Therapists in Dell Rapids, SD

Photo of Hiedi Roberts, LCSW, PIP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hiedi Roberts
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PIP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dell Rapids, SD 57022  (Online Only)
I provide virtual telehealth therapy services for all ages from 13-100 years. Not here to judge, but to offer support and acceptance. I welcome all types of people to counseling. Come as you are! I will accept any and all issues! I enjoy getting to know you in a genuine way. I will help you to sort through life's challenges weather it is family, personal, faith, relationships, identity, grief, mood, self esteem, confidence, depression, anxiety or anything else.
I provide virtual telehealth therapy services for all ages from 13-100 years. Not here to judge, but to offer support and acceptance. I welcome all types of people to counseling. Come as you are! I will accept any and all issues! I enjoy getting to know you in a genuine way. I will help you to sort through life's challenges weather it is family, personal, faith, relationships, identity, grief, mood, self esteem, confidence, depression, anxiety or anything else.
(605) 349-2264 View (605) 349-2264
Photo of Brian Lann - Brian Lann - NOCD, MA, LMHC, LCMHC, LPC, Counselor
Brian Lann - NOCD
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
Dell Rapids, SD 57022  (Online Only)
From childhood, I've had compassion for anyone suffering from a mental health or substance use disorder. Several of my family members struggled with both throughout their lives. That compassion influenced me to pursue counseling as a profession. At NOCD, we specialize in providing evidence-based treatment for people with OCD. Our deep understanding of the nuances and intricacies of OCD enables us to properly diagnose and treat it. We have received intensive training in Exposure Response and Prevention Therapy (ERP)—the gold standard treatment for OCD.
From childhood, I've had compassion for anyone suffering from a mental health or substance use disorder. Several of my family members struggled with both throughout their lives. That compassion influenced me to pursue counseling as a profession. At NOCD, we specialize in providing evidence-based treatment for people with OCD. Our deep understanding of the nuances and intricacies of OCD enables us to properly diagnose and treat it. We have received intensive training in Exposure Response and Prevention Therapy (ERP)—the gold standard treatment for OCD.
(201) 989-0363 View (201) 989-0363
Photo of Mathia Rall, DrPH, MSA, LISW, CSW-PIP, QMHP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mathia Rall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DrPH, MSA, LISW, CSW-PIP, QMHP
Verified Verified
Dell Rapids, SD 57022
Mathia Rall specializes in behavioral health, psychology and mental health evaluations. She offers comprehensive holistic mental health care and treats behavioral health concerns. She also serves as a clinical instructor at Sanford School of Medicine. Mathia focuses on meetings clients where they are at in life's journey and exploring strategies to become the best version of yourself.
Mathia Rall specializes in behavioral health, psychology and mental health evaluations. She offers comprehensive holistic mental health care and treats behavioral health concerns. She also serves as a clinical instructor at Sanford School of Medicine. Mathia focuses on meetings clients where they are at in life's journey and exploring strategies to become the best version of yourself.
(605) 467-5528 View (605) 467-5528
Photo of Kimberly J Cournoyer, EdS, LPC-MH, QMHP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kimberly J Cournoyer
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC-MH, QMHP
Verified Verified
Dell Rapids, SD 57022
Weekdays, limited evening appointments and weekend appointments. Families and individuals going through all of life's transitions will find support and direction that will help them through their next journey as well. Relief and management of symptoms related to trauma, conflict, relationship issues or management of emotions such as anger, grief and self-harm. Kimberly has training in TF-CBT (Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and is trauma-responsive in identifying emerging defense responses to trauma and resolving unmet attachment needs.
Weekdays, limited evening appointments and weekend appointments. Families and individuals going through all of life's transitions will find support and direction that will help them through their next journey as well. Relief and management of symptoms related to trauma, conflict, relationship issues or management of emotions such as anger, grief and self-harm. Kimberly has training in TF-CBT (Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and is trauma-responsive in identifying emerging defense responses to trauma and resolving unmet attachment needs.
(605) 644-6920 View (605) 644-6920

Online Therapists

Photo of Natausha Deurmier, MSW, LCSW, LAC, QMHP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Natausha Deurmier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LAC, QMHP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sioux Falls, SD 57108
I’m glad that you are here and taking the first step. It is my goal to make this process less intimating and more predictable. You can expect therapy to be messy, uncomfortable, and challenging at times. However, it balances with healing and can be so freeing. Many of my clients worry that people will reject or abandon them. They struggle with relationships (platonic or romantic) or feel like they can’t seem to have a healthy relationship no matter what they try. They often feel “different’ or disconnected from others or think that others do not understand them. They have trouble relying on family and friends or asking for help.
I’m glad that you are here and taking the first step. It is my goal to make this process less intimating and more predictable. You can expect therapy to be messy, uncomfortable, and challenging at times. However, it balances with healing and can be so freeing. Many of my clients worry that people will reject or abandon them. They struggle with relationships (platonic or romantic) or feel like they can’t seem to have a healthy relationship no matter what they try. They often feel “different’ or disconnected from others or think that others do not understand them. They have trouble relying on family and friends or asking for help.
(605) 303-6304 View (605) 303-6304
Photo of Danielle McCormick, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Danielle McCormick
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
Sioux Falls, SD 57110
I strive to create a strong therapeutic relationship with children and families to improve overall functioning with the use of play therapy techniques. As a supervisee actively pursuing licensure for LMFT and RPT, I am passionate about utilizing play therapy techniques to promote growth for all children. I have completed training for EMDR therapy in which I can utilize with children who have traumatic experiences. I enjoy providing opportunities for parent and sibling involvement to enhance the family system as a whole. I strive to help children reach their full potential through fostering courage to face life’s various challenges.
I strive to create a strong therapeutic relationship with children and families to improve overall functioning with the use of play therapy techniques. As a supervisee actively pursuing licensure for LMFT and RPT, I am passionate about utilizing play therapy techniques to promote growth for all children. I have completed training for EMDR therapy in which I can utilize with children who have traumatic experiences. I enjoy providing opportunities for parent and sibling involvement to enhance the family system as a whole. I strive to help children reach their full potential through fostering courage to face life’s various challenges.
(605) 450-7877 View (605) 450-7877
Photo of Brad Byrum, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Brad Byrum
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Lennox, SD 57039  (Online Only)
Has your relationship become an angry, sad, or scary place leaving you feeling alone, hurt and discouraged? Are you and your partner feeling lost in conflict cycles you don’t understand and desperately want to change? Many of the couples I work with come to therapy feeling just like you. I understand how much courage it takes to reach out for help and to let another person get inside your relationship, especially when you are feeling so vulnerable. If you are searching for a safe place to explore what's not working in your relationship, and support in creating solutions, I can help.
Has your relationship become an angry, sad, or scary place leaving you feeling alone, hurt and discouraged? Are you and your partner feeling lost in conflict cycles you don’t understand and desperately want to change? Many of the couples I work with come to therapy feeling just like you. I understand how much courage it takes to reach out for help and to let another person get inside your relationship, especially when you are feeling so vulnerable. If you are searching for a safe place to explore what's not working in your relationship, and support in creating solutions, I can help.
(715) 638-1784 View (715) 638-1784
Photo of Danette Neucom, LPC-MH, Licensed Professional Counselor
Danette Neucom
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-MH
Verified Verified
Sioux Falls, SD 57105
My therapeutic approach views each person as an individual with unique strengths and challenges, and emphasizes the value of building a therapeutic relationship with the individual. When working with a child, I also want to build a relationship with the caregiver. Developing the client and family's strengths will be the foundation to support the change. I believe that the greatest results are achieved using evidence based treatment modalities; these approaches focus on assisting the individual to change negative thoughts & behaviors & focus more on their internal strengths & resourcefulness.
My therapeutic approach views each person as an individual with unique strengths and challenges, and emphasizes the value of building a therapeutic relationship with the individual. When working with a child, I also want to build a relationship with the caregiver. Developing the client and family's strengths will be the foundation to support the change. I believe that the greatest results are achieved using evidence based treatment modalities; these approaches focus on assisting the individual to change negative thoughts & behaviors & focus more on their internal strengths & resourcefulness.
(605) 349-2506 View (605) 349-2506
Photo of Nicolle Lynn Olson, LPC , MH, QMHP, Counselor
Nicolle Lynn Olson
Counselor, LPC , MH, QMHP
Verified Verified
Sioux Falls, SD 57105
I believe that everyone needs someone on their team. I will be on your team. It is my pleasure to assist you in your journey, and learning more about who you are.
I believe that everyone needs someone on their team. I will be on your team. It is my pleasure to assist you in your journey, and learning more about who you are.
(605) 640-6385 View (605) 640-6385
Photo of Jordan Jean Brockhoff - J Brockhoff Therapy Services, MSW, CSW-PIP, ACT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
J Brockhoff Therapy Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, CSW-PIP, ACT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sioux Falls, SD 57104
Many clients come to therapy with a fear they will be judged and misunderstood. I believe in the social work value of upholding the dignity and worth of my clients. I approach therapy by balancing validation and change; it is essential that a client feels both affirmed and challenged. I believe all people are doing the best they can and can do better. My vocation is to help people find their own life worth living.
Many clients come to therapy with a fear they will be judged and misunderstood. I believe in the social work value of upholding the dignity and worth of my clients. I approach therapy by balancing validation and change; it is essential that a client feels both affirmed and challenged. I believe all people are doing the best they can and can do better. My vocation is to help people find their own life worth living.
(605) 674-6681 View (605) 674-6681
Photo of Lori Morton, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lori Morton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Sioux Falls, SD 57106
With a genuine passion for supporting individuals, couples, and families in their pursuit of mental and emotional well-being, I bring a wealth of experience and a warm, non-judgmental approach to my counseling. I firmly believe that each person is unique, and I tailor my therapeutic approach to meet your specific needs, fostering a trusting and collaborative relationship. Whether you're navigating life transitions, facing challenges in relationships, coping with anxiety, managing stress, or seeking personal development, my goal is to create a safe and empowering space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings openly.
With a genuine passion for supporting individuals, couples, and families in their pursuit of mental and emotional well-being, I bring a wealth of experience and a warm, non-judgmental approach to my counseling. I firmly believe that each person is unique, and I tailor my therapeutic approach to meet your specific needs, fostering a trusting and collaborative relationship. Whether you're navigating life transitions, facing challenges in relationships, coping with anxiety, managing stress, or seeking personal development, my goal is to create a safe and empowering space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings openly.
(832) 240-7365 View (832) 240-7365
Photo of Zebiba Zere, MSW, LCSW, QMHP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Zebiba Zere
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, QMHP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Sioux Falls, SD 57105
Accepting New Clients! Discovering the right therapist can be the key to embracing your journey of growth and healing with confidence. With experience assisting clients through a diverse array of challenges such as anxiety, depression, relationship issues, self-esteem struggles, family conflicts, communication hurdles, and trauma, I'm here to offer compassionate support tailored to your unique needs.
Accepting New Clients! Discovering the right therapist can be the key to embracing your journey of growth and healing with confidence. With experience assisting clients through a diverse array of challenges such as anxiety, depression, relationship issues, self-esteem struggles, family conflicts, communication hurdles, and trauma, I'm here to offer compassionate support tailored to your unique needs.
(605) 316-3850 View (605) 316-3850
Photo of Bonnie Jean Haack, MS, NCC, LPC-MH, Counselor
Bonnie Jean Haack
Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC-MH
Verified Verified
Tea, SD 57064
I love to help people of all ages explore and achieve their fullest potential. Whether or not you are ready to make a life change you are thinking about, I can help put things in perspective, provide validation of the steps you are already taking, and move you forward to a better life. My 23 years of experience helps me to be versatile in my approach to you, and I can tailor therapy to what you need or are seeking.
I love to help people of all ages explore and achieve their fullest potential. Whether or not you are ready to make a life change you are thinking about, I can help put things in perspective, provide validation of the steps you are already taking, and move you forward to a better life. My 23 years of experience helps me to be versatile in my approach to you, and I can tailor therapy to what you need or are seeking.
(605) 640-6555 View (605) 640-6555
Photo of Jeanne J Chamness, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jeanne J Chamness
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Sioux Falls, SD 57103
You're feeling stuck. Perhaps you know what’s holding you back and haven't been at a place in life to address it, or maybe you’re just overwhelmed by all life keeps throwing at you. Either way, it's hard and it keeps getting harder. You've been thinking about reaching out for a while, but the timing has never seemed right. But now, it's easier than ever. You have options. You can meet with a counselor in their office, or if time or geography is an issue, you can access most counselors from your home on your computer, tablet or phone. It's time.
You're feeling stuck. Perhaps you know what’s holding you back and haven't been at a place in life to address it, or maybe you’re just overwhelmed by all life keeps throwing at you. Either way, it's hard and it keeps getting harder. You've been thinking about reaching out for a while, but the timing has never seemed right. But now, it's easier than ever. You have options. You can meet with a counselor in their office, or if time or geography is an issue, you can access most counselors from your home on your computer, tablet or phone. It's time.
(605) 250-0713 View (605) 250-0713
Photo of Lauren Glazier, CSW, QMHP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lauren Glazier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW, QMHP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Sioux Falls, SD 57108
Accepting new clients! Are you feeling stressed about current events or weighed down by past experiences? You’re not alone, and I’m here to help. I truly understand how trauma, stress, and relationships can affect every part of your life, and it’s okay to reach out for support. My approach is all about connection and compassion. I focus on meeting you where you are, providing a safe and non-judgmental space where you can feel seen, heard, and understood. Together, we’ll work through the challenges you face and explore your goals in a way that feels right for you.
Accepting new clients! Are you feeling stressed about current events or weighed down by past experiences? You’re not alone, and I’m here to help. I truly understand how trauma, stress, and relationships can affect every part of your life, and it’s okay to reach out for support. My approach is all about connection and compassion. I focus on meeting you where you are, providing a safe and non-judgmental space where you can feel seen, heard, and understood. Together, we’ll work through the challenges you face and explore your goals in a way that feels right for you.
(605) 525-6693 View (605) 525-6693
Photo of Geoff Faustman, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Geoff Faustman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sioux Falls, SD 57104
I offer a direct, active, goal-oriented approach in helping you find relief from the anxiety, anger, depression, shame, or whatever it is that leaves you feeling stuck. By taking a look at 1) What are you trying to achieve? 2) What are you trying to preserve? 3) What are you trying to avoid? and 4) What are you trying to eliminate? we can highlight the sometimes-complex interaction among your thoughts, decisions, actions and outcomes. Knowing yourself, making use of your personal strengths & your tools at hand while allowing your values guide you, you can propel yourself toward becoming the best, most fulfilled version of yourself.
I offer a direct, active, goal-oriented approach in helping you find relief from the anxiety, anger, depression, shame, or whatever it is that leaves you feeling stuck. By taking a look at 1) What are you trying to achieve? 2) What are you trying to preserve? 3) What are you trying to avoid? and 4) What are you trying to eliminate? we can highlight the sometimes-complex interaction among your thoughts, decisions, actions and outcomes. Knowing yourself, making use of your personal strengths & your tools at hand while allowing your values guide you, you can propel yourself toward becoming the best, most fulfilled version of yourself.
(605) 349-1370 View (605) 349-1370
Photo of Patricia C. LaVelle, Ed S, LPC-MH, LMFT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Patricia C. LaVelle
Licensed Professional Counselor, Ed S, LPC-MH, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sioux Falls, SD 57110
Is therapy something you really don’t want to do, yet life is becoming difficult to handle? If so, I am your therapist. I am the therapist for reluctant people who have trouble asking for help. I will meet your where your are, walk beside you as you heal, and lead you to a healthier way.
Is therapy something you really don’t want to do, yet life is becoming difficult to handle? If so, I am your therapist. I am the therapist for reluctant people who have trouble asking for help. I will meet your where your are, walk beside you as you heal, and lead you to a healthier way.
(605) 971-2543 View (605) 971-2543
Photo of Alicia Hagstrom, LPC-MH, LAC, CRC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Alicia Hagstrom
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-MH, LAC, CRC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Sioux Falls, SD 57105
Waitlist for new clients
“Therapy is about understanding the self that you are. But part of getting to know yourself is to unknow yourself – to let go of the limiting stories you’ve told yourself about who you are so that you aren’t trapped by them, so you can live your life and not the story you’ve been telling yourself about your life.” Lori Gottlieb. The foundation of this quote is the support and guidance I want to provide to each person that walks through my doors.
“Therapy is about understanding the self that you are. But part of getting to know yourself is to unknow yourself – to let go of the limiting stories you’ve told yourself about who you are so that you aren’t trapped by them, so you can live your life and not the story you’ve been telling yourself about your life.” Lori Gottlieb. The foundation of this quote is the support and guidance I want to provide to each person that walks through my doors.
(605) 566-6594 View (605) 566-6594
Photo of Lindsay Leigh Neth, MSW, CSW-PIP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lindsay Leigh Neth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, CSW-PIP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sioux Falls, SD 57108
Mental health impacts each of us differently, making things even more important to not compare or judge how each of us feel and respond to life’s stressors. One of the most rewarding components of my job is truly meeting each client in their defined “time of need”. During your therapy journey, we spend time exploring your emotions, thoughts and behaviors, increasing your self-awareness and “tweaking” the tools to utilize in managing your emotions healthier.
Mental health impacts each of us differently, making things even more important to not compare or judge how each of us feel and respond to life’s stressors. One of the most rewarding components of my job is truly meeting each client in their defined “time of need”. During your therapy journey, we spend time exploring your emotions, thoughts and behaviors, increasing your self-awareness and “tweaking” the tools to utilize in managing your emotions healthier.
(605) 220-5785 View (605) 220-5785
Photo of Kahthrina (Trina) Ruud, LCSW, QMHP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kahthrina (Trina) Ruud
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, QMHP
Verified Verified
Sioux Falls, SD 57104
Has your child started behaving out of character leading you to wonder what they are going through? Perhaps they are struggling with feelings of sadness, anxiety, or anger. As a supervisee actively pursuing licensure for my PIP and RPT, I am passionate about utilizing play-based techniques and art therapies to promote growth for children ages 3-11. Play and creativity is the way a child communicates and processes the world around them. My goal is to offer a safe space for children to be themselves so they can navigate experiences through their own lenses.
Has your child started behaving out of character leading you to wonder what they are going through? Perhaps they are struggling with feelings of sadness, anxiety, or anger. As a supervisee actively pursuing licensure for my PIP and RPT, I am passionate about utilizing play-based techniques and art therapies to promote growth for children ages 3-11. Play and creativity is the way a child communicates and processes the world around them. My goal is to offer a safe space for children to be themselves so they can navigate experiences through their own lenses.
(605) 674-7203 View (605) 674-7203

See more therapy options for Dell Rapids

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Dell Rapids, SD

< 10

Therapists in Dell Rapids, SD who prioritize treating:

75% Depression
75% Anxiety
75% Coping Skills
50% Addiction
50% Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)
50% Parenting
50% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

21 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Optum
75% Cigna and Evernorth
75% Medicaid

How Therapists in Dell Rapids, SD see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Dell Rapids?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.