Therapists in California

View cities and counties in California
Photo of Alexandra Park, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Alexandra Park
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Are you experiencing relationship issues with your partner or family members? I’m passionate about helping people have healthier relationships within themselves and with others. I work with couples and families who are stuck in conflict, seeking better communication, healing from past wounds, bridging cultural gaps, or adjusting to life transitions. I also provide individual therapy to support those affected by relational issues. We can work on managing anxiety, processing trauma, overcoming people-pleasing habits, improving emotional regulation, working through codependency, and embarking on a journey of healing and well-being.
Are you experiencing relationship issues with your partner or family members? I’m passionate about helping people have healthier relationships within themselves and with others. I work with couples and families who are stuck in conflict, seeking better communication, healing from past wounds, bridging cultural gaps, or adjusting to life transitions. I also provide individual therapy to support those affected by relational issues. We can work on managing anxiety, processing trauma, overcoming people-pleasing habits, improving emotional regulation, working through codependency, and embarking on a journey of healing and well-being.
(714) 695-5220 View (714) 695-5220
Photo of Gabriela Campos, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Gabriela Campos
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94121  (Online Only)
I offer therapy for teens, couples, and individual adults, starting from a place of curiosity and cultural humility. Every person has a unique story, and I’m passionate about learning from each client’s perspective. My approach is adaptable and personalized, grounded in trauma-informed, person-centered care. I’m committed to supporting diverse communities, including LGBTQIA+, BIPOC, poly and kink folks, immigrants, and refugees. I also believe that truly transformative care must address the impact of systemic issues on individual mental health.
I offer therapy for teens, couples, and individual adults, starting from a place of curiosity and cultural humility. Every person has a unique story, and I’m passionate about learning from each client’s perspective. My approach is adaptable and personalized, grounded in trauma-informed, person-centered care. I’m committed to supporting diverse communities, including LGBTQIA+, BIPOC, poly and kink folks, immigrants, and refugees. I also believe that truly transformative care must address the impact of systemic issues on individual mental health.
(628) 300-0178 View (628) 300-0178
Photo of Cecille Basila, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Cecille Basila
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
I intend to empower you with tools for healing, change, and personal fulfillment. My approach is holistic, combining ancient traditions with evidence-based practices. I believe everyone has the wisdom within themselves to know what is needed for healing and transformation. Courageously accepting an invitation to explore your unique path can highlight all the different ways you can show up for life. We will explore what is important to you and where you want to grow. Topics may include relationships with our habits and fears, increasing understanding of the guidance system of emotions, and accessing our innate wisdom.
I intend to empower you with tools for healing, change, and personal fulfillment. My approach is holistic, combining ancient traditions with evidence-based practices. I believe everyone has the wisdom within themselves to know what is needed for healing and transformation. Courageously accepting an invitation to explore your unique path can highlight all the different ways you can show up for life. We will explore what is important to you and where you want to grow. Topics may include relationships with our habits and fears, increasing understanding of the guidance system of emotions, and accessing our innate wisdom.
(510) 871-8206 View (510) 871-8206
Photo of Marla Maynard, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Marla Maynard
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92705
I am Marla Maynard, LMFT. I have been licensed in the State of California since February of 2009. My specialties are individuals, marriage, family, and trauma. I work with first responders & military, as well as trauma victims. I have practiced and taught many theoretical approaches to therapy. My preference is to meet with the client and decide which approach will work best for them. Ranging from Cognitive Behavioral & Family Therapies to EMDR and other approaches to mitigate trauma. I seek to create a safe environment that is relaxed and comfortable.
I am Marla Maynard, LMFT. I have been licensed in the State of California since February of 2009. My specialties are individuals, marriage, family, and trauma. I work with first responders & military, as well as trauma victims. I have practiced and taught many theoretical approaches to therapy. My preference is to meet with the client and decide which approach will work best for them. Ranging from Cognitive Behavioral & Family Therapies to EMDR and other approaches to mitigate trauma. I seek to create a safe environment that is relaxed and comfortable.
(949) 368-0382 View (949) 368-0382
Photo of Jamila Leander, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jamila Leander
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orange, CA 92868  (Online Only)
Greetings, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in California. I received my Masters from California State University San Bernardino and have been practicing for over 5 years. I enjoy helping individuals unlock strengths and maximize living their life to its full potential. There is no one size fits all, I incorporate therapeutic methods tailored to meet your unique goals.
Greetings, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in California. I received my Masters from California State University San Bernardino and have been practicing for over 5 years. I enjoy helping individuals unlock strengths and maximize living their life to its full potential. There is no one size fits all, I incorporate therapeutic methods tailored to meet your unique goals.
(657) 341-1236 View (657) 341-1236
Alexandra Evans
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Hi there! I’m Alexandra Evans, a Pre-Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in training at Anchored California, finishing up my Master’s in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Northwestern University (I’ll be graduating in June 2025!). I specialize in helping clients through all kinds of life stuff—family issues, relationships, self-esteem, grief, and big life changes like pregnancy and postpartum. I also support people dealing with anxiety, depression, or PTSD, especially when those challenges are tied to these life experiences. Let’s work together to get you feeling more like yourself!
Hi there! I’m Alexandra Evans, a Pre-Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in training at Anchored California, finishing up my Master’s in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Northwestern University (I’ll be graduating in June 2025!). I specialize in helping clients through all kinds of life stuff—family issues, relationships, self-esteem, grief, and big life changes like pregnancy and postpartum. I also support people dealing with anxiety, depression, or PTSD, especially when those challenges are tied to these life experiences. Let’s work together to get you feeling more like yourself!
(707) 949-0486 View (707) 949-0486
Photo of Jasna Smanja, LPCC, Counselor
Jasna Smanja
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92103
Entering therapy can be difficult and it is very important to find a therapist with whom you connect well. My goal in therapeutic relationship is to create a safe, non-judgmental environment to honor vulnerability required to make changes in one's life. My approach is collaborative. I believe everyone has a unique story and inherent wisdom. I hope to be able to help uncover that and assist with teaching necessary skills to cope and to make changes needed to get desired results.
Entering therapy can be difficult and it is very important to find a therapist with whom you connect well. My goal in therapeutic relationship is to create a safe, non-judgmental environment to honor vulnerability required to make changes in one's life. My approach is collaborative. I believe everyone has a unique story and inherent wisdom. I hope to be able to help uncover that and assist with teaching necessary skills to cope and to make changes needed to get desired results.
(858) 780-5061 View (858) 780-5061
Photo of Bar Zafrany, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Bar Zafrany
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Welcome to my page, and thank you for allowing me a few minutes of your time to introduce myself and my work! My name is Bar Zafrany, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. Throughout the years I have worked with a variety of individuals, ranging from substance abuse to Anxiety. No matter what background you come from, choosing to prioritize your mental health can be difficult, because so often we worry about sharing our inner dialogue with someone who is a total stranger. My goal is to change that. I use a collaborative approach to highlight your experiences and help navigate you through challenging situations!
Welcome to my page, and thank you for allowing me a few minutes of your time to introduce myself and my work! My name is Bar Zafrany, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. Throughout the years I have worked with a variety of individuals, ranging from substance abuse to Anxiety. No matter what background you come from, choosing to prioritize your mental health can be difficult, because so often we worry about sharing our inner dialogue with someone who is a total stranger. My goal is to change that. I use a collaborative approach to highlight your experiences and help navigate you through challenging situations!
(747) 529-7586 View (747) 529-7586
Photo of Barbara Petterson, MS, MA, LMFT, ATR, Marriage & Family Therapist
Barbara Petterson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
We are in challenging times with many unknowns. Perhaps you're struggling with depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship issues, or loss. Or you're dealing with chronic pain or trauma. Depth psychotherapy is one path to emotional wellness. If you are open to engaging in this process, I am here to help you to develop a deeper relationship with yourself and others, as well as a practice of personal inquiry. This can involve learning to notice and strengthen what works, let go of what doesn't, and find new behaviors and understandings. The results can include a greater sense of confidence, ease and effectiveness.
We are in challenging times with many unknowns. Perhaps you're struggling with depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship issues, or loss. Or you're dealing with chronic pain or trauma. Depth psychotherapy is one path to emotional wellness. If you are open to engaging in this process, I am here to help you to develop a deeper relationship with yourself and others, as well as a practice of personal inquiry. This can involve learning to notice and strengthen what works, let go of what doesn't, and find new behaviors and understandings. The results can include a greater sense of confidence, ease and effectiveness.
(510) 863-8980 View (510) 863-8980
Photo of Trish A Stanley - The Center for Couples Therapy, PsyD, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
The Center for Couples Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, MFT
Verified Verified
La Jolla, CA 92037
As a marriage and family psychotherapist for over 30 years, I am an experienced, eclectic clinician whose passion is helping couples become masters of their relationship and individuals become their best selves. Clients find me to be warm, active, engaged, and creative. I often use humor, metaphor, and therapeutic experiment to enliven sessions, and utilize tools for practice to support clients between sessions. I work to have each session build on the last and reach the client’s goals in timely and powerful ways. I am committed to having each person feel known, understood, supported and appreciated throughout the therapeutic process.
As a marriage and family psychotherapist for over 30 years, I am an experienced, eclectic clinician whose passion is helping couples become masters of their relationship and individuals become their best selves. Clients find me to be warm, active, engaged, and creative. I often use humor, metaphor, and therapeutic experiment to enliven sessions, and utilize tools for practice to support clients between sessions. I work to have each session build on the last and reach the client’s goals in timely and powerful ways. I am committed to having each person feel known, understood, supported and appreciated throughout the therapeutic process.
(858) 496-7681 x701 View (858) 496-7681 x701
Photo of John Charles Dosta - Morning Sun Therapy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Morning Sun Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Are you interested in self-exploration? Are you deeply curious about yourself, where you came from and how that may affect your thoughts and behaviors? If you think about these things, you have already begun your journey to greater self-knowledge and you are in the right place to continue that journey. Get to know yourself, protect and love yourself and grow. Using self-discovery as a foundational tool, together, we will connect the knowledge of self to presenting issues causing anxiety or depression. The key to healing is understanding the past. The focus of our relationship will be self-discovery, learning who YOU are.
Are you interested in self-exploration? Are you deeply curious about yourself, where you came from and how that may affect your thoughts and behaviors? If you think about these things, you have already begun your journey to greater self-knowledge and you are in the right place to continue that journey. Get to know yourself, protect and love yourself and grow. Using self-discovery as a foundational tool, together, we will connect the knowledge of self to presenting issues causing anxiety or depression. The key to healing is understanding the past. The focus of our relationship will be self-discovery, learning who YOU are.
(562) 451-4865 View (562) 451-4865
Photo of Meghan Mirabal, AMFT , Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Meghan Mirabal
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Healing is possible, messy, beautiful, complicated, and worth it. Take the time to learn about yourself, become curious, and process moments in life that have been challenging while discovering new skills and information on how to take care of yourself.
Healing is possible, messy, beautiful, complicated, and worth it. Take the time to learn about yourself, become curious, and process moments in life that have been challenging while discovering new skills and information on how to take care of yourself.
(657) 297-4154 View (657) 297-4154
Photo of Brittny McCarthy, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Brittny McCarthy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
It takes courage to discover personal insight, to address current challenges, and/or to heal past wounds. And, we arrive to therapy for various reasons. Sometimes, we come as individuals, sometimes as a couple or a family. Together, we address your goals so that you can gain a better understanding of what may need to transform in order to live your best life-- whether it's a life transition, such as divorce or career change, the desire for different coping skills, addressing compulsions or addictions, experiencing loss and moving through the grief process, identifying a sense of purpose, or making sense of a traumatic experience.
It takes courage to discover personal insight, to address current challenges, and/or to heal past wounds. And, we arrive to therapy for various reasons. Sometimes, we come as individuals, sometimes as a couple or a family. Together, we address your goals so that you can gain a better understanding of what may need to transform in order to live your best life-- whether it's a life transition, such as divorce or career change, the desire for different coping skills, addressing compulsions or addictions, experiencing loss and moving through the grief process, identifying a sense of purpose, or making sense of a traumatic experience.
(310) 254-9361 View (310) 254-9361
Photo of Becky Parrinella, MS, LPCC, LPC, Counselor
Becky Parrinella
Counselor, MS, LPCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Napa, CA 94559
Not accepting new clients
My role as a professional counselor is to help clients navigate life's challenges. This may include dealing with abuses from the past, coping with a difficult medical diagnosis, or facing challenging life transitions such as moving into adulthood, children leaving "the nest", or death of a loved one. I have a special interest in helping support caregivers, grief and loss, and supporting clients dealing with cancer. I also enjoy working with clients from the military community, active duty, veterans and spouses.
My role as a professional counselor is to help clients navigate life's challenges. This may include dealing with abuses from the past, coping with a difficult medical diagnosis, or facing challenging life transitions such as moving into adulthood, children leaving "the nest", or death of a loved one. I have a special interest in helping support caregivers, grief and loss, and supporting clients dealing with cancer. I also enjoy working with clients from the military community, active duty, veterans and spouses.
(833) 436-5298 View (833) 436-5298
Photo of Briana Ferron, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Briana Ferron
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90042
Are you craving change, but feel stuck? Fear of change is like quicksand that feels impossible to get out of. Together, we will explore old patterns & help you break free from them to build a better relationship with yourself, & with others. By addressing your fears & building on your strengths, we’ll work towards creating a future where you not only overcome obstacles but also truly savor the pleasures life has to offer. You are ready to do the work, & I am simply behind you with a lantern, helping you find your own path in life. Let's unlock your potential.
Are you craving change, but feel stuck? Fear of change is like quicksand that feels impossible to get out of. Together, we will explore old patterns & help you break free from them to build a better relationship with yourself, & with others. By addressing your fears & building on your strengths, we’ll work towards creating a future where you not only overcome obstacles but also truly savor the pleasures life has to offer. You are ready to do the work, & I am simply behind you with a lantern, helping you find your own path in life. Let's unlock your potential.
(747) 223-6411 View (747) 223-6411
Photo of Sofia Fani Mossa, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sofia Fani Mossa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Yorba Linda, CA 92886
Are you a caregiver of a loved one diagnosed with dementia? Are you going through multicultural family and relationship dynamics? Are you seeking support and guidance in your foster care or adoption journey? With my 18 years of experience with these considerations, I bring positive, genuine and sincere support to my clinical practice. My goal in therapy is to provide a safe, trusting and supportive space where together we can bring awareness, identify solutions and create balance in your life.
Are you a caregiver of a loved one diagnosed with dementia? Are you going through multicultural family and relationship dynamics? Are you seeking support and guidance in your foster care or adoption journey? With my 18 years of experience with these considerations, I bring positive, genuine and sincere support to my clinical practice. My goal in therapy is to provide a safe, trusting and supportive space where together we can bring awareness, identify solutions and create balance in your life.
(714) 497-1969 View (714) 497-1969
Photo of Genevieve Fulton, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Genevieve Fulton
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94040  (Online Only)
I am authentic, transparent, and hold non-judgmental awareness to help my clients establish safety in sessions. Using a strengths-based approach, I empower my clients to make real, lasting changes in order to increase their resilience and hope for their future. I have special training in brain injuries and accidents/falls as a trauma specialist. Generally, I seek to find ways to increase the mind-body connection in order to help my clients heal their past emotional wounds.
I am authentic, transparent, and hold non-judgmental awareness to help my clients establish safety in sessions. Using a strengths-based approach, I empower my clients to make real, lasting changes in order to increase their resilience and hope for their future. I have special training in brain injuries and accidents/falls as a trauma specialist. Generally, I seek to find ways to increase the mind-body connection in order to help my clients heal their past emotional wounds.
(415) 991-1402 View (415) 991-1402
Photo of Sue De Santo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sue De Santo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
La Jolla, CA 92037
Have you ever felt like you were busy doing all the things you thought would bring you a happy life, yet felt alone and disconnected from yourself and others? These feelings are often when people turn to alcohol, drugs, food, shopping or relationships to try to create those feelings of happiness, contentment and joy. It can work for a short time however the key to moving forward is to understand the reasons we seek out these distractions.
Have you ever felt like you were busy doing all the things you thought would bring you a happy life, yet felt alone and disconnected from yourself and others? These feelings are often when people turn to alcohol, drugs, food, shopping or relationships to try to create those feelings of happiness, contentment and joy. It can work for a short time however the key to moving forward is to understand the reasons we seek out these distractions.
(442) 203-6695 View (442) 203-6695
Photo of Claudio A Selame, PhD, Psychologist
Claudio A Selame
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Newbury Park, CA 91320
Some are burdened with a sense of disconnection from others. Many come to believe that they are isolated without hope. Joining the tapestry of humanity, learning about the beloved, and understanding the language of relationships are some of the benefits of insight oriented psychotherapy. Often depression, anxiety and fears, loneliness and even psychosis begin with isolation.This isolation is made intolerable by disappointments and trauma. Self-knowledge is the beginning of healing. From self knowledge comes self-control, humility, and a sense of purpose. The staff at New Dawn Psychology Center strives to help you overcome life's trials and tribulations.
Some are burdened with a sense of disconnection from others. Many come to believe that they are isolated without hope. Joining the tapestry of humanity, learning about the beloved, and understanding the language of relationships are some of the benefits of insight oriented psychotherapy. Often depression, anxiety and fears, loneliness and even psychosis begin with isolation.This isolation is made intolerable by disappointments and trauma. Self-knowledge is the beginning of healing. From self knowledge comes self-control, humility, and a sense of purpose. The staff at New Dawn Psychology Center strives to help you overcome life's trials and tribulations.
(805) 322-8135 View (805) 322-8135
Photo of Rina Schul, PhD, Psychologist
Rina Schul
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92121
You are so tired of not feeling well, but hesitate to contact a therapist: Can I trust a stranger? Can anybody really help me? On the face of it, you function well in life, but deep inside you feel you don't actually “show up,” or you don't fully “belong.” It is as if your real authentic self is hiding, sensing that “being you” might not be safe enough. Aspects of your life story might explain why you feel uncomfortable, why you feel different than others, or why you are down or anxious. I would love to help you explore such issues in therapy, and work with you on improving your daily life experience.
You are so tired of not feeling well, but hesitate to contact a therapist: Can I trust a stranger? Can anybody really help me? On the face of it, you function well in life, but deep inside you feel you don't actually “show up,” or you don't fully “belong.” It is as if your real authentic self is hiding, sensing that “being you” might not be safe enough. Aspects of your life story might explain why you feel uncomfortable, why you feel different than others, or why you are down or anxious. I would love to help you explore such issues in therapy, and work with you on improving your daily life experience.
(619) 658-6091 View (619) 658-6091
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How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in California who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
72% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
64% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Aetna
61% Cigna and Evernorth
56% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in California see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in California?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.