Therapists in Minnesota

View cities and counties in Minnesota
Photo of Alison L Rusk - HEAL Whole Health Therapy, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
HEAL Whole Health Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Alexandria, MN 56308
I believe the mind and body have an inherent ability to heal, but we often experience many variables that get in the way. I enjoy working with clients who have struggled to find success in improving their overall health & mental health, have experienced various forms of trauma, high stress and relationship issues. I work with individuals, couples and families ages 14+. Through various trainings, educational and professional experiences, therapy is uniquely tailored to the needs of my clients. Brainspotting, DBT, Prepare/enrich, Gottman and EMDR are examples of modalities that may be used to fit a client's specific needs and goals.
I believe the mind and body have an inherent ability to heal, but we often experience many variables that get in the way. I enjoy working with clients who have struggled to find success in improving their overall health & mental health, have experienced various forms of trauma, high stress and relationship issues. I work with individuals, couples and families ages 14+. Through various trainings, educational and professional experiences, therapy is uniquely tailored to the needs of my clients. Brainspotting, DBT, Prepare/enrich, Gottman and EMDR are examples of modalities that may be used to fit a client's specific needs and goals.
(320) 233-5843 View (320) 233-5843
Photo of Justin Julson, MA, LADC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Justin Julson
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I work with adolescents and adults needing support in addressing existential concerns, life transitions, relational issues, anxiety, depression, substance use issues, self-esteem, and trauma. I am person-centered and utilize psychodynamic therapy, emotional processing, mindfulness and attachment-based therapy to support you in your healing journey.
I work with adolescents and adults needing support in addressing existential concerns, life transitions, relational issues, anxiety, depression, substance use issues, self-esteem, and trauma. I am person-centered and utilize psychodynamic therapy, emotional processing, mindfulness and attachment-based therapy to support you in your healing journey.
(651) 615-5462 View (651) 615-5462
Photo of Holli Engelhart, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Holli Engelhart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edina, MN 55439
Trauma and adverse experiences come out in different ways. Are you asking yourself “why do I keep doing this?” Do you question if you are "the problem?" Sometimes it feels like you have no one to talk to. You have BIG feelings and may even cry when you’re alone, but hide these emotions from others. You’re just expected to be strong and not show emotion. You are tired. But you can’t slow down for fear of what may happen if painful memories overwhelm you. Maybe you're starting to realize you’re using not so healthy ways to deal. Traumas, stress, pain, anger…they don’t need to define you.
Trauma and adverse experiences come out in different ways. Are you asking yourself “why do I keep doing this?” Do you question if you are "the problem?" Sometimes it feels like you have no one to talk to. You have BIG feelings and may even cry when you’re alone, but hide these emotions from others. You’re just expected to be strong and not show emotion. You are tired. But you can’t slow down for fear of what may happen if painful memories overwhelm you. Maybe you're starting to realize you’re using not so healthy ways to deal. Traumas, stress, pain, anger…they don’t need to define you.
(651) 419-5163 View (651) 419-5163
Photo of Michael J Greenberg, PhD, Psychologist
Michael J Greenberg
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Wayzata, MN 55391  (Online Only)
I specialize in Rumination-Focused ERP for OCD. This approach to ERP focuses on treating compulsive rumination, and provides a highly systematic yet gentler approach to exposure therapy. RF-ERP can be helpful to patients who have not made significant progress in other types of treatment, including individuals with Pure O or Sensorimotor OCD.
I specialize in Rumination-Focused ERP for OCD. This approach to ERP focuses on treating compulsive rumination, and provides a highly systematic yet gentler approach to exposure therapy. RF-ERP can be helpful to patients who have not made significant progress in other types of treatment, including individuals with Pure O or Sensorimotor OCD.
(844) 831-7089 View (844) 831-7089
Photo of Adriana Quadhamer, MSE, Pre-Licensed Professional
Adriana Quadhamer
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSE
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Two Harbors, MN 55616
Committing to time for your mental health or that of your family is a big step that shows strength and the beginning of a wonderful journey to change. I understand that it can be vulnerable and scary, which is why we will work at your pace and find solutions that make sense to you. This is YOUR journey, and I am along for the ride as a supportive guide, whether it is for you, your child, or your family. I chose to seek a career in mental health after 10 years of experience in the education field. Children and families need therapists who understand them and can help manage the ups and downs of changes in their lives.
Committing to time for your mental health or that of your family is a big step that shows strength and the beginning of a wonderful journey to change. I understand that it can be vulnerable and scary, which is why we will work at your pace and find solutions that make sense to you. This is YOUR journey, and I am along for the ride as a supportive guide, whether it is for you, your child, or your family. I chose to seek a career in mental health after 10 years of experience in the education field. Children and families need therapists who understand them and can help manage the ups and downs of changes in their lives.
(218) 514-6484 View (218) 514-6484
Photo of Loren Bergstedt, LPCC, LADC, Counselor
Loren Bergstedt
Counselor, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
Champlin, MN 55316
Not accepting new clients
Fear, doubt, and pain can sometimes keep us from realizing our potential and achieving our goals. Although we may sometimes need a little help to access the tools we need during a challenging time, each of us has the ability to overcome these obstacles. With courage, hope, patience, and a new perspective, we can get moving in the right direction again. Loren's clients value his authentic, supportive, and humorous style. Meetings are characterized as encouraging, engaging, and insightful as he creates a positive and safe environment to make lasting changes.
Fear, doubt, and pain can sometimes keep us from realizing our potential and achieving our goals. Although we may sometimes need a little help to access the tools we need during a challenging time, each of us has the ability to overcome these obstacles. With courage, hope, patience, and a new perspective, we can get moving in the right direction again. Loren's clients value his authentic, supportive, and humorous style. Meetings are characterized as encouraging, engaging, and insightful as he creates a positive and safe environment to make lasting changes.
(612) 255-9536 View (612) 255-9536
Photo of Emma Brandon, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Emma Brandon
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Maple Grove, MN 55369
Looking for a therapist for a child in your home? Feeling overwhelmed with family stressors? I might be the right fit for you. I'm a Master's level therapist that specializes in pediatrics (ages 0-21) but also loves to work with adults in all stages of life. I have experience working with adults and youth around traumatic experiences such as abuse, loss, attachment disruptions, and/or foster care placements.
Looking for a therapist for a child in your home? Feeling overwhelmed with family stressors? I might be the right fit for you. I'm a Master's level therapist that specializes in pediatrics (ages 0-21) but also loves to work with adults in all stages of life. I have experience working with adults and youth around traumatic experiences such as abuse, loss, attachment disruptions, and/or foster care placements.
(763) 265-6397 View (763) 265-6397
Photo of Ben Coleman - Beacon Mental Health Counseling LLC, LPCC
Beacon Mental Health Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Blaine, MN 55434
Beacon Mental Health Counseling offers outpatient mental health counseling for individuals, couples, and families. We work with a wide range of clients, including children (age 6 and up), teens, and adults. We are here to help with whatever goals you might be working towards in you journey towards mental wellness. We have experience working with a variety of presenting concerns, including anxiety, depression, trauma, personality disorders, parenting concerns, OCD, and more.
Beacon Mental Health Counseling offers outpatient mental health counseling for individuals, couples, and families. We work with a wide range of clients, including children (age 6 and up), teens, and adults. We are here to help with whatever goals you might be working towards in you journey towards mental wellness. We have experience working with a variety of presenting concerns, including anxiety, depression, trauma, personality disorders, parenting concerns, OCD, and more.
(651) 615-8870 View (651) 615-8870
Photo of Gail M. Yost, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Gail M. Yost
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
It is an amazing feeling when you feel heard and understood. Knowing your story will be held with great care and compassion only adds to feeling emotionally safe. Would you like to have that feeling? No longer feeling emotionally exhausted or being held back by anxiety, depression, or a disturbing experience. Let's explore new possibilities. If you are ready for change, give me a call. During this pandemic and beyond, Gail Yost and Associates is now offering telehealth/virtual visits for your convenience and care. We understand that times like this can be challenging on many levels and want to be sure that you feel supported.
It is an amazing feeling when you feel heard and understood. Knowing your story will be held with great care and compassion only adds to feeling emotionally safe. Would you like to have that feeling? No longer feeling emotionally exhausted or being held back by anxiety, depression, or a disturbing experience. Let's explore new possibilities. If you are ready for change, give me a call. During this pandemic and beyond, Gail Yost and Associates is now offering telehealth/virtual visits for your convenience and care. We understand that times like this can be challenging on many levels and want to be sure that you feel supported.
(651) 433-6353 View (651) 433-6353
Photo of Stefanie P Hofman, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Stefanie P Hofman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Golden Valley, MN 55426
Stefanie Hofman MA, LMFT is a seasoned professional therapist specializing in matters that sometimes make others uncomfortable. Whether it's trauma, sexuality, relationships, or personal angst, Stefanie uses a variety of therapeutic approaches, depending on client interest and need. She will meet the client where they are at and provides a safe space to explore themes that cause distress or dysfunction. Therapy can be difficult and at first, can feel embarrassing. Stefanie's specialty is assisting people with facing the challenges that prevent them from living life to the fullest in a warm and accepting environment.
Stefanie Hofman MA, LMFT is a seasoned professional therapist specializing in matters that sometimes make others uncomfortable. Whether it's trauma, sexuality, relationships, or personal angst, Stefanie uses a variety of therapeutic approaches, depending on client interest and need. She will meet the client where they are at and provides a safe space to explore themes that cause distress or dysfunction. Therapy can be difficult and at first, can feel embarrassing. Stefanie's specialty is assisting people with facing the challenges that prevent them from living life to the fullest in a warm and accepting environment.
(651) 615-8314 View (651) 615-8314
Photo of Ashley Bradt, LPCC, LADC
Ashley Bradt
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Isanti, MN 55040  (Online Only)
Welcome! I’m Ashley, a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC), and a Licensed Alcohol & Drug Counselor (LADC). I enjoy working alongside individuals and couples as they navigate through the ride of life. I have knowledge and training in both the mental health and substance use worlds. I commonly use mindfulness practices, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Strengths Based Therapy to help assist individuals in meeting their personal goals. Taking the leap into counseling can be uncomfortable and a bit anxiety-provoking. I value creating a safe and welcoming space for all who enter.
Welcome! I’m Ashley, a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC), and a Licensed Alcohol & Drug Counselor (LADC). I enjoy working alongside individuals and couples as they navigate through the ride of life. I have knowledge and training in both the mental health and substance use worlds. I commonly use mindfulness practices, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Strengths Based Therapy to help assist individuals in meeting their personal goals. Taking the leap into counseling can be uncomfortable and a bit anxiety-provoking. I value creating a safe and welcoming space for all who enter.
(763) 373-5321 View (763) 373-5321
Photo of Jason D'Amour, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Jason D'Amour
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Glencoe, MN 55336
My counseling philosophy seeks to find the root of issues, rather than only focusing on managing surface-level symptoms. I incorporate positive psychology, Attachment theory, Family Systems, and Jungian analysis- including a focus on Personality Types, as identified by the Myers-Briggs (MBTI). I believe change occurs in therapy when the client is able to identify the things that are holding them back or distracting them from finding fulfillment in developing their true self. My work as a therapist is to partner with you on your journey toward wholeness as a safe, consistent, trustworthy listener and helper.
My counseling philosophy seeks to find the root of issues, rather than only focusing on managing surface-level symptoms. I incorporate positive psychology, Attachment theory, Family Systems, and Jungian analysis- including a focus on Personality Types, as identified by the Myers-Briggs (MBTI). I believe change occurs in therapy when the client is able to identify the things that are holding them back or distracting them from finding fulfillment in developing their true self. My work as a therapist is to partner with you on your journey toward wholeness as a safe, consistent, trustworthy listener and helper.
(320) 403-9319 View (320) 403-9319
Photo of LaShawn Goss-Love, LMFT, RPT, Marriage & Family Therapist
LaShawn Goss-Love
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RPT
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
For me, it’s all about relationships and community. Parents and their children - kids and their parents, and their siblings. People and coworkers, and neighbors, and folks from church, and everybody else they interact with on a frequent basis. These relationships help us get by when things are challenging - and when these relationships become challenging they can throw everything off balance.
For me, it’s all about relationships and community. Parents and their children - kids and their parents, and their siblings. People and coworkers, and neighbors, and folks from church, and everybody else they interact with on a frequent basis. These relationships help us get by when things are challenging - and when these relationships become challenging they can throw everything off balance.
(651) 321-1515 View (651) 321-1515
Photo of Ellen Richmond, LPCC, Counselor
Ellen Richmond
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, MN 55431  (Online Only)
Do you often find yourself stuck in a mindset that doesn't seem to be working for you - one that's critical, repetitive, and overwhelming? Does it feel like stressful events from your past never go away, no matter how hard you try to move past them? Perhaps you feel exhausted from poor focus, issues with trusting, distressing emotions, or a general lack of meaning in life. It seems like everyone else has it together, but you are starting to lose hope that things can get better. You are looking for someone to help you find a sense of balance and move toward the life you desire.
Do you often find yourself stuck in a mindset that doesn't seem to be working for you - one that's critical, repetitive, and overwhelming? Does it feel like stressful events from your past never go away, no matter how hard you try to move past them? Perhaps you feel exhausted from poor focus, issues with trusting, distressing emotions, or a general lack of meaning in life. It seems like everyone else has it together, but you are starting to lose hope that things can get better. You are looking for someone to help you find a sense of balance and move toward the life you desire.
(952) 260-4876 View (952) 260-4876
Photo of Dr. Joan Chemarum, PsyD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Dr. Joan Chemarum
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Elmo, MN 55042
There is a person behind that problem who desires to experience a more meaningful, satisfactory, and purposeful life despite past or current life experiences and challenges. I believe this goal can be achieved through a safe and non-judgmental space where I will listen to understand, acknowledge your strengths and experiences, support, empower, and collaborate with you during your recovery journey. It is my great and humble desire to provide my clients from diverse backgrounds with evidence-based interventions that reflect their interests, values, culture, and needs.
There is a person behind that problem who desires to experience a more meaningful, satisfactory, and purposeful life despite past or current life experiences and challenges. I believe this goal can be achieved through a safe and non-judgmental space where I will listen to understand, acknowledge your strengths and experiences, support, empower, and collaborate with you during your recovery journey. It is my great and humble desire to provide my clients from diverse backgrounds with evidence-based interventions that reflect their interests, values, culture, and needs.
(651) 427-1595 View (651) 427-1595
Photo of Hannah Aase, MA, LMFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Hannah Aase
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Hopkins, MN 55343
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Minnesota. I enjoy working with teens, adults, and LGBTQIA individuals. My therapeutic approach is rooted in compassion, empathy, and humor. In my office, I work on building an authentic, non-judgmental, and compassionate relationship with individuals, so they feel safe and comfortable to share.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Minnesota. I enjoy working with teens, adults, and LGBTQIA individuals. My therapeutic approach is rooted in compassion, empathy, and humor. In my office, I work on building an authentic, non-judgmental, and compassionate relationship with individuals, so they feel safe and comfortable to share.
(651) 427-4648 View (651) 427-4648
Photo of Wilson Kuhn, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Wilson Kuhn
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
You're feeling tired, anxious, or hopeless. Life has become more than you can handle alone, I'm here for you. My approach to counseling is centered around the relationship between the therapist and the client. You are the expert on your life, and I'm happy to join with you as you navigate it. I bring empathy, honesty, and acceptance to my practice and believe every individual is capable of joy, peace, and change. I am a down-to-earth provider and address a wide range of concerns, including Anxiety, Depression, Autism Spectrum Disorder, family dynamics, academic challenges, stress, self-esteem, communication, and relationships.
You're feeling tired, anxious, or hopeless. Life has become more than you can handle alone, I'm here for you. My approach to counseling is centered around the relationship between the therapist and the client. You are the expert on your life, and I'm happy to join with you as you navigate it. I bring empathy, honesty, and acceptance to my practice and believe every individual is capable of joy, peace, and change. I am a down-to-earth provider and address a wide range of concerns, including Anxiety, Depression, Autism Spectrum Disorder, family dynamics, academic challenges, stress, self-esteem, communication, and relationships.
(651) 409-5618 View (651) 409-5618
Photo of Kristy L Heidenreich, MSEd, LPC-IT, (WI), Counselor
Kristy L Heidenreich
Counselor, MSEd, LPC-IT, (WI)
Verified Verified
Duluth, MN 55802
Our world is complex and navigating it can feel overwhelming. The only constant is change and sometimes it can be hard to know what’s next. Is it any surprise that we sometimes get stuck? I work with couples, individuals, and families and help them work through difficult times by creating new paths.
Our world is complex and navigating it can feel overwhelming. The only constant is change and sometimes it can be hard to know what’s next. Is it any surprise that we sometimes get stuck? I work with couples, individuals, and families and help them work through difficult times by creating new paths.
(218) 558-0127 View (218) 558-0127
Photo of Dr. Rachel DuPaul, PhD, LP, Psychologist
Dr. Rachel DuPaul
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
14 Endorsed
Coon Rapids, MN 55448
Let’s be honest – life is moving faster and getting more stressful by the minute. The thought of finding the time or motivation to do anything about it, though, is a funny joke. So the cycle continues: you keep going to the same job, staying in the same relationship, and putting up with others' expectations. You're stressed, frustrated, and depressed. You find that your thoughts are distracting you, your body is tense, and you snap at everyone and everything. You can't even catch a decent night's sleep! You sometimes even argue with yourself because you "should" be happy with everything you have. So what gives?
Let’s be honest – life is moving faster and getting more stressful by the minute. The thought of finding the time or motivation to do anything about it, though, is a funny joke. So the cycle continues: you keep going to the same job, staying in the same relationship, and putting up with others' expectations. You're stressed, frustrated, and depressed. You find that your thoughts are distracting you, your body is tense, and you snap at everyone and everything. You can't even catch a decent night's sleep! You sometimes even argue with yourself because you "should" be happy with everything you have. So what gives?
(763) 296-3055 View (763) 296-3055
Photo of Jessica Marie Van Berkum, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jessica Marie Van Berkum
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Waitlist for new clients
Hello! My name is Jessica Van Berkum, MA, LMFT. My pronouns are she/her. I am excited to connect with you! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I am LGBTQ+ and BIPOC affirming. I work with a variety of client including individuals, couples, and families. I work with clients ages 6 and up.
Hello! My name is Jessica Van Berkum, MA, LMFT. My pronouns are she/her. I am excited to connect with you! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I am LGBTQ+ and BIPOC affirming. I work with a variety of client including individuals, couples, and families. I work with clients ages 6 and up.
(651) 615-5374 View (651) 615-5374
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How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Minnesota who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
70% UCare

How Therapists in Minnesota see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Minnesota?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.