Therapists in Centennial, CO

Photo of Bruce Riecks, PsyD, Psychologist
Bruce Riecks
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Centennial, CO 80112
Dr. Bruce Riecks is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist (LCP) with more than 30 years of experience in the mental health field. He is passionate about helping adults bring all parts of themselves into balance, with emphasis on the mental, emotional, relational and spiritual aspects. Dr. Riecks specializes in helping individuals who experience anxiety, depression, difficulty focusing their thoughts, grief and loss, trauma, relationship difficulties, end of life issues, and addiction of various kinds.
Dr. Bruce Riecks is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist (LCP) with more than 30 years of experience in the mental health field. He is passionate about helping adults bring all parts of themselves into balance, with emphasis on the mental, emotional, relational and spiritual aspects. Dr. Riecks specializes in helping individuals who experience anxiety, depression, difficulty focusing their thoughts, grief and loss, trauma, relationship difficulties, end of life issues, and addiction of various kinds.
(720) 928-9675 View (720) 928-9675
Photo of Christy Hai, Pre-Licensed Professional
Christy Hai
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Centennial, CO 80112
Taking new clients starting August 26, 2024. My strong passion for mental health is fueled by the desire to aid my community and provide support to those in need. I aspire to place my full commitment and dedication into making a positive impact on others and their emotional wellness journey through education, support, healing, and advocacy.
Taking new clients starting August 26, 2024. My strong passion for mental health is fueled by the desire to aid my community and provide support to those in need. I aspire to place my full commitment and dedication into making a positive impact on others and their emotional wellness journey through education, support, healing, and advocacy.
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Photo of Melanie Hart, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Melanie Hart
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Centennial, CO 80015
Please Visit: www.healthysoulcounseling.com to schedule your free initial 30 minute consultation - Melanie Hart is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado and Christian Counselor who serves individuals and couples using an attachment frame and integrates Biblical truth to help clients find healing and victory in their lives. Trained in EMDR, EFT, AEDP, Attachment Science, Schema, DBT, CBT and other modalities. In-person or online sessions available.
Please Visit: www.healthysoulcounseling.com to schedule your free initial 30 minute consultation - Melanie Hart is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado and Christian Counselor who serves individuals and couples using an attachment frame and integrates Biblical truth to help clients find healing and victory in their lives. Trained in EMDR, EFT, AEDP, Attachment Science, Schema, DBT, CBT and other modalities. In-person or online sessions available.
(720) 734-7737 View (720) 734-7737
Photo of Wyndi Skillrud, LPCC, Counselor
Wyndi Skillrud
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80111
Are you overwhelmed by anxiety or past trauma? Struggling with substance use? You're not alone. I specialize in helping individuals heal from life's challenges and build a stronger, more resilient self. Through a combination of evidence-based therapies tailored to your unique needs, I create a safe and supportive space for growth and transformation.
Are you overwhelmed by anxiety or past trauma? Struggling with substance use? You're not alone. I specialize in helping individuals heal from life's challenges and build a stronger, more resilient self. Through a combination of evidence-based therapies tailored to your unique needs, I create a safe and supportive space for growth and transformation.
(720) 613-6574 View (720) 613-6574
Photo of Tracy Gilbert, MA, LPC, EMDR, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tracy Gilbert
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Centennial, CO 80111
I have a passion for helping others heal from all different kinds of life problems. I incorporate a wide variety of methods in order to tailor each therapeutic experience to meet the unique needs of each client. I take great care to ensure clients feel safe, understood and authentically known so they feel comfortable sharing their deepest pain. My hope is to utilize my personhood and clinical training to be a counselor who offers acceptance, knowledge and most of all recovery.
I have a passion for helping others heal from all different kinds of life problems. I incorporate a wide variety of methods in order to tailor each therapeutic experience to meet the unique needs of each client. I take great care to ensure clients feel safe, understood and authentically known so they feel comfortable sharing their deepest pain. My hope is to utilize my personhood and clinical training to be a counselor who offers acceptance, knowledge and most of all recovery.
(720) 336-5853 View (720) 336-5853
Photo of Eddie Eccker, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Eddie Eccker
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80112
Waitlist for new clients
Marriage Counseling? I specialize in helping relationships re-develop trust, intimacy, and greater communication. Whether you are an individual, a couple (married or not), near divorce, or simply desire greater levels of intimacy in your relationships give me a call. I am passionate about helping you develop the relationships you were supposed to have. My style of counseling is direct, collaborative, and usually accompanied by laughter. Location: Monday & Wednesday in Centennial - Tuesdays & Thursdays in Castle Rock
Marriage Counseling? I specialize in helping relationships re-develop trust, intimacy, and greater communication. Whether you are an individual, a couple (married or not), near divorce, or simply desire greater levels of intimacy in your relationships give me a call. I am passionate about helping you develop the relationships you were supposed to have. My style of counseling is direct, collaborative, and usually accompanied by laughter. Location: Monday & Wednesday in Centennial - Tuesdays & Thursdays in Castle Rock
(720) 807-7716 View (720) 807-7716
Photo of Amanda Murphy, MA, LPC, LAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amanda Murphy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80111
My journey started in Dubuque, Iowa where I went to Clarke University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Psychology. I completed by Master of Arts in Counseling at Colorado Christian University. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Addiction Counselor. I am passionate about working with clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, anger, substance abuse, relationships, and trauma. I do also offer some evening availability for more accessibility to seek help. Please inquire regarding schedule questions.
My journey started in Dubuque, Iowa where I went to Clarke University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Psychology. I completed by Master of Arts in Counseling at Colorado Christian University. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Addiction Counselor. I am passionate about working with clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, anger, substance abuse, relationships, and trauma. I do also offer some evening availability for more accessibility to seek help. Please inquire regarding schedule questions.
(303) 952-1402 View (303) 952-1402
Photo of Michelle Lefco, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Lefco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Centennial, CO 80111
Not accepting new clients
Making the decision to begin therapy takes a lot of courage. With this understanding, I take a supportive approach with clients by using their strengths as a central part of the process. I work with clients of all ages and especially enjoy working on issues such as depression, anxiety, family difficulties, self-esteem, trauma and attachment difficulties. I have over 20 years of clinical experience and have worked in outpatient, inpatient and day treatment settings. ***Please note that as of 9/2021 my practice is currently full.
Making the decision to begin therapy takes a lot of courage. With this understanding, I take a supportive approach with clients by using their strengths as a central part of the process. I work with clients of all ages and especially enjoy working on issues such as depression, anxiety, family difficulties, self-esteem, trauma and attachment difficulties. I have over 20 years of clinical experience and have worked in outpatient, inpatient and day treatment settings. ***Please note that as of 9/2021 my practice is currently full.
(720) 316-3041 View (720) 316-3041
Photo of Rachel Fuller, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rachel Fuller
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80112
Life is hard. Relationships can become strained. Circumstances can become overwhelming. It is easy to find yourself alone in it. The truth is you don’t have to be. You are not alone. Sometimes the best decision you can make is to get the help and tools to work through your difficulties. It is my passion and joy to get to be that help for you. Dealing with anxiety, feeling depressed, struggling in your relationships, getting triggered by a past trauma are all realities you don’t have to face alone. Your commitment to therapy enables a process of deep personal healing and powerful change
Life is hard. Relationships can become strained. Circumstances can become overwhelming. It is easy to find yourself alone in it. The truth is you don’t have to be. You are not alone. Sometimes the best decision you can make is to get the help and tools to work through your difficulties. It is my passion and joy to get to be that help for you. Dealing with anxiety, feeling depressed, struggling in your relationships, getting triggered by a past trauma are all realities you don’t have to face alone. Your commitment to therapy enables a process of deep personal healing and powerful change
(720) 336-4979 View (720) 336-4979
Photo of Casey Pope, MA, LPCC, NCC, ADDC
Casey Pope
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC, NCC, ADDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80112
I believe everyone can benefit from counseling. I offer compassionate, creative, evidence-based care for clients working through trauma, anxiety, and depression. My approach is collaborative, supportive and nonjudgmental. My intention is to be a companion along your journey, listening deeply and offering reflections and empowerment to help you overcome issues and obstacles to wellness. I believe in the connection of body, mind, and spirit and am comfortable working with spiritual issues as well as those of everyday life.
I believe everyone can benefit from counseling. I offer compassionate, creative, evidence-based care for clients working through trauma, anxiety, and depression. My approach is collaborative, supportive and nonjudgmental. My intention is to be a companion along your journey, listening deeply and offering reflections and empowerment to help you overcome issues and obstacles to wellness. I believe in the connection of body, mind, and spirit and am comfortable working with spiritual issues as well as those of everyday life.
(720) 712-3901 View (720) 712-3901
Photo of Patricia Marlene Mulvany - Tapestry of Hope Counseling, LLC, MA, LPC, LAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tapestry of Hope Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80111
Do you sometimes feel like you are walking on egg shells with your teenager, and are wondering what has happened to the child you once knew? You are not alone. Many parents feel like they are unable to control their children; and are experiencing extreme stress, shame, anger, and isolation. I can help your family reunite, strengthen bonds, and heal from the chaos you have been living through. I specialize in working with families and children who are suffering; and with children who continue to act out with dangerous and disruptive behaviors. Please reach out to accept help and understanding.
Do you sometimes feel like you are walking on egg shells with your teenager, and are wondering what has happened to the child you once knew? You are not alone. Many parents feel like they are unable to control their children; and are experiencing extreme stress, shame, anger, and isolation. I can help your family reunite, strengthen bonds, and heal from the chaos you have been living through. I specialize in working with families and children who are suffering; and with children who continue to act out with dangerous and disruptive behaviors. Please reach out to accept help and understanding.
(720) 336-4443 View (720) 336-4443
Photo of Amanda Perkins - Amanda Perkins Therapy LLC, MA, MFTC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Amanda Perkins Therapy LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFTC
Verified Verified
Centennial, CO 80122
I work with families, couples, and individuals to help create change, improve communication, strengthen relationships, and develop a strong sense of self-worth. I believe everyone is capable of growth and transformation. My therapeutic style is warm, supportive, and encouraging. I use humor to provide new ways of relating, encourage movement away from defensive reactions, and add a light touch to intense moments. I utilize a blend of Animal Assisted Interventions (AAI) and experiential techniques when working with clients. AAI can enhance our work on self-awareness, communication, relationships, coping skills, and teamwork.
I work with families, couples, and individuals to help create change, improve communication, strengthen relationships, and develop a strong sense of self-worth. I believe everyone is capable of growth and transformation. My therapeutic style is warm, supportive, and encouraging. I use humor to provide new ways of relating, encourage movement away from defensive reactions, and add a light touch to intense moments. I utilize a blend of Animal Assisted Interventions (AAI) and experiential techniques when working with clients. AAI can enhance our work on self-awareness, communication, relationships, coping skills, and teamwork.
(720) 702-9658 View (720) 702-9658
Photo of Kathy Westerly, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kathy Westerly
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80112
Many of us experience difficult roadblocks throughout life. Learning the tools to cope with these barriers is possible and achievable. Although it may seem daunting, change is always within arm's reach. Using many forms of Cognitive Behavioral Treatments, Kathy helps her clients examine the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that are perpetuating struggle. Together, they identify new choices and practices that help clients transform the way they show up in life.
Many of us experience difficult roadblocks throughout life. Learning the tools to cope with these barriers is possible and achievable. Although it may seem daunting, change is always within arm's reach. Using many forms of Cognitive Behavioral Treatments, Kathy helps her clients examine the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that are perpetuating struggle. Together, they identify new choices and practices that help clients transform the way they show up in life.
(720) 513-6811 View (720) 513-6811
Photo of Jackky Sirichantho, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jackky Sirichantho
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
Centennial, CO 80122
Jackky Sirichantho, LMFT, has been providing counseling services for the last 10 years working with individuals, couples, and families, and supporting pre-license counselors pursuing their aspirations to becoming healers in their communities. Jackky has experience counseling folks from diverse backgrounds and walks of life with an open mind and multicultural approach. His greatest joy is to have the privilege to listen deeply while being thoughtful and intentional to every client’s unique experience and using that as a catalyst to help them navigate the changes they want to make in their life.
Jackky Sirichantho, LMFT, has been providing counseling services for the last 10 years working with individuals, couples, and families, and supporting pre-license counselors pursuing their aspirations to becoming healers in their communities. Jackky has experience counseling folks from diverse backgrounds and walks of life with an open mind and multicultural approach. His greatest joy is to have the privilege to listen deeply while being thoughtful and intentional to every client’s unique experience and using that as a catalyst to help them navigate the changes they want to make in their life.
(720) 597-8782 View (720) 597-8782
Photo of Madeline Mangra, EdS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Madeline Mangra
Pre-Licensed Professional, EdS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80112
I don't have an ideal client, I have an ideal outcome; which is leaving the client with skills, insights, perspectives, and tools they need to live happy and fulfilling lives; whether you're 6 or 100, an individual or part of a system. Everyone comes into therapy to change some part of themselves or their lives, and with my expertise, we can work together to accomplish whatever goals a client has to feel secure in themselves and live their ideal lives as much as possible. I think it's crucial to stress that the relationship between a therapist and client is collaborative and the responsibility of making progress is equally theirs.
I don't have an ideal client, I have an ideal outcome; which is leaving the client with skills, insights, perspectives, and tools they need to live happy and fulfilling lives; whether you're 6 or 100, an individual or part of a system. Everyone comes into therapy to change some part of themselves or their lives, and with my expertise, we can work together to accomplish whatever goals a client has to feel secure in themselves and live their ideal lives as much as possible. I think it's crucial to stress that the relationship between a therapist and client is collaborative and the responsibility of making progress is equally theirs.
(720) 964-1983 View (720) 964-1983
Photo of Adria N Pearson-Mauro, PhD, Psychologist
Adria N Pearson-Mauro
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Centennial, CO 80015
I am open to seeing a wide range of presenting problems in adults across the lifespan.
I am open to seeing a wide range of presenting problems in adults across the lifespan.
(303) 625-6607 View (303) 625-6607
Photo of Dr. Faye Kouimelis, PsyD, OTR/L, Psychologist
Dr. Faye Kouimelis
Psychologist, PsyD, OTR/L
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80112
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in treating children ages 2 years and up with PTSD/complex trauma, behavioral concerns and developmental disabilities. I also specialize in working with first respond and combat veterans. When working with children, I use client-centered play therapy as this allows the child to communicate through play. For my adult clients who want to heal from trauma, I provide a space to unload the trauma because trauma is a heavy burden. Together we unravel the trauma and work through it to come out the other side to achieve a healthy present and future.
I specialize in treating children ages 2 years and up with PTSD/complex trauma, behavioral concerns and developmental disabilities. I also specialize in working with first respond and combat veterans. When working with children, I use client-centered play therapy as this allows the child to communicate through play. For my adult clients who want to heal from trauma, I provide a space to unload the trauma because trauma is a heavy burden. Together we unravel the trauma and work through it to come out the other side to achieve a healthy present and future.
(720) 696-9441 View (720) 696-9441
Photo of Sarah Houy - Inspiration to Live Well Integrated Mental Health, MA, LPC, RYT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Inspiration to Live Well Integrated Mental Health
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, RYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80111
****Are you at the end of your rope with your teen, your relationship or yourself?**** Are you looking for effective, proven solutions to complex situations? You have come to the right place. I offer structured, solution-focused and comprehensive treatment for PTSD, anxiety, depression and. I specialize in working with teens, adults and couples. My counseling practice is dedicated to equipping clients to LIVE EMPOWERED LIVES. I create an environment of HOPE through my compassionate, encouraging and knowledgeable outlook. My goal is to collaborate with you to empower you to create the life of HEALTH, WHOLENESS and FREEDOM you desire.
****Are you at the end of your rope with your teen, your relationship or yourself?**** Are you looking for effective, proven solutions to complex situations? You have come to the right place. I offer structured, solution-focused and comprehensive treatment for PTSD, anxiety, depression and. I specialize in working with teens, adults and couples. My counseling practice is dedicated to equipping clients to LIVE EMPOWERED LIVES. I create an environment of HOPE through my compassionate, encouraging and knowledgeable outlook. My goal is to collaborate with you to empower you to create the life of HEALTH, WHOLENESS and FREEDOM you desire.
(720) 410-6648 View (720) 410-6648
Photo of Julia Rose Hofman, LPC, EMDR, Licensed Professional Counselor
Julia Rose Hofman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80112
If you are searching for healing from past traumas and anxiety, or feeling stuck on a belief about yourself that makes it difficult to move forward, I invite you to reach out. Helping people heal from and manage anxiety, trauma, grief and loss and relationship concerns are where I feel I can offer the most help. I am dedicated to bringing cultural awareness and competency into my practice, working to help all people feel welcome and know that this is a space where we can discuss our differences in order to develop deeper understanding. I also run mental health retreats (www.larkmentalhealthretreats.com).
If you are searching for healing from past traumas and anxiety, or feeling stuck on a belief about yourself that makes it difficult to move forward, I invite you to reach out. Helping people heal from and manage anxiety, trauma, grief and loss and relationship concerns are where I feel I can offer the most help. I am dedicated to bringing cultural awareness and competency into my practice, working to help all people feel welcome and know that this is a space where we can discuss our differences in order to develop deeper understanding. I also run mental health retreats (www.larkmentalhealthretreats.com).
(720) 821-6174 x28 View (720) 821-6174 x28
Photo of Carson Meredith, MA, LPCC
Carson Meredith
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate , MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centennial, CO 80111
Currently accepting new clients! Our practice specializes in those who have complex trauma or PTSD. Personally, I typically see kids, teens, and young adults who may be dealing with past traumas or even stressful experiences as they navigate school, family, peer interactions, and day-to-day life. I also work with couples and partners of those with addictions, dealing with the betrayal trauma they have experienced.
Currently accepting new clients! Our practice specializes in those who have complex trauma or PTSD. Personally, I typically see kids, teens, and young adults who may be dealing with past traumas or even stressful experiences as they navigate school, family, peer interactions, and day-to-day life. I also work with couples and partners of those with addictions, dealing with the betrayal trauma they have experienced.
(720) 549-2507 View (720) 549-2507
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Centennial, CO

600+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Centennial, CO who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
89% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
76% Trauma and PTSD
76% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Aetna
63% Cigna and Evernorth
60% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Centennial, CO see their clients

84% In Person and Online
16% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Centennial?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.