Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Reena Pathak, PsyD, LP, Psychologist
Reena Pathak
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Psychologist who utilizes evidence-based therapies. I am committed to helping people learn how to manage and reduce their mental health symptoms more effectively so they can see long-term gains and functioning. I work with adults and young adults in my individual and DBT skills groups who are working on depression, anxiety, trauma, stress management, and shame symptoms.
I am a licensed Psychologist who utilizes evidence-based therapies. I am committed to helping people learn how to manage and reduce their mental health symptoms more effectively so they can see long-term gains and functioning. I work with adults and young adults in my individual and DBT skills groups who are working on depression, anxiety, trauma, stress management, and shame symptoms.
(651) 299-6160 View (651) 299-6160
Photo of Renee Davidson, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Renee Davidson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55108
The world and our individual lives can change rapidly. Overwhelm, anxiety and depression are some of the many byproducts. As J. Krishnamurti stated: "It is no sign of health to be well adjusted to a sick society." Whether you are new to therapy, previously tried therapy, or are have an acute need for support, I welcome you to my practice. I can help with symptoms of trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, and grief. Clients say they leave the first session feeling seen and heard, with less anxiety & tension, and more ease, openness & hope. You will walk out of sessions knowing yourself in new ways with tools to help yourself in life.
The world and our individual lives can change rapidly. Overwhelm, anxiety and depression are some of the many byproducts. As J. Krishnamurti stated: "It is no sign of health to be well adjusted to a sick society." Whether you are new to therapy, previously tried therapy, or are have an acute need for support, I welcome you to my practice. I can help with symptoms of trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, and grief. Clients say they leave the first session feeling seen and heard, with less anxiety & tension, and more ease, openness & hope. You will walk out of sessions knowing yourself in new ways with tools to help yourself in life.
(651) 299-4679 View (651) 299-4679
Photo of Debra Klein, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Debra Klein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe psychotherapy is the opportunity to learn about yourself and to use this learning to make changes you haven't been able to make before. When we understand ourselves more deeply and honestly we can change how we relate to ourselves and others, how we handle distressing situations, and how we work toward meaningful accomplishments that are in line with our deepest values.
I believe psychotherapy is the opportunity to learn about yourself and to use this learning to make changes you haven't been able to make before. When we understand ourselves more deeply and honestly we can change how we relate to ourselves and others, how we handle distressing situations, and how we work toward meaningful accomplishments that are in line with our deepest values.
(612) 564-6719 View (612) 564-6719
Photo of Isabelle Lankhorst, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Isabelle Lankhorst
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104  (Online Only)
Hi! Finding a therapist who's the right fit for you can be such a rough process, right? I'll be as straightforward as possible: From me you can expect gentle honesty, flexibility, and lots of humor. I'm also super gay, super ADHD, anti capitalist, and body neutral. I've worked in mental health care for ten years focusing on the intersections of sex and trauma, as well as body size and trauma. Fat is not a bad word. I'm trained in EMDR and love it, but my goal is truly to meet you where you're at, pushing you just to your comfortable edge for growth.
Hi! Finding a therapist who's the right fit for you can be such a rough process, right? I'll be as straightforward as possible: From me you can expect gentle honesty, flexibility, and lots of humor. I'm also super gay, super ADHD, anti capitalist, and body neutral. I've worked in mental health care for ten years focusing on the intersections of sex and trauma, as well as body size and trauma. Fat is not a bad word. I'm trained in EMDR and love it, but my goal is truly to meet you where you're at, pushing you just to your comfortable edge for growth.
(651) 888-8591 View (651) 888-8591
Photo of Erin R. Hunter, MFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Erin R. Hunter
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55117  (Online Only)
Erin has a passion for working with all humans; inclusivity and diversity are important cornerstones of her work. She welcomes the opportunity to create connections and offer ways of working through whatever challenges are presented. Understanding each of her client’s unique stories and allowing a safe space for individual/familial reflection and growth is at the core of her work. Encouraging clients to find and cultivate their strengths and understand their emotional connections and relationships under a systemic lens is an important part of the therapeutic journey, in which Erin is committed to provide.
Erin has a passion for working with all humans; inclusivity and diversity are important cornerstones of her work. She welcomes the opportunity to create connections and offer ways of working through whatever challenges are presented. Understanding each of her client’s unique stories and allowing a safe space for individual/familial reflection and growth is at the core of her work. Encouraging clients to find and cultivate their strengths and understand their emotional connections and relationships under a systemic lens is an important part of the therapeutic journey, in which Erin is committed to provide.
(651) 374-9533 View (651) 374-9533
Twin Cities Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Center
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
We work with individuals of all ages with anxiety, mood and related issues across the lifespan. When working with younger children, we meet with parents without the child for the first evaluation session, and then meet with the child individually during the second evaluation session.Our center also routinely works with college-aged and young adult clients. Here, our therapists incorporate components of therapy geared specifically to this age group: identity development, fostering independence and autonomy, and helping clients navigate the challenges experienced during their transition into adulthood.
We work with individuals of all ages with anxiety, mood and related issues across the lifespan. When working with younger children, we meet with parents without the child for the first evaluation session, and then meet with the child individually during the second evaluation session.Our center also routinely works with college-aged and young adult clients. Here, our therapists incorporate components of therapy geared specifically to this age group: identity development, fostering independence and autonomy, and helping clients navigate the challenges experienced during their transition into adulthood.
(651) 359-9401 View (651) 359-9401
Photo of Dionne M Blood, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dionne M Blood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Have you tried therapy before just haven't "clicked" with the provider or felt like you don't get anywhere new? Many of my clients describe past experiences the same way. Therapy can be different. I have a gentle yet straight-forward approach that allows us focus on what is not working for you in your life. Whether you are going through a big life transition, relationship difficulties, divorce, parenting issues, or just not happy with life; therapy can help. Together, we ill work to find new ways to cope and adjust to the challenges of life.
Have you tried therapy before just haven't "clicked" with the provider or felt like you don't get anywhere new? Many of my clients describe past experiences the same way. Therapy can be different. I have a gentle yet straight-forward approach that allows us focus on what is not working for you in your life. Whether you are going through a big life transition, relationship difficulties, divorce, parenting issues, or just not happy with life; therapy can help. Together, we ill work to find new ways to cope and adjust to the challenges of life.
(651) 302-7896 View (651) 302-7896
Photo of Elizabeth Fong, LGSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elizabeth Fong
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LGSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55108
Welcome. I believe therapeutic healing takes place within a trusting relationship between client and therapist. Together, we will look at the present stress and symptoms and how they link to your past- whether you're grappling with conflicts in your relationships, processing past trauma, or embarking on a journey of self-discovery. Through our work together, we'll explore how past experiences shape your current interactions and identity. We'll look at ways that you can change internally to develop healthier, more fulfilling relationships. I specialize in working with adults.
Welcome. I believe therapeutic healing takes place within a trusting relationship between client and therapist. Together, we will look at the present stress and symptoms and how they link to your past- whether you're grappling with conflicts in your relationships, processing past trauma, or embarking on a journey of self-discovery. Through our work together, we'll explore how past experiences shape your current interactions and identity. We'll look at ways that you can change internally to develop healthier, more fulfilling relationships. I specialize in working with adults.
(763) 878-8037 View (763) 878-8037
Photo of Andrea Schroeder, MS, LPCC, Counselor
Andrea Schroeder
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55116
You're very courageous for taking the first step in finding somebody to talk to. Together we'll navigate the challenges you're facing in your life, such as depression, anxiety, body image concerns, identity issues, low-self esteem, life transitions, trauma, and losses. As you share, I'll make sure you feel heard and understood.
You're very courageous for taking the first step in finding somebody to talk to. Together we'll navigate the challenges you're facing in your life, such as depression, anxiety, body image concerns, identity issues, low-self esteem, life transitions, trauma, and losses. As you share, I'll make sure you feel heard and understood.
(763) 272-7946 View (763) 272-7946
Photo of Sara Mairs, MA, LP, Psychologist
Sara Mairs
Psychologist, MA, LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Overwhelming self-doubt can surface quickly and powerfully at any age, especially during big changes. A new school or job, personal loss or rejection, living on your own for the first time, can all impact your sense of safety, worthiness and connection. The urge to isolate, to not be a "burden" to others, is common, but being alone in your thoughts just makes it worse. I offer a private space to share your struggles, fears and current coping methods without being met with judgment or an agenda. We will work together to build your sense of self, agency and communication skills, and deeper trust in your ability to navigate change.
Overwhelming self-doubt can surface quickly and powerfully at any age, especially during big changes. A new school or job, personal loss or rejection, living on your own for the first time, can all impact your sense of safety, worthiness and connection. The urge to isolate, to not be a "burden" to others, is common, but being alone in your thoughts just makes it worse. I offer a private space to share your struggles, fears and current coping methods without being met with judgment or an agenda. We will work together to build your sense of self, agency and communication skills, and deeper trust in your ability to navigate change.
(651) 565-9765 View (651) 565-9765
Holly A Smart
Psychologist, MA, LP, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Psychologist and Registered Art Therapist with over 20 years in private practice.  My practice focuses primarily on grief and loss, life transitions and relationship issues.  I strive toward an approach which is creative, collaborative and compassionate.  My work is informed by trauma and attachment research, including recent developments in the field of trauma therapy.  I am excited to incorporate both verbal and non-verbal approaches for healing trauma and loss.
I am a Licensed Psychologist and Registered Art Therapist with over 20 years in private practice.  My practice focuses primarily on grief and loss, life transitions and relationship issues.  I strive toward an approach which is creative, collaborative and compassionate.  My work is informed by trauma and attachment research, including recent developments in the field of trauma therapy.  I am excited to incorporate both verbal and non-verbal approaches for healing trauma and loss.
(651) 615-4426 View (651) 615-4426
Photo of Bethany Morgan, MA, LADC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Bethany Morgan
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Hello! I specialize in the treatment of adults and adolescents struggling with substance use, addiction, and mental health disorders respectively. My practice is deeply rooted in a holistic, integrative approach that views each individual as a whole system made up of many interconnected parts. This perspective supports a comprehensive approach to care, incorporating self-reflection and awareness as essential components of the therapeutic process.
Hello! I specialize in the treatment of adults and adolescents struggling with substance use, addiction, and mental health disorders respectively. My practice is deeply rooted in a holistic, integrative approach that views each individual as a whole system made up of many interconnected parts. This perspective supports a comprehensive approach to care, incorporating self-reflection and awareness as essential components of the therapeutic process.
(952) 522-3896 View (952) 522-3896
Photo of Peter Meilahn - Peter Meilahn, MA, LPCC, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Peter Meilahn, MA, LPCC
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55101
My clients can change anxiety, ADHD, autism, or pain with live heart and brain feedback called biofeedback or neurofeedback in online visits. Clients control music volume on their phones with their calm attention levels with free biofeedback equipment I provide. It is easy mindfulness therapy for kids and adults. It is proven to work as well as medication for anxiety, ADHD, and pain. I have years of experience as a therapist, and have taught clinicians at The University of MN Medical Center and elsewhere. Insurance covers this service. To schedule a 20 minute call, click here: neurotherapy.intakeq.com/booking
My clients can change anxiety, ADHD, autism, or pain with live heart and brain feedback called biofeedback or neurofeedback in online visits. Clients control music volume on their phones with their calm attention levels with free biofeedback equipment I provide. It is easy mindfulness therapy for kids and adults. It is proven to work as well as medication for anxiety, ADHD, and pain. I have years of experience as a therapist, and have taught clinicians at The University of MN Medical Center and elsewhere. Insurance covers this service. To schedule a 20 minute call, click here: neurotherapy.intakeq.com/booking
(651) 376-4826 View (651) 376-4826
Photo of Erin Morgan, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Erin Morgan
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Waitlist for new clients
I work with people who want better relationships with others and better relationships with themselves. Couples, families, and individuals I see are bright, curious, motivated people who find their lives disrupted somehow - by the intrusion of traumatic experiences, life transitions, or persistent struggles with mental health that don't resolve on their own. I have a deep understanding of the unique therapy needs of therapists and doctors and their partners and families, and I enjoy working with folks anywhere on the gender and sexuality spectra. I also work with torture and war trauma survivors, refugees, and asylum seekers.
I work with people who want better relationships with others and better relationships with themselves. Couples, families, and individuals I see are bright, curious, motivated people who find their lives disrupted somehow - by the intrusion of traumatic experiences, life transitions, or persistent struggles with mental health that don't resolve on their own. I have a deep understanding of the unique therapy needs of therapists and doctors and their partners and families, and I enjoy working with folks anywhere on the gender and sexuality spectra. I also work with torture and war trauma survivors, refugees, and asylum seekers.
(612) 294-9424 View (612) 294-9424
Photo of Ian P McLoone, LPCC, LADC
Ian P McLoone
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Are you or a loved one thinking about making a change to your drinking or substance use? I can help. Some of my clients have been in and out of rehab many times and were looking for an alternative-someone with deep expertise who can provide a new way of looking at their problem and identify a pathway out of their suffering. Still other clients came to me because they did not feel that they needed something as intensive as rehab and wanted to work on their substance use while still taking care of their career, family, home and other obligations. I would be honored to be of assistance.
Are you or a loved one thinking about making a change to your drinking or substance use? I can help. Some of my clients have been in and out of rehab many times and were looking for an alternative-someone with deep expertise who can provide a new way of looking at their problem and identify a pathway out of their suffering. Still other clients came to me because they did not feel that they needed something as intensive as rehab and wanted to work on their substance use while still taking care of their career, family, home and other obligations. I would be honored to be of assistance.
(651) 390-1238 View (651) 390-1238
Photo of Amanda Markowski, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amanda Markowski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Not accepting new clients
I strive to provide a supportive and non-judgmental environment to help you learn more about yourself, gain skills to navigate life’s challenges, and live an authentic, fulfilled life. My areas of focus include working with clients who experience anxiety, OCD, perfectionism, and trauma. I enjoy working with clients who identify as LGBQ+, transgender, and/or gender expansive. In my practice, I utilize a person-centered, relational approach.
I strive to provide a supportive and non-judgmental environment to help you learn more about yourself, gain skills to navigate life’s challenges, and live an authentic, fulfilled life. My areas of focus include working with clients who experience anxiety, OCD, perfectionism, and trauma. I enjoy working with clients who identify as LGBQ+, transgender, and/or gender expansive. In my practice, I utilize a person-centered, relational approach.
(612) 999-2263 View (612) 999-2263
Photo of Peter Meilahn - Peter Meilahn, MA, LPCC, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Peter Meilahn, MA, LPCC
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55101
My clients can change anxiety, ADHD, autism, or pain with live heart and brain feedback called biofeedback or neurofeedback in online visits. Clients control music volume on their phones with their calm attention levels with free biofeedback equipment I provide. It is easy mindfulness therapy for kids and adults. It is proven to work as well as medication for anxiety, ADHD, and pain. I have years of experience as a therapist, and have taught clinicians at The University of MN Medical Center and elsewhere. Insurance covers this service. To schedule a 20 minute call, click here: neurotherapy.intakeq.com/booking
My clients can change anxiety, ADHD, autism, or pain with live heart and brain feedback called biofeedback or neurofeedback in online visits. Clients control music volume on their phones with their calm attention levels with free biofeedback equipment I provide. It is easy mindfulness therapy for kids and adults. It is proven to work as well as medication for anxiety, ADHD, and pain. I have years of experience as a therapist, and have taught clinicians at The University of MN Medical Center and elsewhere. Insurance covers this service. To schedule a 20 minute call, click here: neurotherapy.intakeq.com/booking
(651) 498-0717 View (651) 498-0717
Photo of Paul Strickland, MA, LP, Psychologist
Paul Strickland
Psychologist, MA, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I have been a licensed psychologist for over twenty years. In addition, I've worked as a career counselor for over thirty. I specialize in the areas of life and work transitions, career development and change, and related challenges. Most people seek counseling around the issue of change. Sometimes it's a desire to discover or move toward a specific or general destination. Or, it can be about dealing with unexpected changes that have occurred and now have to be dealt with. My goal is to respectfully assist the people I work with deal with those changes.
I have been a licensed psychologist for over twenty years. In addition, I've worked as a career counselor for over thirty. I specialize in the areas of life and work transitions, career development and change, and related challenges. Most people seek counseling around the issue of change. Sometimes it's a desire to discover or move toward a specific or general destination. Or, it can be about dealing with unexpected changes that have occurred and now have to be dealt with. My goal is to respectfully assist the people I work with deal with those changes.
(651) 964-6160 View (651) 964-6160
Photo of Leah Swaden, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Leah Swaden
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I use a laidback, curious, and collaborative approach to assist people in their journey towards healing. I love laughing and make my best attempt at using humor to lighten the load of some of the heavy topics you might be bringing to our work together. I truly value the real, authentic selves we get to show up as in the therapy room (or zoom screen). As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I believe relationships and connectedness are so important to our wellbeing and how we view the world.
I use a laidback, curious, and collaborative approach to assist people in their journey towards healing. I love laughing and make my best attempt at using humor to lighten the load of some of the heavy topics you might be bringing to our work together. I truly value the real, authentic selves we get to show up as in the therapy room (or zoom screen). As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I believe relationships and connectedness are so important to our wellbeing and how we view the world.
View
Photo of Peter Meilahn - Peter Meilahn, MA, LPCC, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Peter Meilahn, MA, LPCC
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55101
My clients can change anxiety, ADHD, autism, or pain with live heart and brain feedback called biofeedback or neurofeedback in online visits. Clients control music volume on their phones with their calm attention levels with free biofeedback equipment I provide. It is easy mindfulness therapy for kids and adults. It is proven to work as well as medication for anxiety, ADHD, and pain. I have years of experience as a therapist, and have taught clinicians at The University of MN Medical Center and elsewhere. Insurance covers this service. To schedule a 20 minute call, click here: neurotherapy.intakeq.com/booking
My clients can change anxiety, ADHD, autism, or pain with live heart and brain feedback called biofeedback or neurofeedback in online visits. Clients control music volume on their phones with their calm attention levels with free biofeedback equipment I provide. It is easy mindfulness therapy for kids and adults. It is proven to work as well as medication for anxiety, ADHD, and pain. I have years of experience as a therapist, and have taught clinicians at The University of MN Medical Center and elsewhere. Insurance covers this service. To schedule a 20 minute call, click here: neurotherapy.intakeq.com/booking
(651) 899-8838 View (651) 899-8838
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
75% Trauma and PTSD
73% Self Esteem
67% Stress
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% UCare
68% Aetna

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.