Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

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Photo of Lucy Baber, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lucy Baber
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19119  (Online Only)
I am LGBTQ+ and relationship-minority (CNM/Poly/Relationship Anarchy) affirming, body and sex-positive, and I have a special interest in amicable co-parenting and midlife transitions. I understand that identity and relationship shifts can make you feel unsteady, lost, and lonely. Maybe none of the traditional relationship blueprints make sense to you anymore, and you need a new road map for your life. Whether you're still figuring out your identity, navigating a new relationship dynamic, need support with amicable co-parenting, or just want a listening ear to help you make sense of life's plot twists, I'm here.
I am LGBTQ+ and relationship-minority (CNM/Poly/Relationship Anarchy) affirming, body and sex-positive, and I have a special interest in amicable co-parenting and midlife transitions. I understand that identity and relationship shifts can make you feel unsteady, lost, and lonely. Maybe none of the traditional relationship blueprints make sense to you anymore, and you need a new road map for your life. Whether you're still figuring out your identity, navigating a new relationship dynamic, need support with amicable co-parenting, or just want a listening ear to help you make sense of life's plot twists, I'm here.
(484) 739-9065 View (484) 739-9065
Photo of Michelle Hurtt, LPC, CCTP-II, Licensed Professional Counselor
Michelle Hurtt
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCTP-II
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19107  (Online Only)
I'm Michelle Hurtt, a seasoned Licensed Professional Counselor based in Pennsylvania. With over 16 years in the mental health field, I've gained experience across diverse settings such as community behavioral health, foster care & private practice. As a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), my commitment to understanding trauma is ongoing. I'm particularly passionate about supporting women who are survivors of trauma, including sexual, childhood sexual abuse & domestic violence. Additionally, I offer assistance with various behavioral health concerns such as anxiety, low self-esteem, low self-confidence, grief, and PTSD.
I'm Michelle Hurtt, a seasoned Licensed Professional Counselor based in Pennsylvania. With over 16 years in the mental health field, I've gained experience across diverse settings such as community behavioral health, foster care & private practice. As a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), my commitment to understanding trauma is ongoing. I'm particularly passionate about supporting women who are survivors of trauma, including sexual, childhood sexual abuse & domestic violence. Additionally, I offer assistance with various behavioral health concerns such as anxiety, low self-esteem, low self-confidence, grief, and PTSD.
(267) 310-2602 View (267) 310-2602
Photo of Jeanine Pearson, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jeanine Pearson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19107  (Online Only)
Hi there, I'm Jeanine Pearson, a certified professional counselor with extensive experience across various settings including community-based outpatient services, schools, wraparound services, and residential treatment facilities. I wholeheartedly advocate for therapy as an essential form of self-care. In my practice, I adopt a holistic approach to treatment, recognizing the interconnectedness of emotional, mental, and physical well-being, and how they mutually influence one another.
Hi there, I'm Jeanine Pearson, a certified professional counselor with extensive experience across various settings including community-based outpatient services, schools, wraparound services, and residential treatment facilities. I wholeheartedly advocate for therapy as an essential form of self-care. In my practice, I adopt a holistic approach to treatment, recognizing the interconnectedness of emotional, mental, and physical well-being, and how they mutually influence one another.
(267) 843-8632 x1 View (267) 843-8632 x1
Photo of Erica Rand, LCSW, MEd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erica Rand
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MEd
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19104  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I have extensive experience in working with adolescents and young adults to address concerns around mental health and behavioral changes. I strive to be an LGBTQ ally and affirming of polyamorous or ethical non-monogamy relationships. I am determined to create a safe space for the clients I work with. I specialize in helping clients discuss issues related to depression, anxiety, sexual orientation, gender identity, relationship or sexual concerns, communication building, and life transitions.
I have extensive experience in working with adolescents and young adults to address concerns around mental health and behavioral changes. I strive to be an LGBTQ ally and affirming of polyamorous or ethical non-monogamy relationships. I am determined to create a safe space for the clients I work with. I specialize in helping clients discuss issues related to depression, anxiety, sexual orientation, gender identity, relationship or sexual concerns, communication building, and life transitions.
(215) 382-6680 x7053 View (215) 382-6680 x7053
Photo of Amanda Janulis, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amanda Janulis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Are you a woman in midlife wondering about her next chapter? A recent college graduate navigating the challenges of launching your adult life? Someone experiencing challenges in your relationship? Let's be honest, in our productivity-obsessed society, it's easy to get bogged down in the day-to-day routines of our lives and not take time to prioritize our wellbeing. Here's what I know: taking time out of your week to intentionally focus on yourself in therapy can help. A lot. Think of therapy as a stepping stone, a safe place that allows for a pause as you reflect on your path and choose your direction with awareness and confidence.
Are you a woman in midlife wondering about her next chapter? A recent college graduate navigating the challenges of launching your adult life? Someone experiencing challenges in your relationship? Let's be honest, in our productivity-obsessed society, it's easy to get bogged down in the day-to-day routines of our lives and not take time to prioritize our wellbeing. Here's what I know: taking time out of your week to intentionally focus on yourself in therapy can help. A lot. Think of therapy as a stepping stone, a safe place that allows for a pause as you reflect on your path and choose your direction with awareness and confidence.
(267) 682-8423 View (267) 682-8423
Photo of Sonya Mendelovich, BSW, MBA, CCBT
Sonya Mendelovich
BSW, MBA, CCBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102
The journey of life can sometimes be trying, difficult, and uncomfortable, but I believe that by working together, you can open new pathways and attain your goals for a happier future. I look forward to working with you to explore the past, create meaning in the present and embark on an exhilarating future.
The journey of life can sometimes be trying, difficult, and uncomfortable, but I believe that by working together, you can open new pathways and attain your goals for a happier future. I look forward to working with you to explore the past, create meaning in the present and embark on an exhilarating future.
(215) 709-7783 View (215) 709-7783
Photo of Jill Farabelli, MSW, LSCW, APHSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jill Farabelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSCW, APHSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19127
Sometimes life is messy and navigating it on our own can feel overwhelming. Whether you are facing a life transition, a change in relationship, or a serious illness or grief, you may find yourself struggling. Recognizing this is a big step and reaching out for help is one of the bravest things you can do. I value each human's uniqueness and approach therapy from a place of warmth, compassion and free of judgment. I believe that a good therapeutic relationship allows us to be seen, heard and offers an opportunity for healing and growth.
Sometimes life is messy and navigating it on our own can feel overwhelming. Whether you are facing a life transition, a change in relationship, or a serious illness or grief, you may find yourself struggling. Recognizing this is a big step and reaching out for help is one of the bravest things you can do. I value each human's uniqueness and approach therapy from a place of warmth, compassion and free of judgment. I believe that a good therapeutic relationship allows us to be seen, heard and offers an opportunity for healing and growth.
(484) 218-3177 View (484) 218-3177
Photo of Eve J. Cannon, LPC, LPAT, ATR-BC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Eve J. Cannon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LPAT, ATR-BC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19104  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Are you struggling to cope with big changes in your life? Perhaps you're adjusting to a shift in relationship or career, moving, going to college, or past trauma is resurfacing during a stressful time. Whether your challenges are new or familiar, as a counselor, art therapist, and holistic health coach, I'll help you break old patterns, shift your mindset, and find more ease in life. I also enjoy supporting helping professionals and caregivers to prioritize self-care. I offer individual therapy, supervision, and therapeutic art workshops (see Groups section below to learn more).
Are you struggling to cope with big changes in your life? Perhaps you're adjusting to a shift in relationship or career, moving, going to college, or past trauma is resurfacing during a stressful time. Whether your challenges are new or familiar, as a counselor, art therapist, and holistic health coach, I'll help you break old patterns, shift your mindset, and find more ease in life. I also enjoy supporting helping professionals and caregivers to prioritize self-care. I offer individual therapy, supervision, and therapeutic art workshops (see Groups section below to learn more).
(215) 999-6730 View (215) 999-6730
Photo of Tiffany Browning, MSMFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Tiffany Browning
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19143  (Online Only)
I take pride in helping others build trust and positive connections, even when it feels hopeless. I currently serve adults, adolescents ages 16+, and families of teens 13 and up. My extensive background in family therapy, working with adults in multiple settings and adolescents in their homes and classrooms allows me to dedicate our time to learning your strengths, and using them to assist you with creating the specific tools that you and your family need to rebuild the connections that you may have believed to be lost forever.
I take pride in helping others build trust and positive connections, even when it feels hopeless. I currently serve adults, adolescents ages 16+, and families of teens 13 and up. My extensive background in family therapy, working with adults in multiple settings and adolescents in their homes and classrooms allows me to dedicate our time to learning your strengths, and using them to assist you with creating the specific tools that you and your family need to rebuild the connections that you may have believed to be lost forever.
(267) 573-8239 View (267) 573-8239
Photo of Abby Panetta - Abby Panetta Counseling, LLC, LPC, MS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Abby Panetta Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19129
My goal is to work with you to create meaningful experiences that increase optimism, hope, and motivation along with a sense of control, worth, empowerment, purpose, connectedness, and well-being. I am committed to staying up-to-date on the latest research and techniques in the field of mental health so that I can provide you with the best possible care. I firmly believe that the way we get better is by making small changes in our behavior and thinking every day.
My goal is to work with you to create meaningful experiences that increase optimism, hope, and motivation along with a sense of control, worth, empowerment, purpose, connectedness, and well-being. I am committed to staying up-to-date on the latest research and techniques in the field of mental health so that I can provide you with the best possible care. I firmly believe that the way we get better is by making small changes in our behavior and thinking every day.
(267) 548-3233 View (267) 548-3233
Photo of Carolyn Michaels, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Carolyn Michaels
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19127
My clients come to me because they want to deepen and strengthen their relationships - not just with each other, but with themselves. They want to understand the family and societal systems that shaped them into who they are today, and to heal old wounds and trauma so that they can move forward from a place of strength, healing, and connection. Many of my clients exist at the intersection of multiple marginalized identities, and have struggled to find a therapist who will understand and not further stigmatize their identities, and who is committed to unlearning systems of oppression. I seek to provide a healing space for them.
My clients come to me because they want to deepen and strengthen their relationships - not just with each other, but with themselves. They want to understand the family and societal systems that shaped them into who they are today, and to heal old wounds and trauma so that they can move forward from a place of strength, healing, and connection. Many of my clients exist at the intersection of multiple marginalized identities, and have struggled to find a therapist who will understand and not further stigmatize their identities, and who is committed to unlearning systems of oppression. I seek to provide a healing space for them.
(215) 475-5797 View (215) 475-5797
Photo of Melanie Swencki, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melanie Swencki
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Melanie! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 25 years of experience as a clinician in a variety of settings.
Hi, I'm Melanie! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 25 years of experience as a clinician in a variety of settings.
(484) 715-0786 View (484) 715-0786
Photo of Jessica Alice Richter, MSS, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Alice Richter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, LSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19125
I work from a social work strengths based perspective and believe in meeting each client where they are and collaborating to address the issue(s) at hand. Whether you’re facing a new challenge in life or feeling “stuck,” I’ll listen actively and we can work together to support you through this time, so that you’re able to gain insight and clarity to allow you to move forward.
I work from a social work strengths based perspective and believe in meeting each client where they are and collaborating to address the issue(s) at hand. Whether you’re facing a new challenge in life or feeling “stuck,” I’ll listen actively and we can work together to support you through this time, so that you’re able to gain insight and clarity to allow you to move forward.
(917) 924-5179 View (917) 924-5179
Photo of Kameil Nicholson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kameil Nicholson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
Seeking focus and clarity? Feeling stressed, anxious or forgetting? I specialize in helping adults who grapple with these daily challenges making it difficult to navigate life. If you are motivated and resilient, yet, facing persistent challenges in relationships, school or work, I am here for you. I can be your guiding hand to help you. Allow me to support you in your commitment to making positive changes in your life to enhance your productivity, satisfaction and personal wellness.
Seeking focus and clarity? Feeling stressed, anxious or forgetting? I specialize in helping adults who grapple with these daily challenges making it difficult to navigate life. If you are motivated and resilient, yet, facing persistent challenges in relationships, school or work, I am here for you. I can be your guiding hand to help you. Allow me to support you in your commitment to making positive changes in your life to enhance your productivity, satisfaction and personal wellness.
(267) 282-0462 View (267) 282-0462
Photo of Kb Bonner - SW@L LLC, MA, MSS, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
SW@L LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSS, LSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19139
We move through institutions of power our entire lives. First, family, then we form friends at school, fall in love in college, maybe grow close to others in religious communities. Along the way, we encounter experiences that enable us to become more of our authentic selves. Sometimes, these experiences are less than ideal, other times, these experiences are more traumatizing than we originally thought. Depression, anxiety, insomnia, are a few things that manifest and these are the PTSD-related symptoms that I specialize in.
We move through institutions of power our entire lives. First, family, then we form friends at school, fall in love in college, maybe grow close to others in religious communities. Along the way, we encounter experiences that enable us to become more of our authentic selves. Sometimes, these experiences are less than ideal, other times, these experiences are more traumatizing than we originally thought. Depression, anxiety, insomnia, are a few things that manifest and these are the PTSD-related symptoms that I specialize in.
(215) 631-8780 View (215) 631-8780
Photo of Darrell Williams, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Darrell Williams
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Life's a bitch and then you die. For many of us, this is not just a hook to a classic song but a "fact of life". And if you are reading this, chances are this feeling applies to you. And there are so many factors play a part in why life is so hard. In my time as a therapist, I have had so many emerging adults(18-25) reach out to me with feelings of anxiety and depression about their current lives and the feeling of hopelessness about their future. And trust me, I get it because I was that emerging adult many, many years ago. It may not be "life" that's a bitch, but just past or present moments that we currently struggle with.
Life's a bitch and then you die. For many of us, this is not just a hook to a classic song but a "fact of life". And if you are reading this, chances are this feeling applies to you. And there are so many factors play a part in why life is so hard. In my time as a therapist, I have had so many emerging adults(18-25) reach out to me with feelings of anxiety and depression about their current lives and the feeling of hopelessness about their future. And trust me, I get it because I was that emerging adult many, many years ago. It may not be "life" that's a bitch, but just past or present moments that we currently struggle with.
(484) 989-7222 View (484) 989-7222
Photo of Lori Zaspel, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lori Zaspel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19143  (Online Only)
“Grief is akin to praise; it is how the soul recounts the depth to which someone has touched our lives.” Together we can navigate grief and offer support and strategies to process and integrate your experience. Not to move ON, but to move WITH. Loss is interwoven with many of life’s challenging experiences, not only in death, but break-ups, job transitions, growth in our gender and identity, estrangement, and more. They’re all open for discussion in our time together. I love working with queer, non-monogamous, kinky, eldest daughters, and punk folks, but I welcome all types of humans who feel like we could connect.
“Grief is akin to praise; it is how the soul recounts the depth to which someone has touched our lives.” Together we can navigate grief and offer support and strategies to process and integrate your experience. Not to move ON, but to move WITH. Loss is interwoven with many of life’s challenging experiences, not only in death, but break-ups, job transitions, growth in our gender and identity, estrangement, and more. They’re all open for discussion in our time together. I love working with queer, non-monogamous, kinky, eldest daughters, and punk folks, but I welcome all types of humans who feel like we could connect.
(267) 574-9392 View (267) 574-9392
Photo of Maria Beatty, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Maria Beatty
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19119
I have worked with families for over twenty years. I have been a coach, a classroom teacher, early childhood teacher, childbirth instructor, childbirth doula and athletic coach. My deep engagement with all stages of development informs my therapeutic work each and every day. From big life transitions down to mundane tasks, my clients receive grounded and evidence-based care that helps them find balance and resilience so that they can live a fully-engaged vibrant and flourishing existence.
I have worked with families for over twenty years. I have been a coach, a classroom teacher, early childhood teacher, childbirth instructor, childbirth doula and athletic coach. My deep engagement with all stages of development informs my therapeutic work each and every day. From big life transitions down to mundane tasks, my clients receive grounded and evidence-based care that helps them find balance and resilience so that they can live a fully-engaged vibrant and flourishing existence.
(215) 600-1496 View (215) 600-1496
Photo of Shana Williams, MHS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Shana Williams
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19107
I believe we should all have access to a space where we can be open and honest with who we are and what we need to thrive. It is important to me that I support individuals in cultivating such a space with safety and freedom of feelings, thoughts and emotions. We all deserve a chance to thrive in life and find some sense of peace and understanding of experiences that make us who we are. I am here to challenge any notions that you cannot be your best self and find solace in that.
I believe we should all have access to a space where we can be open and honest with who we are and what we need to thrive. It is important to me that I support individuals in cultivating such a space with safety and freedom of feelings, thoughts and emotions. We all deserve a chance to thrive in life and find some sense of peace and understanding of experiences that make us who we are. I am here to challenge any notions that you cannot be your best self and find solace in that.
(267) 633-8981 View (267) 633-8981
Photo of Elizabeth Miner-Worland, MFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Elizabeth Miner-Worland
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19125
My approach to therapy is based on the belief that every person has the strength and resilience within them to overcome challenges and create change in their lives. By exploring the stories we tell ourselves and others about our experiences, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and our relationships. Through this process we can create new narratives that empower us to live more fulfilling lives.
My approach to therapy is based on the belief that every person has the strength and resilience within them to overcome challenges and create change in their lives. By exploring the stories we tell ourselves and others about our experiences, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and our relationships. Through this process we can create new narratives that empower us to live more fulfilling lives.
(267) 641-9985 View (267) 641-9985
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$146

Therapists in Philadelphia, PA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
72% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
68% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
60% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Aetna
68% Cigna and Evernorth
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Philadelphia, PA see their clients

52% Online Only
48% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Philadelphia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.