiety, Depression, Adjustments, Unforgiveness, and Hurt from past relationships and difficulties.
Are you ready to discover your truth? Are you ready to shed light on what has been holding you back? Do you struggle with direction and decision-making? I am a culturally sensitive and highly effective psychotherapist who is focused on helping you discover and maintain a healthy life balance. With the use of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Faith-Based Counseling, I will work with you to address issues of Trauma, Abandonment, Emotional/Phyhsical/Sexual Abuse, Rejection, Grief, Loss, Anxiety, Depression, Adjustments, Unforgiveness, and Hurt from past relationships and difficulties.
(803) 590-1199 View (803) 590-1199
Photo of Hazel Jacobs - Coalesce Family Services, LLC, LCSW, LISW-CP, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Coalesce Family Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW-CP, MSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbia, SC 29229  (Online Only)
My ideal client is someone navigating life's complexities, seeking to overcome challenges like anxiety, depression, or relationship issues. They desire understanding, coping mechanisms, and personal growth. Their goal is to achieve emotional balance, self-awareness, and improved relationships. They seek therapy to find inner peace and develop resilience, aiming to transform their lives for long-term fulfillment.
My ideal client is someone navigating life's complexities, seeking to overcome challenges like anxiety, depression, or relationship issues. They desire understanding, coping mechanisms, and personal growth. Their goal is to achieve emotional balance, self-awareness, and improved relationships. They seek therapy to find inner peace and develop resilience, aiming to transform their lives for long-term fulfillment.
(803) 258-6970 View (803) 258-6970
Photo of Dr. Shanna A Jefferson, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Shanna A Jefferson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29210
Now accepting new clients! If you are ready to experience greater in your life, let's connect. Schedule your 10-Minute Complimentary Phone Consultation today. Destination Greatness, PLLC strives to enrich each individual and family through greater self-awareness, focus on strengths, and belief in a greater destiny. My belief is that all clients can transcend adversity and achieve greatness. I utilize a holistic, strengths-based approach focusing on multiple life domains including mental health, physical health, financial health, and spiritual health. Journals and e-Books are now available! www.TherapyWithShanna.com
Now accepting new clients! If you are ready to experience greater in your life, let's connect. Schedule your 10-Minute Complimentary Phone Consultation today. Destination Greatness, PLLC strives to enrich each individual and family through greater self-awareness, focus on strengths, and belief in a greater destiny. My belief is that all clients can transcend adversity and achieve greatness. I utilize a holistic, strengths-based approach focusing on multiple life domains including mental health, physical health, financial health, and spiritual health. Journals and e-Books are now available! www.TherapyWithShanna.com
(803) 258-6658 View (803) 258-6658
Photo of Ashley M Dais, LPC, CSAC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ashley M Dais
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, SC 29201  (Online Only)
I use a holistic approach to therapy, considering all aspects of an individual’s life and well-being. I create a relaxed, non-judgmental environment where clients can explore their thoughts and feelings openly. I aim to empower you to make positive changes, develop coping strategies, and find a sense of balance and fulfillment.
I use a holistic approach to therapy, considering all aspects of an individual’s life and well-being. I create a relaxed, non-judgmental environment where clients can explore their thoughts and feelings openly. I aim to empower you to make positive changes, develop coping strategies, and find a sense of balance and fulfillment.
(803) 919-7103 View (803) 919-7103
Photo of Valarie Reese, MS, EdS, LPES, NCSP
Valarie Reese
MS, EdS, LPES, NCSP
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29223
Our world is everchanging and those changes affect us both internally and externally. In therapy, I will provide a safe and judgement free environment in which you can learn how to better understand and cope with the changes and events that you have experienced.
Our world is everchanging and those changes affect us both internally and externally. In therapy, I will provide a safe and judgement free environment in which you can learn how to better understand and cope with the changes and events that you have experienced.
(803) 291-4775 View (803) 291-4775
Photo of Tracey Goldson, MA, LPCA, NCC
Tracey Goldson
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPCA, NCC
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29206
There is no secret to fully avoiding the challenges of life. We all have faced obstacles that have deeply impacted our lives. The dynamics of our experiences have the potential to make us victorious or victims over our lives. Sometimes our life plans don’t pan out and we lose trust in our future and ability to move forward. The disappointment of people, idea of expectation, and complicated family dynamics can make life hard. If you’re looking for someone to help you navigate your feelings, experiences, and goals; together we can explore parts of your journey that you desire to change through strategy, truth and accountability.
There is no secret to fully avoiding the challenges of life. We all have faced obstacles that have deeply impacted our lives. The dynamics of our experiences have the potential to make us victorious or victims over our lives. Sometimes our life plans don’t pan out and we lose trust in our future and ability to move forward. The disappointment of people, idea of expectation, and complicated family dynamics can make life hard. If you’re looking for someone to help you navigate your feelings, experiences, and goals; together we can explore parts of your journey that you desire to change through strategy, truth and accountability.
(803) 991-4906 View (803) 991-4906
Photo of Brandon Scott Oakes, MA, LPC-A
Brandon Scott Oakes
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29201
I am here to help those struggling with heavy emotions such as depression, anxiety, and anger. I want to help improve relationships, meet personal goals, and improve every day functioning by processing trauma, hurt, and emotional pain.
I am here to help those struggling with heavy emotions such as depression, anxiety, and anger. I want to help improve relationships, meet personal goals, and improve every day functioning by processing trauma, hurt, and emotional pain.
(803) 721-4639 View (803) 721-4639
Photo of Willie Goines - Goines Counseling and Consulting Services,LLC, EdS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Goines Counseling and Consulting Services,LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC
Verified Verified
Columbia, SC 29204
GCCS is a multicultural counseling organization committed to providing quality mental health services to children, adolescents, adults and families. As a military veteran I am committed to provide quality service to military veterans and their families. My training as a certified school counselor enhance my skills to work with parents and their children with many of the issues they encounter in school daily such as bullying, peer pressure and academic issues during the school year.
GCCS is a multicultural counseling organization committed to providing quality mental health services to children, adolescents, adults and families. As a military veteran I am committed to provide quality service to military veterans and their families. My training as a certified school counselor enhance my skills to work with parents and their children with many of the issues they encounter in school daily such as bullying, peer pressure and academic issues during the school year.
(803) 619-9835 View (803) 619-9835
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Columbia, SC

800+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Columbia, SC who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
75% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
71% Coping Skills
70% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Aetna
61% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Columbia, SC see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Columbia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.