Therapists in Myrtle Beach, SC

Photo of Linda Jo Griffin, MSW, LISW-CP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Linda Jo Griffin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-CP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Myrtle Beach, SC 29579
I believe that everyone deserves to be heard and respected especially during difficult times. Although family and friends can provide love and support, sometimes we need someone who can be totally objective. I strive to provide a safe, supportive, and nonjudgmental environment where you can express needs and leave feeling heard and empowered to make positive changes in your life. Each person enters therapy with a unique set of issues and needs. Together we will develop a treatment plan that is right for you. My goal is to help you heal, grow and discover strengths you didn’t even know you had.
I believe that everyone deserves to be heard and respected especially during difficult times. Although family and friends can provide love and support, sometimes we need someone who can be totally objective. I strive to provide a safe, supportive, and nonjudgmental environment where you can express needs and leave feeling heard and empowered to make positive changes in your life. Each person enters therapy with a unique set of issues and needs. Together we will develop a treatment plan that is right for you. My goal is to help you heal, grow and discover strengths you didn’t even know you had.
(843) 418-9277 View (843) 418-9277
Photo of Michael R Stewart, MA, LPC, LAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Michael R Stewart
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LAC
Verified Verified
Myrtle Beach, SC 29572
I have been in the helping business for the last 25 years. My vast experiences in life have given me insights that enable me to help clients who suffer from relationship issues within their marriage, their families, their social environment and within their work place. I have also had great success working with clients who suffer from addictions (drugs, alcohol, sex, pornography, etc.) and co-dependency issues. My experiences as a teacher helps me work with adolescent issues related to anxiety, depression, behavior, self-esteem, sexuality, gender, etc.
I have been in the helping business for the last 25 years. My vast experiences in life have given me insights that enable me to help clients who suffer from relationship issues within their marriage, their families, their social environment and within their work place. I have also had great success working with clients who suffer from addictions (drugs, alcohol, sex, pornography, etc.) and co-dependency issues. My experiences as a teacher helps me work with adolescent issues related to anxiety, depression, behavior, self-esteem, sexuality, gender, etc.
(843) 410-4324 View (843) 410-4324
Photo of Ashley (Aleigh) Everhart - R.E.A.L. Counseling, LLC, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
R.E.A.L. Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Myrtle Beach, SC 29588
As a certified cognitive-behavioral therapist, my goal is to help you understand that your thoughts control your emotions and behaviors. Once you understand that you control your thinking, you will start to become emotionally stronger and create ways to achieve your successful future. While we can't change the past, we can work together to understand and resolve life challenges.
As a certified cognitive-behavioral therapist, my goal is to help you understand that your thoughts control your emotions and behaviors. Once you understand that you control your thinking, you will start to become emotionally stronger and create ways to achieve your successful future. While we can't change the past, we can work together to understand and resolve life challenges.
(843) 605-4229 View (843) 605-4229
Photo of Andrea Hicks, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Andrea Hicks
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Myrtle Beach, SC 29577
I am accepting new clients both in-person and via telehealth. Are you struggling with stress and anxiety? Personal conflicts can hinder not only your own life but also time with others. You may be troubled by self doubt, questioning your level of commitment, or contemplating walking away from a relationship. Perhaps you are feeling disconnected from others or frustrated by an unsatisfying relationship. Maybe you're single and exhausted by the drama that comes with dating. Or, a parent who is helplessly watching your child struggle in social relationships. We can work together to help you navigate the path towards more contentment.
I am accepting new clients both in-person and via telehealth. Are you struggling with stress and anxiety? Personal conflicts can hinder not only your own life but also time with others. You may be troubled by self doubt, questioning your level of commitment, or contemplating walking away from a relationship. Perhaps you are feeling disconnected from others or frustrated by an unsatisfying relationship. Maybe you're single and exhausted by the drama that comes with dating. Or, a parent who is helplessly watching your child struggle in social relationships. We can work together to help you navigate the path towards more contentment.
(843) 894-4297 View (843) 894-4297
Photo of Jennifer Joann McGonigal, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jennifer Joann McGonigal
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Myrtle Beach, SC 29579
Sometimes life unfolds challenges that we cannot handle alone. Unhealthy thoughts and feelings can surface and we can feel unable to cope. This is where my expertise can help. I truly have a love for helping others discover their strengths and find their potential. For over fifteen years, I've enjoyed my work helping people successfully let go of painful pasts. I am a licensed professional counselor in the state of South Carolina. Over the years, I have worked with children, adolescents, adults, and families to overcome a wide variety of challenges.
Sometimes life unfolds challenges that we cannot handle alone. Unhealthy thoughts and feelings can surface and we can feel unable to cope. This is where my expertise can help. I truly have a love for helping others discover their strengths and find their potential. For over fifteen years, I've enjoyed my work helping people successfully let go of painful pasts. I am a licensed professional counselor in the state of South Carolina. Over the years, I have worked with children, adolescents, adults, and families to overcome a wide variety of challenges.
(843) 941-5258 View (843) 941-5258
Photo of Carolyn M. Ball, MA, LPC, LCMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Carolyn M. Ball
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Myrtle Beach, SC 29572
Welcome to Self-Actualization Therapy. There is a wise, happy, and successful person living inside of each of us, and my work is to help you access that. I offer skilled and insightful tools and processes for helping you discover your true magnificence and abilities, to cut through the challenges that life tends to bring, and to increase your confidence and happiness. I have spent a lifetime seeking out the most effective ways to help you create the life you want, so if you are serious about creating change, I can help you with that goal. My focus is to empower you and bring out your best!
Welcome to Self-Actualization Therapy. There is a wise, happy, and successful person living inside of each of us, and my work is to help you access that. I offer skilled and insightful tools and processes for helping you discover your true magnificence and abilities, to cut through the challenges that life tends to bring, and to increase your confidence and happiness. I have spent a lifetime seeking out the most effective ways to help you create the life you want, so if you are serious about creating change, I can help you with that goal. My focus is to empower you and bring out your best!
(843) 701-1398 View (843) 701-1398
Photo of David Wachsman, MCOUN, Counselor
David Wachsman
Counselor, MCOUN
Verified Verified
Myrtle Beach, SC 29577
Life is always presenting new obstacles and uncertainties. It can be difficult to adjust or find meaning in times of distress, but I am here to offer perspective and support. Whether you are struggling with conflict in your relationship, a lack of direction in your career, or general feelings associated with depression or anxiety, I can help.
Life is always presenting new obstacles and uncertainties. It can be difficult to adjust or find meaning in times of distress, but I am here to offer perspective and support. Whether you are struggling with conflict in your relationship, a lack of direction in your career, or general feelings associated with depression or anxiety, I can help.
(512) 270-3115 View (512) 270-3115
Photo of Sondra Marie Booth, MEd, LPC/A
Sondra Marie Booth
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MEd, LPC/A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Myrtle Beach, SC 29588
I am a dedicated and compassionate LPC-A with a Master of Education in Mental Health Counseling from Lindsey Wilson College. With a robust background in providing therapeutic support to both adults and children, I bring a wealth of experience and a deep commitment to fostering mental wellness.
I am a dedicated and compassionate LPC-A with a Master of Education in Mental Health Counseling from Lindsey Wilson College. With a robust background in providing therapeutic support to both adults and children, I bring a wealth of experience and a deep commitment to fostering mental wellness.
(843) 948-5247 View (843) 948-5247
Photo of Joneen M. Adams. Psychological And Psychoeducational Evals Counseling, MS
Joneen M. Adams. Psychological And Psychoeducational Evals Counseling
Licensed Psycho-Educational Specialist, MS
Verified Verified
Myrtle Beach, SC 29577
Are you looking for an independent evaluation? Do you feel that your child is acting or processing information differently than other children? Do you wonder if your child has Autism? Does your child need ABA therapy or an IEP? Do you disagree with the school's decisions regarding your child's IEP or lack of one? Do you need an evaluation to determine parental fitness? Do you need an evaluation for work related issues? If you answered yes to 1 or more of these questions, I'm happy to help! I also do individual therapy, family therapy, parenting, and anger management. I work with clients age 2-adulthood. Accepting NEW eval clients.
Are you looking for an independent evaluation? Do you feel that your child is acting or processing information differently than other children? Do you wonder if your child has Autism? Does your child need ABA therapy or an IEP? Do you disagree with the school's decisions regarding your child's IEP or lack of one? Do you need an evaluation to determine parental fitness? Do you need an evaluation for work related issues? If you answered yes to 1 or more of these questions, I'm happy to help! I also do individual therapy, family therapy, parenting, and anger management. I work with clients age 2-adulthood. Accepting NEW eval clients.
(843) 738-1580 View (843) 738-1580
Photo of Candy G Woods, MA, LPC, CCATP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Candy G Woods
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCATP
Verified Verified
Myrtle Beach, SC 29579
I Specialize in Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive disorders. I treat Middle School age to Adults that are dealing with Worries/Fears, Perfectionism, Social Anxiety, Separation Anxiety, Panic, Stress, Trauma, Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling) and Skin Picking Disorders as well as acute Eating Disorders. I have worked with many others in regards to Couples problems, Grief, and Anger. Helping people deal with everyday stressors, finding forgiveness and contentment in their life. If you are looking for a faith based counselor, I will gladly utilize a Christian based approach as well.
I Specialize in Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive disorders. I treat Middle School age to Adults that are dealing with Worries/Fears, Perfectionism, Social Anxiety, Separation Anxiety, Panic, Stress, Trauma, Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling) and Skin Picking Disorders as well as acute Eating Disorders. I have worked with many others in regards to Couples problems, Grief, and Anger. Helping people deal with everyday stressors, finding forgiveness and contentment in their life. If you are looking for a faith based counselor, I will gladly utilize a Christian based approach as well.
(843) 473-8705 View (843) 473-8705
Photo of Linda Conner, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Linda Conner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Myrtle Beach, SC 29577
My passion is working with people who are struggling with various issues and to help them function in their daily lives and activities with success.
My passion is working with people who are struggling with various issues and to help them function in their daily lives and activities with success.
(843) 279-8520 View (843) 279-8520
Photo of Leigh Joiner - Leigh Joiner - NOCD, LISW-CP, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leigh Joiner - NOCD
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP, LCSW
Verified Verified
Myrtle Beach, SC 29577  (Online Only)
Having worked with diverse individuals in the mental health field, my strength lies in creating an open and attentive space for people to be their authentic selves. As an advocate first and therapist second, my priority is always supporting and amplifying the voices of those with complex needs. Working in the behavioral health field, I've seen the limitations and misunderstandings many people face concerning OCD. At NOCD, my team and I specialize in providing evidence-based treatment for people with OCD. We deeply understand the nuances and intricacies of OCD, enabling us to properly diagnose and treat it.
Having worked with diverse individuals in the mental health field, my strength lies in creating an open and attentive space for people to be their authentic selves. As an advocate first and therapist second, my priority is always supporting and amplifying the voices of those with complex needs. Working in the behavioral health field, I've seen the limitations and misunderstandings many people face concerning OCD. At NOCD, my team and I specialize in providing evidence-based treatment for people with OCD. We deeply understand the nuances and intricacies of OCD, enabling us to properly diagnose and treat it.
(843) 268-8688 View (843) 268-8688
Photo of Lenore Bolig, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lenore Bolig
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Myrtle Beach, SC 29577
Life is hard. Hope is found in facing the reality of your past and present. The goal of treatment that I strive for is for you to become all you were created to be; to be healed from the pain of the past, and move into the possibilities of the future. Whatever the past has thrown your way; whatever you are facing today; whatever future challenges are producing fear and anxiety, I would consider it a privilege to help you overcome your hurts, habits, and hang-ups. The past cannot be changed...the future is yet in your power. Don't let your past dictate who you are....Let it be part of who you will become.
Life is hard. Hope is found in facing the reality of your past and present. The goal of treatment that I strive for is for you to become all you were created to be; to be healed from the pain of the past, and move into the possibilities of the future. Whatever the past has thrown your way; whatever you are facing today; whatever future challenges are producing fear and anxiety, I would consider it a privilege to help you overcome your hurts, habits, and hang-ups. The past cannot be changed...the future is yet in your power. Don't let your past dictate who you are....Let it be part of who you will become.
(843) 685-0838 View (843) 685-0838
Photo of Abby Cook, LPC, CAADC, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Abby Cook
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CAADC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Myrtle Beach, SC 29588
Life is hard! Realizing you need help is a huge step in the process of change. It takes courage and strength. I would be honored to begin this journey with you as you seek healing and lasting change. I am passionate about helping people develop greater satisfaction in life by healing past traumas and processing severe life circumstances. It is my hope that you will be able to bring any burden you carry and share it with me to lighten the weight and create lasting change in your life. It is my greatest desire to help you build hope for life and living.
Life is hard! Realizing you need help is a huge step in the process of change. It takes courage and strength. I would be honored to begin this journey with you as you seek healing and lasting change. I am passionate about helping people develop greater satisfaction in life by healing past traumas and processing severe life circumstances. It is my hope that you will be able to bring any burden you carry and share it with me to lighten the weight and create lasting change in your life. It is my greatest desire to help you build hope for life and living.
(843) 396-5514 View (843) 396-5514
Photo of Tony Roman, LISW-CP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tony Roman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP
Verified Verified
Myrtle Beach, SC 29588
Tony Roman, LISW-CP-S is passionate about treating, supporting and encouraging others on how to maximize their own abilities to achieve meaningful and lasting change in their personal, family and professional lives. As a licensed clinical social worker, Tony incorporates your unique needs and goals to achieve healthy and balanced emotional, physical and social wellness. Tony offers evening and weekend appointments to accommodate your busy schedule.
Tony Roman, LISW-CP-S is passionate about treating, supporting and encouraging others on how to maximize their own abilities to achieve meaningful and lasting change in their personal, family and professional lives. As a licensed clinical social worker, Tony incorporates your unique needs and goals to achieve healthy and balanced emotional, physical and social wellness. Tony offers evening and weekend appointments to accommodate your busy schedule.
(843) 582-7887 View (843) 582-7887
Photo of Dr. De'Ontay A Winchester, DHA, LMSW, CMLC, CPCC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. De'Ontay A Winchester
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DHA, LMSW, CMLC, CPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Myrtle Beach, SC 29579  (Online Only)
Dr. Winchester's goal is always to provide the best care for his patients and hence is certified as a Master Life Coach, Professional Career Coach, Cognitive-Behavioral Coach, and Neuro-Linguistic Programming Practitioner. Additionally, as a Certified Diversity Professional, he has experience facilitating diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) training across various industries.
Dr. Winchester's goal is always to provide the best care for his patients and hence is certified as a Master Life Coach, Professional Career Coach, Cognitive-Behavioral Coach, and Neuro-Linguistic Programming Practitioner. Additionally, as a Certified Diversity Professional, he has experience facilitating diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) training across various industries.
(843) 483-6353 View (843) 483-6353
Photo of Melissa Muzzupappa, LISW-CP, LISWCPS, LCSW-C, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Muzzupappa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP, LISWCPS, LCSW-C, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Myrtle Beach, SC 29579
My passion is to assist clients in navigating the many emotions connected their trauma and help move you into a place of acceptance and peace in order to move from victim to survivor. I evaluate the current and past life experiences that often dictate behavior. I work with the client to learn how their past may be what is affecting their present and future. I teach life skills to help move past the pain and into healing.
My passion is to assist clients in navigating the many emotions connected their trauma and help move you into a place of acceptance and peace in order to move from victim to survivor. I evaluate the current and past life experiences that often dictate behavior. I work with the client to learn how their past may be what is affecting their present and future. I teach life skills to help move past the pain and into healing.
(843) 738-2961 View (843) 738-2961
Photo of Tara Alesia Taylor, MA, LPC, NCC, BC-TMH, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tara Alesia Taylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Myrtle Beach, SC 29588
Tara A. Taylor is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the State of South Carolina. She received her Master of Arts degree in Counseling from Webster University and her Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Coastal Carolina University in Conway, South Carolina. Tara has also earned Board Certification as a National Certified Counselor (NCC) and a Tele-Mental Health Provider (BC-TMH) with the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) and the Center for Credentialing and Education (CCE).
Tara A. Taylor is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the State of South Carolina. She received her Master of Arts degree in Counseling from Webster University and her Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Coastal Carolina University in Conway, South Carolina. Tara has also earned Board Certification as a National Certified Counselor (NCC) and a Tele-Mental Health Provider (BC-TMH) with the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) and the Center for Credentialing and Education (CCE).
(843) 326-0272 View (843) 326-0272
Photo of Megan Nolasco, MA, NCC, BC-TMH, LPC/S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Megan Nolasco
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, BC-TMH, LPC/S
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Myrtle Beach, SC 29588
Waitlist for new clients
Have you noticed changes in you and/or your child? Is he/she argumentative, aggressive, often distracted or has a hard time staying still? I can help!
Have you noticed changes in you and/or your child? Is he/she argumentative, aggressive, often distracted or has a hard time staying still? I can help!
(910) 377-0571 View (910) 377-0571
Photo of Spencer W Josey - Carolina Health & Recovery, LPCS, LACS, CSAT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Carolina Health & Recovery
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCS, LACS, CSAT
Verified Verified
Myrtle Beach, SC 29577
At Carolina Health & Recovery we provide a wealth of services but really focus to specialize in a few. Our society lives in a “doc in the box” and a “program” treatment world. But, from my experience, people rarely show up seeking mental health or addiction treatment because of something that started ailing them last week. Most people have suffered months, years, and sometimes a lifetime before seeking help. Often times people have sought help multiple times in the past, but with no lasting relief. Some never knew there was a different way of life. Others “never had a problem” until he/she came into their life. See how we can help!
At Carolina Health & Recovery we provide a wealth of services but really focus to specialize in a few. Our society lives in a “doc in the box” and a “program” treatment world. But, from my experience, people rarely show up seeking mental health or addiction treatment because of something that started ailing them last week. Most people have suffered months, years, and sometimes a lifetime before seeking help. Often times people have sought help multiple times in the past, but with no lasting relief. Some never knew there was a different way of life. Others “never had a problem” until he/she came into their life. See how we can help!
(843) 279-8594 View (843) 279-8594

See more therapy options for Myrtle Beach

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Myrtle Beach, SC

200+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Myrtle Beach, SC who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
75% Coping Skills
71% Trauma and PTSD
71% Self Esteem
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% BlueCross and BlueShield
61% Aetna
58% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Myrtle Beach, SC see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Myrtle Beach?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.