Therapists in Lake Charles, LA

Photo of Stephanie Boyd, LAC, CCS, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Stephanie Boyd
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LAC, CCS
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70601
Seeking treatment for an addiction is not easy and requires a lot of trust between a patient and a counselor. Change can be so hard when you have tried everything you know to do. I will work with you to develop a treatment plan that works for your life. Creating a trusting relationship is key to getting better. Feeling free to express yourself is so needed. Having a caring, supportive counselor is the answer to unlocking your great potential to thrive and remain sober.
Seeking treatment for an addiction is not easy and requires a lot of trust between a patient and a counselor. Change can be so hard when you have tried everything you know to do. I will work with you to develop a treatment plan that works for your life. Creating a trusting relationship is key to getting better. Feeling free to express yourself is so needed. Having a caring, supportive counselor is the answer to unlocking your great potential to thrive and remain sober.
(337) 513-6121 View (337) 513-6121
Photo of Tynia M Coleman, MEd, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tynia M Coleman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Charles, LA 70601
Life transitions can be complicated! Are you a woman who is experiencing the stress of managing your life and the lives of those around you? Maybe you are pursuing career dreams and aspirations while parenting, managing romantic relationships, and working to overcome past trauma.
Life transitions can be complicated! Are you a woman who is experiencing the stress of managing your life and the lives of those around you? Maybe you are pursuing career dreams and aspirations while parenting, managing romantic relationships, and working to overcome past trauma.
(337) 509-1339 View (337) 509-1339
Photo of Cole Campo, MA, PLPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Cole Campo
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, PLPC
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70601
In a society heavily influenced by opinions, it can be hard to distinguish reality in our daily lives. Navigating through difficult situations becomes a greater challenge while also trying to discover your purpose and self-worth. I believe that therapy requires a holistic approach which aims to improve the mental, physical, social and spiritual health of every person I encounter.
In a society heavily influenced by opinions, it can be hard to distinguish reality in our daily lives. Navigating through difficult situations becomes a greater challenge while also trying to discover your purpose and self-worth. I believe that therapy requires a holistic approach which aims to improve the mental, physical, social and spiritual health of every person I encounter.
(337) 473-2194 View (337) 473-2194
Photo of Chase Walling, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Chase Walling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70615
Not accepting new clients
Everybody struggles sometimes. Struggles are a normal part of the human experience, and I am grateful to be able to provide consistent help and support from a non-judgmental therapeutic position of acceptance and encouragement. As your counselor, I offer to engage with you using a holistic approach to mental health with a focus on destigmatizing self-care; after all, quality of life starts with your own self. My focus is on you with the goal of empowering you and improving your quality of life so that you may work towards life as the most happy and healthy individual that you can be.
Everybody struggles sometimes. Struggles are a normal part of the human experience, and I am grateful to be able to provide consistent help and support from a non-judgmental therapeutic position of acceptance and encouragement. As your counselor, I offer to engage with you using a holistic approach to mental health with a focus on destigmatizing self-care; after all, quality of life starts with your own self. My focus is on you with the goal of empowering you and improving your quality of life so that you may work towards life as the most happy and healthy individual that you can be.
(337) 427-7152 View (337) 427-7152
Photo of Jowanna Bellow, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jowanna Bellow
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70607  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Great to meet you! I have a passion for helping people develop and improve at any point in their life. I really like using two specific approaches called CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and Positive Psychology. These methods help people change their thoughts and behaviors in a positive way, which can lead to happier and healthier lives. So, in a nutshell, I'm here to support you in becoming the best version of yourself!
Great to meet you! I have a passion for helping people develop and improve at any point in their life. I really like using two specific approaches called CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and Positive Psychology. These methods help people change their thoughts and behaviors in a positive way, which can lead to happier and healthier lives. So, in a nutshell, I'm here to support you in becoming the best version of yourself!
(337) 561-1069 View (337) 561-1069
Photo of Mellisa L Booth, LPC, PMH-C, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mellisa L Booth
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70601
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about helping clients to be more in the here and now (mindfulness), develop self-compassion, create healthy boundaries, make sense of their emotions and pain, and create a meaningful life. In my practice, I offer individual therapy and support for adults and adolescents struggling with a variety of challenges. From perinatal mental health, anxiety, depression, family/relationship issues, adult children of mentally ill/narcissistic parents, people pleasing and codependency, career stress, self-esteem issues, life transitions, school and behavioral issues or body image, I am here to help you through it.
I am passionate about helping clients to be more in the here and now (mindfulness), develop self-compassion, create healthy boundaries, make sense of their emotions and pain, and create a meaningful life. In my practice, I offer individual therapy and support for adults and adolescents struggling with a variety of challenges. From perinatal mental health, anxiety, depression, family/relationship issues, adult children of mentally ill/narcissistic parents, people pleasing and codependency, career stress, self-esteem issues, life transitions, school and behavioral issues or body image, I am here to help you through it.
(337) 573-2008 View (337) 573-2008
Photo of Rebecca Pettefer, MA, PLPC, Counselor
Rebecca Pettefer
Counselor, MA, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Charles, LA 70601
We have all experienced things that have left us feeling less-than, left us with wounds that struggle to heal, and have impacted how we live our lives. These experiences come from our childhood, the stress in our day-to-day lives, or even how we process the world around us. As a result of these hurts we often experience struggles in relationships with others, our own self-esteem, and our ability to handle life in healthy ways.
We have all experienced things that have left us feeling less-than, left us with wounds that struggle to heal, and have impacted how we live our lives. These experiences come from our childhood, the stress in our day-to-day lives, or even how we process the world around us. As a result of these hurts we often experience struggles in relationships with others, our own self-esteem, and our ability to handle life in healthy ways.
(337) 508-0936 View (337) 508-0936
Photo of Teneisha Latrice Frank-Wright, MA,  LPC, Counselor
Teneisha Latrice Frank-Wright
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Charles, LA 70601
Hello, my name is Teneisha Frank-Wright and I have been a Licensed Professional Counselor. My educational background includes a Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice with a minor in Sociology obtained in 2009 at McNeese State University in Lake Charles, LA. In 2020, I acquired a Master of Art graduate degree in Professional Counseling at Grand Canyon University. Counseling and helping others have always been my passion. Enjoyment and fulfillment come from working with youth in this area and field of work however, I work with client who ranges from the age of 13 through adult.
Hello, my name is Teneisha Frank-Wright and I have been a Licensed Professional Counselor. My educational background includes a Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice with a minor in Sociology obtained in 2009 at McNeese State University in Lake Charles, LA. In 2020, I acquired a Master of Art graduate degree in Professional Counseling at Grand Canyon University. Counseling and helping others have always been my passion. Enjoyment and fulfillment come from working with youth in this area and field of work however, I work with client who ranges from the age of 13 through adult.
(337) 343-9666 View (337) 343-9666
Photo of Stacy Welch, MA, LPC, Counselor
Stacy Welch
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70601
Not accepting new clients
No one escapes the challenges of the human experience, we all just need the tools to learn to heal! I specialize in trauma (PTSD) and offer Brainspotting Therapy. Brainspotting is a psychotherapy tool that utilizes less thought-based talk therapy and more focused mindfulness on your somatic (body) experience - the window into our natural healing process. Research shows Brainspotting can lessen symptom burden in one session. It’s highly effective for trauma, anxiety, anger, performance and creative blocks, or sports enhancement.
No one escapes the challenges of the human experience, we all just need the tools to learn to heal! I specialize in trauma (PTSD) and offer Brainspotting Therapy. Brainspotting is a psychotherapy tool that utilizes less thought-based talk therapy and more focused mindfulness on your somatic (body) experience - the window into our natural healing process. Research shows Brainspotting can lessen symptom burden in one session. It’s highly effective for trauma, anxiety, anger, performance and creative blocks, or sports enhancement.
(337) 222-3288 View (337) 222-3288
Photo of Leigh Boyer, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Leigh Boyer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70605
Not accepting new clients
ON maternity leave - I enjoy working with adults who are looking to gain freedom from emotional pain in order to experience a more satisfying life. I work to create a safe, nonjudgmental and warm environment for my clients – an environment where you can feel comfortable to engage in open conversation. I believe that therapy should be a collaboration in order for you to reach your goals and create sustainable changes. My clients also find they gain a greater sense of self-awareness, self-acceptance and self-confidence through our work together.
ON maternity leave - I enjoy working with adults who are looking to gain freedom from emotional pain in order to experience a more satisfying life. I work to create a safe, nonjudgmental and warm environment for my clients – an environment where you can feel comfortable to engage in open conversation. I believe that therapy should be a collaboration in order for you to reach your goals and create sustainable changes. My clients also find they gain a greater sense of self-awareness, self-acceptance and self-confidence through our work together.
(337) 508-0346 View (337) 508-0346
Photo of James Johnson, MA, PLPC, LPC-A
James Johnson
Provisional Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, PLPC, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70601
Calling all veterans who have been looking for a fellow vet as a counselor. You've found him! Any vet, any era, any branch - all are welcome. Trauma? Depression? Anxiety? Grief? Yep. Lots of us have struggled with it. You are not alone! I work from a Solution-Focused mindset and truly want to help by offering non-judgmental, empathic listening, with an ear toward solutions to help you move in the direction you want your life to go. I am accepting new clients and have openings as early as this week, so reach out today. I will make room for you.
Calling all veterans who have been looking for a fellow vet as a counselor. You've found him! Any vet, any era, any branch - all are welcome. Trauma? Depression? Anxiety? Grief? Yep. Lots of us have struggled with it. You are not alone! I work from a Solution-Focused mindset and truly want to help by offering non-judgmental, empathic listening, with an ear toward solutions to help you move in the direction you want your life to go. I am accepting new clients and have openings as early as this week, so reach out today. I will make room for you.
(337) 227-9811 View (337) 227-9811
Photo of Ryan Anderson, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ryan Anderson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70605
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling anxious and stressed? Do you struggle with negative thoughts or past trauma? Are you struggling with work-life balance? Are you having a hard time identifying your support system? Do you have goals you want to accomplish in life?
Are you feeling anxious and stressed? Do you struggle with negative thoughts or past trauma? Are you struggling with work-life balance? Are you having a hard time identifying your support system? Do you have goals you want to accomplish in life?
(337) 502-9570 View (337) 502-9570
Photo of Anne Marie Chrisoulis, LPC, LMFT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Anne Marie Chrisoulis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70601  (Online Only)
It’s a joy to assist clients during life’s challenges and provide support as they learn new strategies to stop unwanted, repeated patterns. Clients may present with many concerns and seek symptom relief as well as greater understanding of self/others. Some clients want to improve communication, relationships and life skills. Some clients I have worked with have anxiety/depression, relationship issues, anger/stress management, grief, abuse/trauma, PTSD, self-harm and pregnancy loss. Clients obtaining desired outcomes are those ready and willing to complete the work associated with introspection and personal growth.
It’s a joy to assist clients during life’s challenges and provide support as they learn new strategies to stop unwanted, repeated patterns. Clients may present with many concerns and seek symptom relief as well as greater understanding of self/others. Some clients want to improve communication, relationships and life skills. Some clients I have worked with have anxiety/depression, relationship issues, anger/stress management, grief, abuse/trauma, PTSD, self-harm and pregnancy loss. Clients obtaining desired outcomes are those ready and willing to complete the work associated with introspection and personal growth.
(337) 340-9571 View (337) 340-9571
Photo of Caitlin Renee Brown, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Caitlin Renee Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Charles, LA 70605
Not accepting new clients
The initial phone call or email to a therapist can sometimes feel incredibly challenging, and I aim to greet you with warmth and compassion. I view therapy as a journey of self-discovery and a safe place to explore the relationship you have with yourself and others. I fully believe that each person is unique and has their own personal way of dealing with the difficulties life often brings on.
The initial phone call or email to a therapist can sometimes feel incredibly challenging, and I aim to greet you with warmth and compassion. I view therapy as a journey of self-discovery and a safe place to explore the relationship you have with yourself and others. I fully believe that each person is unique and has their own personal way of dealing with the difficulties life often brings on.
(337) 202-2631 View (337) 202-2631
Photo of Oshe’ Lewis-Reese, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Oshe’ Lewis-Reese
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70605
Waitlist for new clients
I assist adult clients from various backgrounds and all walks of life. I believe that people experience many things in life that cause issues with self-esteem, perspective, and thought processes. As a result, this may require them to gain insight into their thinking and coping patterns to better understand themselves and improve their coping and decision making.
I assist adult clients from various backgrounds and all walks of life. I believe that people experience many things in life that cause issues with self-esteem, perspective, and thought processes. As a result, this may require them to gain insight into their thinking and coping patterns to better understand themselves and improve their coping and decision making.
(337) 329-9930 View (337) 329-9930
Photo of Eddie Windham, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Eddie Windham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70601
I have experience dealing with a broad range of issues. I offer discreet and effective treatment of Sexual Addiction, working both with the addict and their spouse or partner. I treat internet, gaming and other addictions using the many of the same techniques I use with sexual addiction. Treatment is done in both individual and couples sessions. I offer several ways of treating addicts with initial intensive out-patient treatment including weekly or bi-weekly appointments, daily appointments for three weeks, or a three day intensive treatment. relationship issues.
I have experience dealing with a broad range of issues. I offer discreet and effective treatment of Sexual Addiction, working both with the addict and their spouse or partner. I treat internet, gaming and other addictions using the many of the same techniques I use with sexual addiction. Treatment is done in both individual and couples sessions. I offer several ways of treating addicts with initial intensive out-patient treatment including weekly or bi-weekly appointments, daily appointments for three weeks, or a three day intensive treatment. relationship issues.
(337) 565-1257 View (337) 565-1257
Photo of Joel Daugherty, MA, LPC-S, CFLE, Licensed Professional Counselor
Joel Daugherty
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, CFLE
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lake Charles, LA 70601
Life can be overwhelming, especially right now. Whether you're facing a recent loss, trying to recover from Hurricane Laura, facing challenges in relationships, finances, family or career; or maybe you just need a little encouragement, Lake Area Counseling is here for you. We don't believe in band-aids, cover-ups, denial of problems, or making excuses for ourselves or others. We shoot straight, focus on creative problem solving, and finding real solutions. We know the pain of past trauma, but we don't stay there. We believe in moving forward.
Life can be overwhelming, especially right now. Whether you're facing a recent loss, trying to recover from Hurricane Laura, facing challenges in relationships, finances, family or career; or maybe you just need a little encouragement, Lake Area Counseling is here for you. We don't believe in band-aids, cover-ups, denial of problems, or making excuses for ourselves or others. We shoot straight, focus on creative problem solving, and finding real solutions. We know the pain of past trauma, but we don't stay there. We believe in moving forward.
(337) 222-3230 View (337) 222-3230
Photo of Sara Pesic, MA, LPC, NCC, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sara Pesic
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70605  (Online Only)
Clients come to see me when they feel stuck, unsure how to proceed, or how to move to that next level; when they need empathy and compassion but also a clear plan on how to resolve the presenting conflict/issue. Clients will explore different perspectives and come up with new insights and ideas. They will feel empowered. I am deeply committed to my own professional growth, constantly seeking opportunities for learning and development, to ensure that I bring the latest insights and techniques to my practice and provide the most effective support for my clients.
Clients come to see me when they feel stuck, unsure how to proceed, or how to move to that next level; when they need empathy and compassion but also a clear plan on how to resolve the presenting conflict/issue. Clients will explore different perspectives and come up with new insights and ideas. They will feel empowered. I am deeply committed to my own professional growth, constantly seeking opportunities for learning and development, to ensure that I bring the latest insights and techniques to my practice and provide the most effective support for my clients.
(337) 564-3301 View (337) 564-3301
Photo of Mary E Dix, LPC, MA, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mary E Dix
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70601  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Life can be tough but it is also an opportunity to dream, do, and be your best self. Unfortunately, difficulties like stress, depression, anxiety, trauma, and heartbreak can also be a part of life. Giving up doesn't have to be an option. I am not a superhero but I love providing therapeutic services to clients to aid them in uncovering and uprooting challenges so that they may increase their self-awareness, insight, and ability to heal. Utilizing a compassionate but direct approach, I come alongside the individual to offer support and therapeutic interventions as we work together to increase their ability to heal.
Life can be tough but it is also an opportunity to dream, do, and be your best self. Unfortunately, difficulties like stress, depression, anxiety, trauma, and heartbreak can also be a part of life. Giving up doesn't have to be an option. I am not a superhero but I love providing therapeutic services to clients to aid them in uncovering and uprooting challenges so that they may increase their self-awareness, insight, and ability to heal. Utilizing a compassionate but direct approach, I come alongside the individual to offer support and therapeutic interventions as we work together to increase their ability to heal.
(337) 448-4196 View (337) 448-4196
Photo of Lisa Brune, MSSW, LCSW, BACS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Brune
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW, BACS
Verified Verified
Lake Charles, LA 70605  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience, Licensed in both Louisiana and Texas. A graduate of the University of Texas at Arlington with a Master's of Science in Social Work, I work with adolescents, adults, seniors, seeing individuals, couples, and families. I have particular interest in all areas of mental health, including grief, loss, trauma, eating disorders, domestic violence, sexual abuse, sexual assault, and parenting issues. I am a Certified Mediator and have a Certification in Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM). In my free time, I enjoy working with my three pet therapy dogs.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience, Licensed in both Louisiana and Texas. A graduate of the University of Texas at Arlington with a Master's of Science in Social Work, I work with adolescents, adults, seniors, seeing individuals, couples, and families. I have particular interest in all areas of mental health, including grief, loss, trauma, eating disorders, domestic violence, sexual abuse, sexual assault, and parenting issues. I am a Certified Mediator and have a Certification in Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM). In my free time, I enjoy working with my three pet therapy dogs.
(337) 447-4700 View (337) 447-4700

See more therapy options for Lake Charles

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Lake Charles, LA

60+

Average cost per session

$100

Therapists in Lake Charles, LA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
85% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
79% Stress
77% Trauma and PTSD
77% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% Aetna
63% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Lake Charles, LA see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
23% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Lake Charles?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.