Therapists in Miami, FL

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Photo of Ann B. Russoli, LCSW, CAP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ann B. Russoli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CAP
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33139  (Online Only)
Hi! I’m so glad you are reaching out! I can imagine you might be a little nervous. That’s very normal, and as you will find out therapy is more of an education than anything else. Once we identify the issues, trace their origin, and then decide how you are going heal them you will be able to be your own therapist. Let’s work together! I work with most insurance companies.
Hi! I’m so glad you are reaching out! I can imagine you might be a little nervous. That’s very normal, and as you will find out therapy is more of an education than anything else. Once we identify the issues, trace their origin, and then decide how you are going heal them you will be able to be your own therapist. Let’s work together! I work with most insurance companies.
(786) 745-7445 View (786) 745-7445
Photo of Charisse Fountain, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Charisse Fountain
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33133  (Online Only)
I am Charisse C. Fountain, a semi-retired licensed clinical social worker with over 30 years of proven experience in providing responsive psychosocial services to adult and geriatric clients of diverse economic, racial, and cultural backgrounds whose lives are impacted by varied behavioral health and/or physical health conditions. Keenly aware of the consequences of unmet psychosocial needs that may impact overall well-being and quality of life, I work diligently with clients seeking to address those factors. I maintain a small caseload to ensure availability to provide comprehensive care as a telehealth therapist based in Florida.
I am Charisse C. Fountain, a semi-retired licensed clinical social worker with over 30 years of proven experience in providing responsive psychosocial services to adult and geriatric clients of diverse economic, racial, and cultural backgrounds whose lives are impacted by varied behavioral health and/or physical health conditions. Keenly aware of the consequences of unmet psychosocial needs that may impact overall well-being and quality of life, I work diligently with clients seeking to address those factors. I maintain a small caseload to ensure availability to provide comprehensive care as a telehealth therapist based in Florida.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Roberto Irizarry, PsyD, Psychologist
Roberto Irizarry
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33130  (Online Only)
I’m a licensed psychologist who works only with Spanish-Speaking Clients. Throughout the years I have had the opportunity to help people with different emotional problems, such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss management, PTSD, anger management, emotional changes, low self-esteem, relationship problems, divorce process, among others.
I’m a licensed psychologist who works only with Spanish-Speaking Clients. Throughout the years I have had the opportunity to help people with different emotional problems, such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss management, PTSD, anger management, emotional changes, low self-esteem, relationship problems, divorce process, among others.
(305) 901-0801 View (305) 901-0801
Photo of Aracelis Mosquera, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Aracelis Mosquera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33130  (Online Only)
I have over 16 years of clinical management, regulatory compliance, and consulting experience in behavioral healthcare systems-both public and private. When treating patients, I take on an eclectic approach and tailor sessions to each individual and situation. I firmly believe in engaging the patient, family, and/or organization in order to develop a therapeutic relationship that can be life long and rewarding in the recovery process. Helping patients find their path to a better life is my passion in a confidential setting.
I have over 16 years of clinical management, regulatory compliance, and consulting experience in behavioral healthcare systems-both public and private. When treating patients, I take on an eclectic approach and tailor sessions to each individual and situation. I firmly believe in engaging the patient, family, and/or organization in order to develop a therapeutic relationship that can be life long and rewarding in the recovery process. Helping patients find their path to a better life is my passion in a confidential setting.
(786) 839-3844 View (786) 839-3844
Photo of Miguel Barillas, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Miguel Barillas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33145
Trauma is the inability to be in the present. Trauma therapy is not about understanding what happened, in fact talking about it can be retraumatizing (Bessel 2020). Dr. Bessel Van Der Kolk is a world-renowned trauma research and author of “The Body Keeps the Score”, a New York Times bestseller for years.
Trauma is the inability to be in the present. Trauma therapy is not about understanding what happened, in fact talking about it can be retraumatizing (Bessel 2020). Dr. Bessel Van Der Kolk is a world-renowned trauma research and author of “The Body Keeps the Score”, a New York Times bestseller for years.
(786) 420-4764 View (786) 420-4764
Photo of Vanessa Paola Andrade, LMHC, QS, MCAP, Counselor
Vanessa Paola Andrade
Counselor, LMHC, QS, MCAP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Miami, FL 33137  (Online Only)
If you're feeling overwhelmed, anxious or struggling with sadness, therapy is a safe place to share and explore current challenges you are facing in your life: stress, anxiety, problems with relationships, feelings of unhappiness in your life or past trauma still negatively affecting your life. I will support and guide you in the therapeutic process to foster your healing and growth. I’m a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with 14 years of experience who is most comfortable and experienced with clients struggling with anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, life transition problems, PTSD and substance use issues.
If you're feeling overwhelmed, anxious or struggling with sadness, therapy is a safe place to share and explore current challenges you are facing in your life: stress, anxiety, problems with relationships, feelings of unhappiness in your life or past trauma still negatively affecting your life. I will support and guide you in the therapeutic process to foster your healing and growth. I’m a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with 14 years of experience who is most comfortable and experienced with clients struggling with anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, life transition problems, PTSD and substance use issues.
(305) 506-1433 View (305) 506-1433
Photo of Monika Kreinberg, PhD, LMHC , LMFT, CCTP, CST, Counselor
Monika Kreinberg
Counselor, PhD, LMHC , LMFT, CCTP, CST
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33134
The hardest part about therapy is finding a therapist. My goal is to make this process as easy as possible. As the only multi-licensed counselor in the state of Florida that speaks five languages fluently including English.Spanish, French, Italian and German, I understand that everyone is different, yet goes through similar issues. I have experience working with adults, couples, adolescents with problems including depression, anxiety, mood disorders, trauma,intimacy issues, LGBT related issues, behavioral issues, post-traumatic stress disorder and couple therapy including sexual issues. I am a Board Certified Sex Therapist, Certified Trauma Professional and EMDR specialist.
The hardest part about therapy is finding a therapist. My goal is to make this process as easy as possible. As the only multi-licensed counselor in the state of Florida that speaks five languages fluently including English.Spanish, French, Italian and German, I understand that everyone is different, yet goes through similar issues. I have experience working with adults, couples, adolescents with problems including depression, anxiety, mood disorders, trauma,intimacy issues, LGBT related issues, behavioral issues, post-traumatic stress disorder and couple therapy including sexual issues. I am a Board Certified Sex Therapist, Certified Trauma Professional and EMDR specialist.
(786) 581-7793 View (786) 581-7793
Photo of Gianny Diaz, LCSW, CSAT, EMDR t, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gianny Diaz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAT, EMDR t
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Miami, FL 33143  (Online Only)
Do you suffer from anxiety, panic, depression or addictions? Do you have patterns of toxic relationships? Are you feeling powerless in certain situations? If your answer is yes to any of these questions, give me a call. Perhaps EMDR can help reduce these symptoms and give you the life you deserve. EMDR has been proven to be effective. I will share with you tools to help you to identify triggers, learn to self-regulate, and much more. I am a LCSW, Licensed Clinical Social Worker, CSAT, Certified Sex Addiction Therapist and EMDR trained.
Do you suffer from anxiety, panic, depression or addictions? Do you have patterns of toxic relationships? Are you feeling powerless in certain situations? If your answer is yes to any of these questions, give me a call. Perhaps EMDR can help reduce these symptoms and give you the life you deserve. EMDR has been proven to be effective. I will share with you tools to help you to identify triggers, learn to self-regulate, and much more. I am a LCSW, Licensed Clinical Social Worker, CSAT, Certified Sex Addiction Therapist and EMDR trained.
(786) 244-2194 View (786) 244-2194
Photo of Wisline Edouard, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Wisline Edouard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Miami, FL 33130  (Online Only)
My name is Wisline and I am a licensed clinical social worker with nine years of experience, I specialize in providing therapeutic support to individuals across the lifespan, including children, adolescents, adults, and couples.
My name is Wisline and I am a licensed clinical social worker with nine years of experience, I specialize in providing therapeutic support to individuals across the lifespan, including children, adolescents, adults, and couples.
(786) 952-5998 View (786) 952-5998
Photo of Ahlicia Tramel - EmpathicLee, LLC (dba: ELee Mental Wellness), LMHC, Counselor
EmpathicLee, LLC (dba: ELee Mental Wellness)
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Miami, FL 33177  (Online Only)
Over the years we have seen a rise in the need of mental health support throughout our nation. This rise has been due to the courage and strength of those in our communities who have been willing to ignore social stigmas and break generational curses, in order to seek the necessary help. My main goal and objective is and has always been to provide quality mental health care to my community.
Over the years we have seen a rise in the need of mental health support throughout our nation. This rise has been due to the courage and strength of those in our communities who have been willing to ignore social stigmas and break generational curses, in order to seek the necessary help. My main goal and objective is and has always been to provide quality mental health care to my community.
(305) 614-8237 View (305) 614-8237
Photo of Jeffrey Lees - Jeffrey Lees - NOCD, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jeffrey Lees - NOCD
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33177  (Online Only)
As your OCD therapist, I will meet you where you are. I'll push you through your comfort zone to create a new stable environment around your self-talk and behaviors. I'll help you leave unhealthy strategies behind and move into a new and healthy lifestyle. At NOCD, my team and I provide effective treatment for OCD and related conditions, such as BFRBs (including skin-picking, nail-biting, and hair-pulling). Our understanding of these conditions enables us to treat them properly. We have training in evidence-based treatments, including Exposure Response and Prevention (ERP) therapy—the gold standard treatment for OCD.
As your OCD therapist, I will meet you where you are. I'll push you through your comfort zone to create a new stable environment around your self-talk and behaviors. I'll help you leave unhealthy strategies behind and move into a new and healthy lifestyle. At NOCD, my team and I provide effective treatment for OCD and related conditions, such as BFRBs (including skin-picking, nail-biting, and hair-pulling). Our understanding of these conditions enables us to treat them properly. We have training in evidence-based treatments, including Exposure Response and Prevention (ERP) therapy—the gold standard treatment for OCD.
(786) 565-6714 View (786) 565-6714
Photo of Stephanie Crossman, LMHC, Counselor
Stephanie Crossman
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33131  (Online Only)
I am a registered Art Therapist and Licensed Mental Health Counselor who is currently working with individuals virtually in the state of Florida. I use a humanistic approach, seeing the good and potential in all people, to work alongside clients as they are on their healing journey in a judgement free space. I use experiences gained in various settings and experiences within sessions. I am passionate about getting to the "root" of the issue with the goal of truly healing and being able to move forward, by utilizing traditional talk therapy, art and expressive therapy, and Traumatic Incident Reduction to achieve individualized goals.
I am a registered Art Therapist and Licensed Mental Health Counselor who is currently working with individuals virtually in the state of Florida. I use a humanistic approach, seeing the good and potential in all people, to work alongside clients as they are on their healing journey in a judgement free space. I use experiences gained in various settings and experiences within sessions. I am passionate about getting to the "root" of the issue with the goal of truly healing and being able to move forward, by utilizing traditional talk therapy, art and expressive therapy, and Traumatic Incident Reduction to achieve individualized goals.
(786) 733-6356 View (786) 733-6356
Photo of Chelsea Arencibia, Pre-Licensed Professional
Chelsea Arencibia
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Miami, FL 33133  (Online Only)
Welcome! I'm currently a therapist in training, passionately working towards my LCSW license. My approach to therapy is deeply rooted in psychodynamic therapy, motivational interviewing, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). I believe that understanding the underlying patterns in our thoughts and behaviors can be the key to lasting change.
Welcome! I'm currently a therapist in training, passionately working towards my LCSW license. My approach to therapy is deeply rooted in psychodynamic therapy, motivational interviewing, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). I believe that understanding the underlying patterns in our thoughts and behaviors can be the key to lasting change.
(786) 983-7266 View (786) 983-7266
Photo of David S. Kessler, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David S. Kessler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Miami, FL 33132  (Online Only)
I strongly believe in the power of therapy to heal, foster growth, and help you live a happier, more fulfilling life. I understand how difficulties and challenges can affect your psyche and your spirit ; we can work together to help clarify what is causing you pain, dissatisfaction or unhappiness, and provide you with tools to help you. My last 30 years have been dedicated to helping people live happier lives. If you want to talk with someone who is non-judgmental, and who will provide gentle insight and honest feedback, I can help you.
I strongly believe in the power of therapy to heal, foster growth, and help you live a happier, more fulfilling life. I understand how difficulties and challenges can affect your psyche and your spirit ; we can work together to help clarify what is causing you pain, dissatisfaction or unhappiness, and provide you with tools to help you. My last 30 years have been dedicated to helping people live happier lives. If you want to talk with someone who is non-judgmental, and who will provide gentle insight and honest feedback, I can help you.
(305) 363-1839 View (305) 363-1839
Photo of Barbara Hayes-Murray, LMHC, Counselor
Barbara Hayes-Murray
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33133  (Online Only)
Hey, my name is Bobbie Hayes and I’ve been a therapist for over 40 years. I’m lucky enough to get up on a daily basis and do a job that I love. I’m a Mental Health Counselor and also a Certified Addictions Therapist. My goal is to help clients take a look at the story that they’re telling themselves about their life and then use whichever clinical approach would best suit their needs for creating change. I do a lot of work with narrative therapy, Gestalt, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Cognitive Behavior Therapy.
Hey, my name is Bobbie Hayes and I’ve been a therapist for over 40 years. I’m lucky enough to get up on a daily basis and do a job that I love. I’m a Mental Health Counselor and also a Certified Addictions Therapist. My goal is to help clients take a look at the story that they’re telling themselves about their life and then use whichever clinical approach would best suit their needs for creating change. I do a lot of work with narrative therapy, Gestalt, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Cognitive Behavior Therapy.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Michelle Robaina, RMHCI
Michelle Robaina
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, RMHCI
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33176
Michelle Robaina is a Registered Mental Health Counseling Intern in Florida who has been practicing since 2022. She has a Master of Science in Counseling from Nova Southeastern University. Michelle works under supervision to provide counseling and support to clients facing various mental health challenges. She offers a compassionate and nonjudgmental space where clients can explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Using evidence-based practices, Michelle helps clients develop coping skills, navigate life transitions, and work towards their therapeutic goals.
Michelle Robaina is a Registered Mental Health Counseling Intern in Florida who has been practicing since 2022. She has a Master of Science in Counseling from Nova Southeastern University. Michelle works under supervision to provide counseling and support to clients facing various mental health challenges. She offers a compassionate and nonjudgmental space where clients can explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Using evidence-based practices, Michelle helps clients develop coping skills, navigate life transitions, and work towards their therapeutic goals.
(754) 529-4322 View (754) 529-4322
Photo of Ilisa Kaufman - RIP-R, OCD Treatment, PsyD, Psychologist
RIP-R, OCD Treatment
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33173
If you are struggling with any compulsive behavioral issues, do not wait to get help. No need to go through this journey alone. The RIP-R guides are here to travel alongside you and show you the way into recovery. This structured program works with those suffering from OCD and addictions. Our program is available via Telehealth. Simply call or e-mail for your complimentary consultation. You will then be paired with a RIP-R guide, so you can begin your journey towards a better future IMMEDIATELY! Please, do not wait to get help; these compulsions will only get worse and worse until you will not be able to function.
If you are struggling with any compulsive behavioral issues, do not wait to get help. No need to go through this journey alone. The RIP-R guides are here to travel alongside you and show you the way into recovery. This structured program works with those suffering from OCD and addictions. Our program is available via Telehealth. Simply call or e-mail for your complimentary consultation. You will then be paired with a RIP-R guide, so you can begin your journey towards a better future IMMEDIATELY! Please, do not wait to get help; these compulsions will only get worse and worse until you will not be able to function.
(786) 244-6926 View (786) 244-6926
Photo of Brittney Kindt, LCSW, ART, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brittney Kindt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ART
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33130  (Online Only)
Clients wait listed at this time. I am a passionate advocate for individuals who struggle to have a voice and assist them in recovering their voice. I believe in building and promoting individuals’ self-determination and self-motivation to overcome hardships. I provide a safe and welcoming environment for individuals to begin unraveling inner turmoil that prevents them from moving forward.
Clients wait listed at this time. I am a passionate advocate for individuals who struggle to have a voice and assist them in recovering their voice. I believe in building and promoting individuals’ self-determination and self-motivation to overcome hardships. I provide a safe and welcoming environment for individuals to begin unraveling inner turmoil that prevents them from moving forward.
(352) 604-4590 View (352) 604-4590
Photo of Brooke Knowles, LMHC, Counselor
Brooke Knowles
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Miami, FL 33131  (Online Only)
In our therapy journey, it's all about teamwork. We'll tackle your goals together, creating a safe space to chat about your thoughts and feelings without any judgment. I'll equip you with practical skills to handle life's ups and downs. Think of these coping skills as tools in your backpack for life's adventures. We'll go beyond the basics, exploring the real challenges you face. I'm not here to just offer advice or tell you what to do; I'm here to listen, guide, and help you discover your own insights. The therapy room is your safe haven. It's okay not to have all the answers; that's what we're here to figure out together.
In our therapy journey, it's all about teamwork. We'll tackle your goals together, creating a safe space to chat about your thoughts and feelings without any judgment. I'll equip you with practical skills to handle life's ups and downs. Think of these coping skills as tools in your backpack for life's adventures. We'll go beyond the basics, exploring the real challenges you face. I'm not here to just offer advice or tell you what to do; I'm here to listen, guide, and help you discover your own insights. The therapy room is your safe haven. It's okay not to have all the answers; that's what we're here to figure out together.
(786) 751-4327 View (786) 751-4327
Photo of Fatima Silva, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Fatima Silva
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33133  (Online Only)
My name is Fatima Silva I'm a licensed clinical Social Worker with 6 years of experience working with different kinds of clients ranging from adult clients with a change in function due to medical issues, clients who experience work or interpersonal difficulties or stress, adults with poor coping styles, self-esteem difficulties, adults with anxiety and/or sadness/depression or grief due to a loss or simply clients who have life events leading to role change or those who experience life transitional events.
My name is Fatima Silva I'm a licensed clinical Social Worker with 6 years of experience working with different kinds of clients ranging from adult clients with a change in function due to medical issues, clients who experience work or interpersonal difficulties or stress, adults with poor coping styles, self-esteem difficulties, adults with anxiety and/or sadness/depression or grief due to a loss or simply clients who have life events leading to role change or those who experience life transitional events.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Miami, FL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$136

Therapists in Miami, FL who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
72% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
60% Trauma and PTSD
59% Relationship Issues
58% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% Aetna
81% Cigna and Evernorth
78% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Miami, FL see their clients

60% Online Only
40% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Miami?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.