Therapists in Nashville, TN

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Photo of Anna Lockhart, LPCMHSP, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Anna Lockhart
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37218
I am passionate about helping couples create deeper connection than they ever knew possible. I also enjoy working with individuals in all stages of life. My favorite moments are when a client says, "This is new." Many enter counseling feeling stuck in old patterns, and new experiences provide hope for healing. My practice is currently full for regular weekly clients. However, I specialize in 3-day weekend intensives with couples and I take on 1-2 new couples (from in- or out-of-state) per month for this work. Follow up work is required after the 3 days in order to continue momentum and create lasting change.
I am passionate about helping couples create deeper connection than they ever knew possible. I also enjoy working with individuals in all stages of life. My favorite moments are when a client says, "This is new." Many enter counseling feeling stuck in old patterns, and new experiences provide hope for healing. My practice is currently full for regular weekly clients. However, I specialize in 3-day weekend intensives with couples and I take on 1-2 new couples (from in- or out-of-state) per month for this work. Follow up work is required after the 3 days in order to continue momentum and create lasting change.
(615) 560-9741 View (615) 560-9741
Photo of Hannah Dunsmore, Pre-Licensed Professional
Hannah Dunsmore
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
Do you feel stuck in patterns that you know aren’t working for you anymore, but feel powerless to change them? Have you experienced persistent anxiety or depression for so long it’s starting to feel impossible to find relief? For clients who have trauma histories, sometimes talk therapy isn’t enough to fully heal from the past. Traumatic experiences can get stuck in our nervous system, sending a constant signal to our bodies that we are in danger, even long after the danger has passed. Unfortunately, what we know on a mind level we don’t always feel in our bodies.
Do you feel stuck in patterns that you know aren’t working for you anymore, but feel powerless to change them? Have you experienced persistent anxiety or depression for so long it’s starting to feel impossible to find relief? For clients who have trauma histories, sometimes talk therapy isn’t enough to fully heal from the past. Traumatic experiences can get stuck in our nervous system, sending a constant signal to our bodies that we are in danger, even long after the danger has passed. Unfortunately, what we know on a mind level we don’t always feel in our bodies.
(615) 471-7134 View (615) 471-7134
Photo of Caroline West, MEd, LPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Caroline West
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
Part of the reason I was drawn to this profession is because therapy has been an invaluable tool in my own life. Being a human is hard work and none of us get it out of it unscathed. I believe that we could all benefit from having an opportunity and a space to put words to our fears, doubts, emotions, and beliefs and to help us gain clarity on what is serving us and what is holding us back.
Part of the reason I was drawn to this profession is because therapy has been an invaluable tool in my own life. Being a human is hard work and none of us get it out of it unscathed. I believe that we could all benefit from having an opportunity and a space to put words to our fears, doubts, emotions, and beliefs and to help us gain clarity on what is serving us and what is holding us back.
(615) 307-8449 View (615) 307-8449
Photo of Brittany Washington, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brittany Washington
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37204  (Online Only)
Do you often find yourself overwhelmed by anxiety or haunted by past traumas? Are you struggling with low self-esteem or facing challenges in your relationships? Maybe you’re grappling with the complexities of betrayal or sexual trauma or struggling with the persistent weight of childhood trauma. If you're seeking a supportive and empathetic space to heal and grow, now is the time to connect with a therapist who understands. Together, we can explore your story, address your challenges, and work towards a future filled with peace and resilience.
Do you often find yourself overwhelmed by anxiety or haunted by past traumas? Are you struggling with low self-esteem or facing challenges in your relationships? Maybe you’re grappling with the complexities of betrayal or sexual trauma or struggling with the persistent weight of childhood trauma. If you're seeking a supportive and empathetic space to heal and grow, now is the time to connect with a therapist who understands. Together, we can explore your story, address your challenges, and work towards a future filled with peace and resilience.
(318) 553-5591 View (318) 553-5591
Photo of Marquetta Johnson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marquetta Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37228  (Online Only)
Have you ever had a feeling that things weren't quite right, but you couldn't pinpoint exactly why you felt that way? Imagine if you had a safe place to explore these feelings and someone to help you discover a solution. Together we will work through your past and move towards being your best self. Because I know that life experiences affect us all uniquely, I do not believe seeking therapy implies there is something wrong with you. Therapy is a helpful way to deal with issues like relationships, feeling down, anxious thoughts, or low self-esteem.
Have you ever had a feeling that things weren't quite right, but you couldn't pinpoint exactly why you felt that way? Imagine if you had a safe place to explore these feelings and someone to help you discover a solution. Together we will work through your past and move towards being your best self. Because I know that life experiences affect us all uniquely, I do not believe seeking therapy implies there is something wrong with you. Therapy is a helpful way to deal with issues like relationships, feeling down, anxious thoughts, or low self-esteem.
(629) 289-0368 View (629) 289-0368
Photo of Adam McCravy, Ed S, LPC, MHSP, (TEMP), Licensed Professional Counselor
Adam McCravy
Licensed Professional Counselor, Ed S, LPC, MHSP, (TEMP)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
As a therapist, my approach to counseling is relational, collaborative, and hopeful. Regardless of the challenge that you are facing, I deeply believe that you already have in you everything you need to overcome it. Nothing is missing. You have what it takes. But sometimes there are obstacles standing in the way. My role as a therapist is to help remove the obstacles so that you can access the inner strength and ability that you already possess. It takes courage to say that something isn't working or that you want more or better from your life. It's my privilege as a therapist to join people as they do just that.
As a therapist, my approach to counseling is relational, collaborative, and hopeful. Regardless of the challenge that you are facing, I deeply believe that you already have in you everything you need to overcome it. Nothing is missing. You have what it takes. But sometimes there are obstacles standing in the way. My role as a therapist is to help remove the obstacles so that you can access the inner strength and ability that you already possess. It takes courage to say that something isn't working or that you want more or better from your life. It's my privilege as a therapist to join people as they do just that.
(615) 219-0837 View (615) 219-0837
Photo of Patricia McGuire, LPC, MHSP, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Patricia McGuire
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37207
You have a unique story that impacts how you respond to stress, connect to yourself, and relate to others. When life throws unexpected challenges your way, you can get overwhelmed and stuck in unhealthy patterns. Together, we will discover and explore your story to find insight and help you move through life with ease, creating the story you desire. Your story deserves to be heard and valued. Taking the deep dive into understanding yourself is incredibly brave (and can feel daunting, too!). Let's get curious about who you are, who you want to be, and work together to meet your goals and cultivate your wellness.
You have a unique story that impacts how you respond to stress, connect to yourself, and relate to others. When life throws unexpected challenges your way, you can get overwhelmed and stuck in unhealthy patterns. Together, we will discover and explore your story to find insight and help you move through life with ease, creating the story you desire. Your story deserves to be heard and valued. Taking the deep dive into understanding yourself is incredibly brave (and can feel daunting, too!). Let's get curious about who you are, who you want to be, and work together to meet your goals and cultivate your wellness.
(629) 209-8538 View (629) 209-8538
Photo of Madison Gentry, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Madison Gentry
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37209
Here’s the bad news: now more than ever, there is an epidemic of pain and loneliness. More and more people report feeling isolated and depressed within the most recent years. This can be extremely emotionally painful and debilitating. You may be seeking therapy right now to relive that emotional pain. But here’s the good news: You do not have to stay stuck in this pain. There is help available for you and all who want to heal. Therapy is one of those avenues, and it is hard but worthwhile and rewarding work.
Here’s the bad news: now more than ever, there is an epidemic of pain and loneliness. More and more people report feeling isolated and depressed within the most recent years. This can be extremely emotionally painful and debilitating. You may be seeking therapy right now to relive that emotional pain. But here’s the good news: You do not have to stay stuck in this pain. There is help available for you and all who want to heal. Therapy is one of those avenues, and it is hard but worthwhile and rewarding work.
(615) 716-0281 View (615) 716-0281
Photo of Cole Johnson, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Cole Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
Our lives are stories meant to be told in full. It is in the telling of our unfiltered stories that we can begin to see things as they truly are and then work towards growth, change and healing. I believe in providing you a safe, non-judgmental and comfortable space to explore your inner and outer world. I offer to walk with you at your pace through the challenges and emotions of life, and hope to provide a source of light at your feet to help navigate unfamiliar or unstable terrains.
Our lives are stories meant to be told in full. It is in the telling of our unfiltered stories that we can begin to see things as they truly are and then work towards growth, change and healing. I believe in providing you a safe, non-judgmental and comfortable space to explore your inner and outer world. I offer to walk with you at your pace through the challenges and emotions of life, and hope to provide a source of light at your feet to help navigate unfamiliar or unstable terrains.
(615) 471-7864 View (615) 471-7864
Photo of Shelby Logsdon, MMFC/T, MPA, 200CYT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Shelby Logsdon
Marriage & Family Therapist, MMFC/T, MPA, 200CYT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37204
Feeling stressed and exhausted all the time? Are you overwhelmed, feeling stuck, alone, or hopeless? Does It seem like no one understands what you are struggling with? Do you question your identity and your place in the world? Your self-esteem is pretty low and you may have trouble setting healthy boundaries at work or with loved ones. Your inner critic whispers that you are not enough and you don't deserve better. Life feels fucking hard and you realize it is time to seek help. You are ready to feel joy again, to feel that deep passion for life, to rebuild connections, and to be present in your body and in your world.
Feeling stressed and exhausted all the time? Are you overwhelmed, feeling stuck, alone, or hopeless? Does It seem like no one understands what you are struggling with? Do you question your identity and your place in the world? Your self-esteem is pretty low and you may have trouble setting healthy boundaries at work or with loved ones. Your inner critic whispers that you are not enough and you don't deserve better. Life feels fucking hard and you realize it is time to seek help. You are ready to feel joy again, to feel that deep passion for life, to rebuild connections, and to be present in your body and in your world.
(931) 213-7780 View (931) 213-7780
Photo of Katy Q. Hurst - Katy Hurst Counseling & Associates, LLC, MEd, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Katy Hurst Counseling & Associates, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
Are you tired of constantly trying to heal? Does it feel like other people got a handbook on how to handle emotions, relationships, and work-life balance, but you were left off the list? At this point, you may even have a laundry list of diagnoses - Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, Autism, disordered eating - but you struggle to find success through traditional therapy. If this is you, we need to chat!
Are you tired of constantly trying to heal? Does it feel like other people got a handbook on how to handle emotions, relationships, and work-life balance, but you were left off the list? At this point, you may even have a laundry list of diagnoses - Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, Autism, disordered eating - but you struggle to find success through traditional therapy. If this is you, we need to chat!
(615) 551-9600 View (615) 551-9600
Photo of Megan Moss, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan Moss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37215
Megan Moss (she/her) provides an accepting, nonjudgmental environment meant to empower clients to work toward healing. Due to her own experiences, she is passionate about working with people that live in bigger bodies by using a weight-inclusive framework. She offers individual and group therapy, with group work emphasizing healing through solidarity.
Megan Moss (she/her) provides an accepting, nonjudgmental environment meant to empower clients to work toward healing. Due to her own experiences, she is passionate about working with people that live in bigger bodies by using a weight-inclusive framework. She offers individual and group therapy, with group work emphasizing healing through solidarity.
(615) 994-8242 View (615) 994-8242
Photo of Alyssa J Marmo, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alyssa J Marmo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37215
Along the way I have learned that a deeper understanding of self evolves from a deeper understanding of the “stuff” that causes us to think, believe, and behave in the way that we do. Most of the time, the “stuff” is handed down to us or imprinted on us in our childhood or from our experiences. If you are wanting to better understand yourself to break free from the patterns and cycles that may be consuming you, it would be my honor to join you on your journey of self-discovery. I am passionate about supporting those who are experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, low self-esteem, stress, and life transitions.
Along the way I have learned that a deeper understanding of self evolves from a deeper understanding of the “stuff” that causes us to think, believe, and behave in the way that we do. Most of the time, the “stuff” is handed down to us or imprinted on us in our childhood or from our experiences. If you are wanting to better understand yourself to break free from the patterns and cycles that may be consuming you, it would be my honor to join you on your journey of self-discovery. I am passionate about supporting those who are experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, low self-esteem, stress, and life transitions.
(615) 235-6554 View (615) 235-6554
Photo of Kimery Cockrell, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kimery Cockrell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37211  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Kimery. Do you ever feel pulled in a million directions? Struggle with daily tasks bc you lack the energy to care? Are you having a tough time just being kind to yourself? I want to help! I want to help you navigate and manage the hard stuff life throws at you and even the regular stuff that feels difficult to overcome and process.
Hello! My name is Kimery. Do you ever feel pulled in a million directions? Struggle with daily tasks bc you lack the energy to care? Are you having a tough time just being kind to yourself? I want to help! I want to help you navigate and manage the hard stuff life throws at you and even the regular stuff that feels difficult to overcome and process.
(615) 437-8072 View (615) 437-8072
Photo of Mitzi L. Hines, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mitzi L. Hines
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
Not accepting new clients
My approach to therapy is eclectic, pulling from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness and Solution Focused Brief Therapy, among others. My style is interactive, casual and practical. The focus of therapy is creating positive changes that will increase satisfaction with life, relationships and self. Creating change is an active and dynamic process.
My approach to therapy is eclectic, pulling from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness and Solution Focused Brief Therapy, among others. My style is interactive, casual and practical. The focus of therapy is creating positive changes that will increase satisfaction with life, relationships and self. Creating change is an active and dynamic process.
(615) 442-3493 View (615) 442-3493
Photo of Elisabeth Lynch - Counseling Professionals, LPC, MHSP, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Counseling Professionals
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, MA
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37217
"When I started Counseling Professionals in 2001, my vision was to provide a place of refuge from the storms of life and to equip our clients and their families with the tools they need to live a happy and successful life. I am proud to say that we have made this vision a reality for our clients since the beginning. I'm so honored for the opportunity to help so many individuals, couples, families, children, and adolescents restore hope, peace, and harmony over the past 17 years."
"When I started Counseling Professionals in 2001, my vision was to provide a place of refuge from the storms of life and to equip our clients and their families with the tools they need to live a happy and successful life. I am proud to say that we have made this vision a reality for our clients since the beginning. I'm so honored for the opportunity to help so many individuals, couples, families, children, and adolescents restore hope, peace, and harmony over the past 17 years."
(615) 307-4269 View (615) 307-4269
Photo of Ashley Hampton, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ashley Hampton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37220
It is my mission to provide an authentic and safe therapeutic environment in which women, teens and members of the LGBTQ+ and BIPOC communities feel empowered to live the lives they long for and deserve. I find joy in helping members from marginalized communities move past shame, trauma and self-doubt which is why I founded Hampton House Counseling. At Hampton House it is our mission to provide therapy for those who have struggled to feel safe, seen, and understood.
It is my mission to provide an authentic and safe therapeutic environment in which women, teens and members of the LGBTQ+ and BIPOC communities feel empowered to live the lives they long for and deserve. I find joy in helping members from marginalized communities move past shame, trauma and self-doubt which is why I founded Hampton House Counseling. At Hampton House it is our mission to provide therapy for those who have struggled to feel safe, seen, and understood.
(615) 323-2120 View (615) 323-2120
Photo of Clare Martin, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Clare Martin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37217
My passion involves working with child and adolescent clients as well as young adult women to navigate a wide range of life’s challenges. Within my widespread background working in ABA Therapy, Foster Care, and now as a School Counselor I’ve gained a strong framework for working with clients of multiple backgrounds. I strive to make each client feel valued and accepted regardless of religious, racial, gender identity, or socioeconomic background.
My passion involves working with child and adolescent clients as well as young adult women to navigate a wide range of life’s challenges. Within my widespread background working in ABA Therapy, Foster Care, and now as a School Counselor I’ve gained a strong framework for working with clients of multiple backgrounds. I strive to make each client feel valued and accepted regardless of religious, racial, gender identity, or socioeconomic background.
(629) 260-5577 View (629) 260-5577
Photo of Kentiana McClain, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kentiana McClain
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37215
The presence of mental health struggles and the need for interpersonal support on your journey of self-discovery, self-care, self-love, and self-healing should not feel like a burden, but for many individuals it does. As a therapist, my goal is to meet you where you are in your mental health journey and offer you the permission, opportunity, and non-judgemental space to unapologetically process your mental health.
The presence of mental health struggles and the need for interpersonal support on your journey of self-discovery, self-care, self-love, and self-healing should not feel like a burden, but for many individuals it does. As a therapist, my goal is to meet you where you are in your mental health journey and offer you the permission, opportunity, and non-judgemental space to unapologetically process your mental health.
(615) 205-9305 View (615) 205-9305
Photo of Paige McNeilly Blackwell, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Paige McNeilly Blackwell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
This private practice is unlike most others. I am a licensed therapist at The Briggs Institute, Inc. The therapists at the Institute are graduates of Lipscomb University's Master of Marriage and Family Therapy Program. As the only COAMFTE accredited program in Nashville, the Lipscomb MFT program has earned its fine reputation by meeting the highest academic and clinical experience standards in the country. Because we practice under the supervision of the Lipscomb MFT program core faculty, we remain connected to academia. This means our work is informed by state-of-the-art scientific research.
This private practice is unlike most others. I am a licensed therapist at The Briggs Institute, Inc. The therapists at the Institute are graduates of Lipscomb University's Master of Marriage and Family Therapy Program. As the only COAMFTE accredited program in Nashville, the Lipscomb MFT program has earned its fine reputation by meeting the highest academic and clinical experience standards in the country. Because we practice under the supervision of the Lipscomb MFT program core faculty, we remain connected to academia. This means our work is informed by state-of-the-art scientific research.
(901) 519-2207 View (901) 519-2207

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Nashville, TN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Nashville, TN who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
84% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
68% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
76% Cigna and Evernorth
65% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Nashville, TN see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Nashville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.