Therapists in Chesapeake, VA

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Photo of Dona M. Stover, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dona M. Stover
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23322
Not accepting new clients
My focus is on anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, and trauma. My approach to change is one that involves not only the mind but the body as well. I believe mental health symptoms can be made manageable through improving overall health. By improving sleep, nutrition, exercise, and self-care you have the ability to greatly improve your mental health - together we can improve your life. We will collaborate and decide what strategies will help you feel more self-aware and prepared to handle the challenges you may encounter.
My focus is on anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, and trauma. My approach to change is one that involves not only the mind but the body as well. I believe mental health symptoms can be made manageable through improving overall health. By improving sleep, nutrition, exercise, and self-care you have the ability to greatly improve your mental health - together we can improve your life. We will collaborate and decide what strategies will help you feel more self-aware and prepared to handle the challenges you may encounter.
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Photo of Mark Thomas Bleil - Mind Heart Connection LLC, LCSW, CSOTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mind Heart Connection LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSOTP
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23322
I believe that the foundation of therapy is the collaborative relationship between client and therapist exploring possibilities and solutions to transcend suffering, face reality and remove barriers to wellbeing. Mark Twain was quoted as saying “Life is one damn thing after the next”. Many times it is the perspective we take on life’s experiences and our focus of attention that determine our emotional and physical wellbeing. I believe that it is my job to help you identify and yes, remember the strengths and resources you have accumulated throughout a lifetime of experience that can have a profoundly positive effect on your life.
I believe that the foundation of therapy is the collaborative relationship between client and therapist exploring possibilities and solutions to transcend suffering, face reality and remove barriers to wellbeing. Mark Twain was quoted as saying “Life is one damn thing after the next”. Many times it is the perspective we take on life’s experiences and our focus of attention that determine our emotional and physical wellbeing. I believe that it is my job to help you identify and yes, remember the strengths and resources you have accumulated throughout a lifetime of experience that can have a profoundly positive effect on your life.
(757) 695-9083 View (757) 695-9083
John Michael Sullivan
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321  (Online Only)
I have worked in inpatient and outpatient settings with a variety of clients and bring decades of experience to your therapy. I have taught at colleges and am a published author. My private practice focuses on individual therapy with adults, with a special emphasis on PTSD and other anxiety disorders. I believe every client and his or her situation is unique. I do not believe a one-size fit all approach to therapy. I may use EMDR, cognitive-behavioral, solution-oriented and even plain old common sense and humor in our work together. I consider therapy a joint effort, a partnership, a "We're in this together" experience.
I have worked in inpatient and outpatient settings with a variety of clients and bring decades of experience to your therapy. I have taught at colleges and am a published author. My private practice focuses on individual therapy with adults, with a special emphasis on PTSD and other anxiety disorders. I believe every client and his or her situation is unique. I do not believe a one-size fit all approach to therapy. I may use EMDR, cognitive-behavioral, solution-oriented and even plain old common sense and humor in our work together. I consider therapy a joint effort, a partnership, a "We're in this together" experience.
(757) 785-9554 View (757) 785-9554
Photo of Dr. Jenay Garrett, PhD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Jenay Garrett
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23324  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Life has a way to dealing certain cards that can have a huge impact how we see and interact with the world around us. Those experiences mixed with negative feelings/emotions can create disruptions or disharmony in our life's; leaving us feeling angry, depressed, anxious, ashamed, hurt, disappointed, confused, unbalance, or traumatized. Any issue left unresolved has the potential to create or continue an unhealthy cycle of functioning. Using therapy, I provide clients with the space/environment where they can explore and process past and present experiences that impact how they feel and function.
Life has a way to dealing certain cards that can have a huge impact how we see and interact with the world around us. Those experiences mixed with negative feelings/emotions can create disruptions or disharmony in our life's; leaving us feeling angry, depressed, anxious, ashamed, hurt, disappointed, confused, unbalance, or traumatized. Any issue left unresolved has the potential to create or continue an unhealthy cycle of functioning. Using therapy, I provide clients with the space/environment where they can explore and process past and present experiences that impact how they feel and function.
(757) 320-0703 View (757) 320-0703
Photo of Damia Gonzalez, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Damia Gonzalez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320  (Online Only)
I consider it a privilege working with young adults who find the obstacles of life challenging and overwhelming. It is rewarding to provide tools to solve difficulties and create a sense of empowerment in areas of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and life transitions. In therapy, I like to encourage my clients to explore rooted areas that seem to resurface in other areas of their life.
I consider it a privilege working with young adults who find the obstacles of life challenging and overwhelming. It is rewarding to provide tools to solve difficulties and create a sense of empowerment in areas of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and life transitions. In therapy, I like to encourage my clients to explore rooted areas that seem to resurface in other areas of their life.
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Photo of Anthony Wayne Bates - Fountain of Hope Counseling Center
Fountain of Hope Counseling Center
Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23321  (Online Only)
An idea client can be answered different depending on each therapist, but I would have to say that my idea client is one that is motivated and are ready to work, Open-minded, flexible, adaptable and are curious about themselves. Also, the idea client is consistent (with payment & appointments) and will tolerate pain for growth if necessary. Through therapy, we ask clients to step beyond where they are, and what limits them. Defining my ideal client is simply me as a therapist, asking myself to do the same thing. As a therapist, I should be able to do what my client, through therapy, will be doing. Without fear.
An idea client can be answered different depending on each therapist, but I would have to say that my idea client is one that is motivated and are ready to work, Open-minded, flexible, adaptable and are curious about themselves. Also, the idea client is consistent (with payment & appointments) and will tolerate pain for growth if necessary. Through therapy, we ask clients to step beyond where they are, and what limits them. Defining my ideal client is simply me as a therapist, asking myself to do the same thing. As a therapist, I should be able to do what my client, through therapy, will be doing. Without fear.
(757) 767-4145 View (757) 767-4145
Photo of Faith Williams, LRC
Faith Williams
Resident in Counseling, LRC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Faith Williams is a Licensed Professional Counselor Resident in Virginia who has been practicing since 2023. She earned her Master's of Science in Education in Clinical Mental Health & School Counseling at Old Dominion University. In your counseling sessions, Faith focuses on you, using a blend of approaches like cognitive-behavioral techniques and a client-centered approach. She strives to connect through empathy and understanding your unique cultural background. Faith really values cultural competence and makes sure to cover mental, emotional, physical, social, and spiritual aspects in your discussions.
Faith Williams is a Licensed Professional Counselor Resident in Virginia who has been practicing since 2023. She earned her Master's of Science in Education in Clinical Mental Health & School Counseling at Old Dominion University. In your counseling sessions, Faith focuses on you, using a blend of approaches like cognitive-behavioral techniques and a client-centered approach. She strives to connect through empathy and understanding your unique cultural background. Faith really values cultural competence and makes sure to cover mental, emotional, physical, social, and spiritual aspects in your discussions.
(757) 330-4974 View (757) 330-4974
Photo of Kerry Maldiner, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kerry Maldiner
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
I have worked with military members and their families for over twenty years. I have extensive experience with deployment, reunification, domestic violence, child abuse, childhood trauma, military trauma, addictions, depression and anxiety. I also work with couples who believe that participating in counseling is their last resort; issues with parenting children with challenging behaviors and adolescents that are having difficulties with socially interacting.
I have worked with military members and their families for over twenty years. I have extensive experience with deployment, reunification, domestic violence, child abuse, childhood trauma, military trauma, addictions, depression and anxiety. I also work with couples who believe that participating in counseling is their last resort; issues with parenting children with challenging behaviors and adolescents that are having difficulties with socially interacting.
(757) 703-2364 View (757) 703-2364
Photo of Candice Caddle - A Step to Healing, LLC, MS, LPC, LSATP, Licensed Professional Counselor
A Step to Healing, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LSATP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23322
Are you struggling to keep up with simple day to day tasks or feel like you are in a downward spiral with no way out? Then you are in the right place! I am an experienced counselor who value a trusting, supportive, safe, and empowering therapeutic environment where you can thrive and become the best version of yourself. I assist individuals, couples, and families in managing and overcoming mental and emotional issues to be able to navigate through life. Let me help you navigate that journey as life is a process for change and growth. Watching my clients grow and become the best version of themselves is rewarding.
Are you struggling to keep up with simple day to day tasks or feel like you are in a downward spiral with no way out? Then you are in the right place! I am an experienced counselor who value a trusting, supportive, safe, and empowering therapeutic environment where you can thrive and become the best version of yourself. I assist individuals, couples, and families in managing and overcoming mental and emotional issues to be able to navigate through life. Let me help you navigate that journey as life is a process for change and growth. Watching my clients grow and become the best version of themselves is rewarding.
(757) 210-5692 View (757) 210-5692
Photo of Janice A Holemon - Persevering Families & Counseling - Janice Holemon, LMFT, MA, BA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Persevering Families & Counseling - Janice Holemon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, BA
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Are you or a family member struggling with depression, anxiety, attention/concentration, managing anger, or anything that consumes one's thoughts/feelings on a daily basis? Persevering Families & Counseling may be able to help with that! Each provider at Persevering Families & Counseling aspire to join you on your journey to possibly discover/rediscover strengths within yourself and/or families, and work to improve everyone's mental health. We all strive to bring warmth, compassion and commitment to each session.
Are you or a family member struggling with depression, anxiety, attention/concentration, managing anger, or anything that consumes one's thoughts/feelings on a daily basis? Persevering Families & Counseling may be able to help with that! Each provider at Persevering Families & Counseling aspire to join you on your journey to possibly discover/rediscover strengths within yourself and/or families, and work to improve everyone's mental health. We all strive to bring warmth, compassion and commitment to each session.
(833) 517-2333 View (833) 517-2333
Photo of Sandra Lee Borden, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sandra Lee Borden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
My ideal client is an adult who wants to be able to more effectively manage or overcome the challenges that have caused them emotional and or mental pain so that they may be able to experience life more abundantly.
My ideal client is an adult who wants to be able to more effectively manage or overcome the challenges that have caused them emotional and or mental pain so that they may be able to experience life more abundantly.
(757) 401-6372 View (757) 401-6372
Photo of Stacie Kruzinski - Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals. We believe you're best served by a therapist passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to helping therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. Working with us, you'll get results.
We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals. We believe you're best served by a therapist passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to helping therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. Working with us, you'll get results.
(757) 703-7591 View (757) 703-7591
Photo of Vaughn Miller, PsyD, LCP, Psychologist
Vaughn Miller
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320  (Online Only)
I serve adults (18+) in Virginia, Maryland, D.C., and PSYPACT authorized states. I believe that the aim of therapy is to assist clients in better understanding their underlying concerns, like difficulties in relating to others, struggles during life transitions, and experiences of internal and external conflict. Therapy also provides a neutral space for people to explore new and healthy boundaries while working to identify and heal painful emotional experiences, thought patterns, and behaviors.
I serve adults (18+) in Virginia, Maryland, D.C., and PSYPACT authorized states. I believe that the aim of therapy is to assist clients in better understanding their underlying concerns, like difficulties in relating to others, struggles during life transitions, and experiences of internal and external conflict. Therapy also provides a neutral space for people to explore new and healthy boundaries while working to identify and heal painful emotional experiences, thought patterns, and behaviors.
(757) 410-0700 View (757) 410-0700
Photo of Charnelle Cook, MA, NCC, LPC, Counselor
Charnelle Cook
Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
We all have experienced a stressful/traumatic event at one time or another, and I am passionate about helping people become resilient and establishing healthy ways to overcome tough situations. I believe that therapy is powerful and I love to help people work through life’s challenges. Choosing to seek counseling services is a big decision to make, and I applaud you for making the first step in becoming the best version of yourself!
We all have experienced a stressful/traumatic event at one time or another, and I am passionate about helping people become resilient and establishing healthy ways to overcome tough situations. I believe that therapy is powerful and I love to help people work through life’s challenges. Choosing to seek counseling services is a big decision to make, and I applaud you for making the first step in becoming the best version of yourself!
(571) 487-8482 View (571) 487-8482
Photo of Ife Milligan, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ife Milligan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321  (Online Only)
Ife Milligan is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Certified Holistic Life Coach (CHLC) with over 10 years of professional experience working with clients of all ages with issues related to grief, loss, depression, ADHD, anxiety, oppositional defiance disorder (ODD), low self-esteem, family conflict, and more. She received her Master’s degree in Clinical Social Work from Columbia University and earned her Bachelor’s in Psychology from Morgan State University. She received her Holistic Life Coach certification from the University of Wellness.
Ife Milligan is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Certified Holistic Life Coach (CHLC) with over 10 years of professional experience working with clients of all ages with issues related to grief, loss, depression, ADHD, anxiety, oppositional defiance disorder (ODD), low self-esteem, family conflict, and more. She received her Master’s degree in Clinical Social Work from Columbia University and earned her Bachelor’s in Psychology from Morgan State University. She received her Holistic Life Coach certification from the University of Wellness.
(757) 530-5230 View (757) 530-5230
Photo of Kyra Watkins, MSEd, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kyra Watkins
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Many of us as children are not taught how to manage or healthfully express our feelings, let alone experience our emotions being heard and validated by others. As adults, we may then have difficulties navigating relationships, coping with life stressors, and struggling with low self esteem. Whether you are an adult that had big feelings as a child and it seemed no one cared, or you care for a child that has big feelings and want to set them up on the path of successfully managing their mental health, I am here to support you and your needs. No matter who you are, or what you have been through, your feelings are always valid.
Many of us as children are not taught how to manage or healthfully express our feelings, let alone experience our emotions being heard and validated by others. As adults, we may then have difficulties navigating relationships, coping with life stressors, and struggling with low self esteem. Whether you are an adult that had big feelings as a child and it seemed no one cared, or you care for a child that has big feelings and want to set them up on the path of successfully managing their mental health, I am here to support you and your needs. No matter who you are, or what you have been through, your feelings are always valid.
(757) 551-9556 View (757) 551-9556
Photo of Beth C Johnston-Sabat, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Beth C Johnston-Sabat
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320
I am NOT currently accepting any new clients. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. I studied Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Regent University. I also have a BS in Psychology with a minor in Organizational Leadership and Management from Regent University. I have broad experience in the counseling field which has provided me the opportunity to work with a diverse group of people from various backgrounds and symptom presentation.
I am NOT currently accepting any new clients. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. I studied Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Regent University. I also have a BS in Psychology with a minor in Organizational Leadership and Management from Regent University. I have broad experience in the counseling field which has provided me the opportunity to work with a diverse group of people from various backgrounds and symptom presentation.
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Photo of Tanetta L Hassell, LCSW, CCTP, ACS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tanetta L Hassell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP, ACS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23323  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My goal as a therapist is to be a bridge from hopeless to healing. I know during difficult times it may seem impossible to find your way but by working together we can figure out a plan unique to you and your struggle. If you are feeling stuck, afraid, or finding it hard to be in relationship with loved ones or family members, I can create a safe place for you to get the tools you need to feel in control and like the expert of your own life again.
My goal as a therapist is to be a bridge from hopeless to healing. I know during difficult times it may seem impossible to find your way but by working together we can figure out a plan unique to you and your struggle. If you are feeling stuck, afraid, or finding it hard to be in relationship with loved ones or family members, I can create a safe place for you to get the tools you need to feel in control and like the expert of your own life again.
(804) 626-9594 View (804) 626-9594
Photo of Sarah Wright, LMFT, RPT-S, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sarah Wright
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RPT-S
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23322  (Online Only)
Is your child experiencing difficulty at school, preschool, or in day to day life? Are you a parent that is experiencing stress due to child issues? I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Virginia and California, as well as a Registered Play Therapist-Supervisor who can assist you and your child create a sense of calm in the current storm. While I primarily work with children, I feel that it is equally important to work with parents in conjunction or just the parents in some instances to create a better outcome for the family unit. For families in California, I would be working solely through telehealth.
Is your child experiencing difficulty at school, preschool, or in day to day life? Are you a parent that is experiencing stress due to child issues? I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Virginia and California, as well as a Registered Play Therapist-Supervisor who can assist you and your child create a sense of calm in the current storm. While I primarily work with children, I feel that it is equally important to work with parents in conjunction or just the parents in some instances to create a better outcome for the family unit. For families in California, I would be working solely through telehealth.
(757) 208-9507 View (757) 208-9507
Photo of America Maxwell, LPC Intern
America Maxwell
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Feeling anxious, depressed, and overwhelmed by recent life changes? Major transitions like a military move, welcoming a new baby, or becoming an empty nester can leave you feeling lost and unsettled. These shifts can disrupt your sense of stability and make it hard to find joy in everyday life. I have been there, and I want to help you navigate your challenges.
Feeling anxious, depressed, and overwhelmed by recent life changes? Major transitions like a military move, welcoming a new baby, or becoming an empty nester can leave you feeling lost and unsettled. These shifts can disrupt your sense of stability and make it hard to find joy in everyday life. I have been there, and I want to help you navigate your challenges.
(757) 972-7559 View (757) 972-7559
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chesapeake, VA

600+

Average cost per session

$132

Therapists in Chesapeake, VA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
72% Stress
71% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
79% Anthem | Elevance
76% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Chesapeake, VA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
13% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chesapeake?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.