Therapists in Simi Valley, CA

Photo of Deborah L Winters, LPCC, Counselor
Deborah L Winters
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Simi Valley, CA 93065
My goal is to help guide those that have lost their way, to help them build or rebuild the relationship with themselves that will allow them to make better choices. To help change negative thoughts to positive and to learn that they deserve to walk through the journey of life happy, fulfilled, and with their head held high. My job is to hold the light and lead the way to insight and self-love.
My goal is to help guide those that have lost their way, to help them build or rebuild the relationship with themselves that will allow them to make better choices. To help change negative thoughts to positive and to learn that they deserve to walk through the journey of life happy, fulfilled, and with their head held high. My job is to hold the light and lead the way to insight and self-love.
(818) 962-6861 View (818) 962-6861
Photo of Bella Boas, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Bella Boas
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Simi Valley, CA 93063
My name is Bella Boas, LMFT. I meet you exactly where you are and work with you to determine the optimal tools to reach your goals. I will create a safe space where you can authentically show up with no judgment, shame, or guilt. Equipping clients with tools and education in combination with the process is empowering. I am passionate about working with motivated, dedicated teens, individuals, couples, and marriages who are pursuing health. I have an eclectic approach grounded in Person-Centered and Gestalt. Brainspotting is a powerful and effective tool for working with trauma and overall efficient processing.
My name is Bella Boas, LMFT. I meet you exactly where you are and work with you to determine the optimal tools to reach your goals. I will create a safe space where you can authentically show up with no judgment, shame, or guilt. Equipping clients with tools and education in combination with the process is empowering. I am passionate about working with motivated, dedicated teens, individuals, couples, and marriages who are pursuing health. I have an eclectic approach grounded in Person-Centered and Gestalt. Brainspotting is a powerful and effective tool for working with trauma and overall efficient processing.
(805) 600-3821 View (805) 600-3821
Photo of Elizabeth Hope Sorenson, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Elizabeth Hope Sorenson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Simi Valley, CA 93065  (Online Only)
I am committed to guiding my clients through barriers that hinder or impede upon thier inner peace. Trauma-informed treatment aims to equip the client with an experience that increases their ability to trust themselves, others, and the world around them. I am EMDR Certified and DBT Trained. These modalities compliment the therapeutic alliance and are aimed at outcomes that work to see, affirm, and celebrate you as a whole person. You deserve to experience life without carrying all of the weight of what has happened to you. I look forward to working together to find, explore, and safeguard what makes life meaningful to you.
I am committed to guiding my clients through barriers that hinder or impede upon thier inner peace. Trauma-informed treatment aims to equip the client with an experience that increases their ability to trust themselves, others, and the world around them. I am EMDR Certified and DBT Trained. These modalities compliment the therapeutic alliance and are aimed at outcomes that work to see, affirm, and celebrate you as a whole person. You deserve to experience life without carrying all of the weight of what has happened to you. I look forward to working together to find, explore, and safeguard what makes life meaningful to you.
(661) 215-8212 View (661) 215-8212
Photo of Jennifer Gigena, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jennifer Gigena
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Simi Valley, CA 93063
My name is Jennifer Gigena. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, my focus is to foster an environment for individuals who are encountering challenges with various issues. My areas of focus include life transitions, complex trauma, PTSD, depression, anxiety, grief, and relationship conflict. Our work together will be built on a solid foundation of trust, compassion, and respect. Harnessing the fear of what lies ahead with the curiosity that has brought you here today will guide us toward ending painful patterns, extinguishing thoughts of self-doubt, and creating the life that you want.
My name is Jennifer Gigena. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, my focus is to foster an environment for individuals who are encountering challenges with various issues. My areas of focus include life transitions, complex trauma, PTSD, depression, anxiety, grief, and relationship conflict. Our work together will be built on a solid foundation of trust, compassion, and respect. Harnessing the fear of what lies ahead with the curiosity that has brought you here today will guide us toward ending painful patterns, extinguishing thoughts of self-doubt, and creating the life that you want.
(805) 977-5514 View (805) 977-5514
Photo of Jeffrey Aaron Spike - Spike The Psych, MA, LEP, #3394, CCTMHP
Spike The Psych
Licensed Educational Psychologist, MA, LEP, #3394, CCTMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Simi Valley, CA 93065
Hi, I'm Jeffrey Spike, AKA Spike the Psych. Unlike several mental health providers and ADHD coaches who overcharge, I'm certified, I charge less, and I'm excellent at what I do. I've been a licensed educational psychologist since 2012, I started my career as a School Psychologist in 2005. I won the LA Association of School Psychologists Outstanding Psychologist of the Year award. With 20 years of experience, I have successfully evaluated and counseled people (kids and adults) with Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, emotional and behavior difficulties; I give them the help they deserve for success. My services are in office or virtual (online).
Hi, I'm Jeffrey Spike, AKA Spike the Psych. Unlike several mental health providers and ADHD coaches who overcharge, I'm certified, I charge less, and I'm excellent at what I do. I've been a licensed educational psychologist since 2012, I started my career as a School Psychologist in 2005. I won the LA Association of School Psychologists Outstanding Psychologist of the Year award. With 20 years of experience, I have successfully evaluated and counseled people (kids and adults) with Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, emotional and behavior difficulties; I give them the help they deserve for success. My services are in office or virtual (online).
(747) 203-0768 View (747) 203-0768
Photo of Patricia VanBuskirk, MFT, CYT-E, Marriage & Family Therapist
Patricia VanBuskirk
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, CYT-E
Verified Verified
Simi Valley, CA 93063
If you are feeling unfulfilled, stuck, anxious, sad or resentful, or if you find yourself continuing to react to external events in a pattern which does not bring you (or those around you) peace and harmony, the practice of Mindfulness can help reduce your habitual patterns of reactivity and guide you to a more harmonious and peaceful life. We will examine your present needs and personal goals, and together we will determine the best course of action. I highly respect your integrity and belief system, and we will work together to uncover the wisdom that lies within you.
If you are feeling unfulfilled, stuck, anxious, sad or resentful, or if you find yourself continuing to react to external events in a pattern which does not bring you (or those around you) peace and harmony, the practice of Mindfulness can help reduce your habitual patterns of reactivity and guide you to a more harmonious and peaceful life. We will examine your present needs and personal goals, and together we will determine the best course of action. I highly respect your integrity and belief system, and we will work together to uncover the wisdom that lies within you.
(805) 285-3923 View (805) 285-3923
Photo of Heather J Miles, PsyD, LEP
Heather J Miles
PsyD, LEP
Verified Verified
Simi Valley, CA 93063
I'm a Licensed Educational Therapist who works with clients searching for educational and vocational evaluations and support. I have worked in education for the past 27 years and have experience working with students, school districts and families. As a school psychologist I have assessed and provided counseling for students with disabilities ranging from Autism, Learning Disabilities, Emotional Disturbance and those struggling with attention and focus.
I'm a Licensed Educational Therapist who works with clients searching for educational and vocational evaluations and support. I have worked in education for the past 27 years and have experience working with students, school districts and families. As a school psychologist I have assessed and provided counseling for students with disabilities ranging from Autism, Learning Disabilities, Emotional Disturbance and those struggling with attention and focus.
(805) 360-4702 View (805) 360-4702
Photo of Carrie Castañeda-Sound, PhD, Psychologist
Carrie Castañeda-Sound
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Simi Valley, CA 93065  (Online Only)
I am the owner of Liberation Therapy and Wellness, where I work with people who are seeking support for a variety of reasons. Often people come to therapy because of a nagging feeling that something is "off" in their life, or a friend or loved one recommends therapy. I can help if you want to deal with uncomfortable feelings, or improve your confidence, self-esteem, and how you interact with others. Sometimes my clients are adjusting to life transitions, grieving, figuring out how to balance multiple demands from family, work, school or romantic relationships, or they are exploring their identities.
I am the owner of Liberation Therapy and Wellness, where I work with people who are seeking support for a variety of reasons. Often people come to therapy because of a nagging feeling that something is "off" in their life, or a friend or loved one recommends therapy. I can help if you want to deal with uncomfortable feelings, or improve your confidence, self-esteem, and how you interact with others. Sometimes my clients are adjusting to life transitions, grieving, figuring out how to balance multiple demands from family, work, school or romantic relationships, or they are exploring their identities.
(805) 394-2780 View (805) 394-2780
Photo of Hailey Hurst, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Hailey Hurst
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Simi Valley, CA 93063
You’ve lost touch with the person you’ve wanted to become and are wondering if you will ever be able to reach your full potential. Maybe you’re feeling overwhelmed more than you used to, life doesn’t have the same vibrance as it once did. Everyday is feeling like a challenge, things like getting out of bed in the morning have become a drain on your willpower. There is hope. These painful symptoms can be a way of our body telling us there is something that needs to be addressed inside ourselves. I am here to help you explore your inner world and gain the confidence and vision you desire to move forward.
You’ve lost touch with the person you’ve wanted to become and are wondering if you will ever be able to reach your full potential. Maybe you’re feeling overwhelmed more than you used to, life doesn’t have the same vibrance as it once did. Everyday is feeling like a challenge, things like getting out of bed in the morning have become a drain on your willpower. There is hope. These painful symptoms can be a way of our body telling us there is something that needs to be addressed inside ourselves. I am here to help you explore your inner world and gain the confidence and vision you desire to move forward.
(805) 422-7256 x13 View (805) 422-7256 x13
Photo of Angela DeVita, PhD, LMFT, ATR, Marriage & Family Therapist
Angela DeVita
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Simi Valley, CA 93062  (Online Only)
What might it be like to live with more aliveness, connection, and a stronger sense of purpose and meaning in your life? I’d like to help you co-créate this and shift the obstacles that may have been getting in the way so that your life can continue to unfold in a beautiful, more expansive and connected way.
What might it be like to live with more aliveness, connection, and a stronger sense of purpose and meaning in your life? I’d like to help you co-créate this and shift the obstacles that may have been getting in the way so that your life can continue to unfold in a beautiful, more expansive and connected way.
(805) 467-6810 View (805) 467-6810
Photo of Alexis Lopez, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alexis Lopez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Simi Valley, CA 93065  (Online Only)
Welcome and thank you for considering me as your therapist. I enjoy working with individuals that experience struggles with anxiety, depression, difficulty adjusting to life, work, or school transitions, and are maybe even the first in their family’s history to recognize unhealthy family patterns that cause them to feel pain, shame, or broken. I view therapy as a collaborative journey and I passionately value working with individuals that are ready to make a commitment to their healing journey towards self-discovery and growth.
Welcome and thank you for considering me as your therapist. I enjoy working with individuals that experience struggles with anxiety, depression, difficulty adjusting to life, work, or school transitions, and are maybe even the first in their family’s history to recognize unhealthy family patterns that cause them to feel pain, shame, or broken. I view therapy as a collaborative journey and I passionately value working with individuals that are ready to make a commitment to their healing journey towards self-discovery and growth.
(805) 635-0770 View (805) 635-0770
Photo of Robert Ford, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Robert Ford
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Simi Valley, CA 93063
You truly deserve to live a life that has you excited to wake up every morning. I believe everyone should be in pursuit of happiness and sometimes we get stuck. You may be living a life that leaves you unfulfilled, you may be having struggling building long lasting relationships or maintaining them, you may be a parent looking for support and guidance for you child. Whatever you are going through I believe that it can be resolved so that you can live life on your terms.
You truly deserve to live a life that has you excited to wake up every morning. I believe everyone should be in pursuit of happiness and sometimes we get stuck. You may be living a life that leaves you unfulfilled, you may be having struggling building long lasting relationships or maintaining them, you may be a parent looking for support and guidance for you child. Whatever you are going through I believe that it can be resolved so that you can live life on your terms.
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Photo of Laina Marcus, MA, LMFT, PMH-C, EMDR, KAP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Laina Marcus
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, PMH-C, EMDR, KAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Simi Valley, CA 93065  (Online Only)
My goal is to assist you in finding your own internal strengths, regain your resiliency, and find clarity in your life. Whether you are new to therapy or have experience with this type of healing, I hope I can provide a safe environment for you to grow. I am genuine and direct, as well as nurturing. Whatever your struggles, processing in therapy can offer a sense of relief and create positive change. I believe strongly in trauma informed therapy and utilize many forms of trauma focused intervention including Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), Ketamine Assisted Therapy, as well as Internal Family Systems (IFS).
My goal is to assist you in finding your own internal strengths, regain your resiliency, and find clarity in your life. Whether you are new to therapy or have experience with this type of healing, I hope I can provide a safe environment for you to grow. I am genuine and direct, as well as nurturing. Whatever your struggles, processing in therapy can offer a sense of relief and create positive change. I believe strongly in trauma informed therapy and utilize many forms of trauma focused intervention including Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), Ketamine Assisted Therapy, as well as Internal Family Systems (IFS).
(820) 300-7615 View (820) 300-7615
Photo of Yashica W Budde, MA, LMFT, CMHIMP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Yashica W Budde
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CMHIMP
Verified Verified
Simi Valley, CA 93065
If you suffer with states of depression, or feelings of fear, anxiety, or loneliness, or you feel generally dissatisfied with aspects of your life, our work together can provide hope and a path towards greater peace, insight and happiness. I utilizes a holistic approach to enlighten and educate clients about how mind, spirit and body are interconnected. In our work together, my goal is to meet your personal experience with empathy and to support you in your journey toward wholeness.
If you suffer with states of depression, or feelings of fear, anxiety, or loneliness, or you feel generally dissatisfied with aspects of your life, our work together can provide hope and a path towards greater peace, insight and happiness. I utilizes a holistic approach to enlighten and educate clients about how mind, spirit and body are interconnected. In our work together, my goal is to meet your personal experience with empathy and to support you in your journey toward wholeness.
(747) 203-0717 View (747) 203-0717
Photo of Samantha Wyllie, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Samantha Wyllie
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Simi Valley, CA 93063
I enjoy working with my clients by partnering up and walking their path with them. I have a holistic approach which begins with compassion and acceptance. I am well versed in many theoretical orientations, and I have a strength in helping clients find meaning in their symptoms and overcoming what feels impossible.
I enjoy working with my clients by partnering up and walking their path with them. I have a holistic approach which begins with compassion and acceptance. I am well versed in many theoretical orientations, and I have a strength in helping clients find meaning in their symptoms and overcoming what feels impossible.
(805) 231-1094 View (805) 231-1094
Photo of Judith C McMahon, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Judith C McMahon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Simi Valley, CA 93063
Being in practice for over 25 years and having worked with individuals of all ages, couples, and families in various settings. I approach my work with clients from a place of genuine courtesy and understanding. I aim to provide a safe space where we can discuss the challenges getting in the way of achieving one's goals, and creating a sustainable support system for lasting changes in one's life.
Being in practice for over 25 years and having worked with individuals of all ages, couples, and families in various settings. I approach my work with clients from a place of genuine courtesy and understanding. I aim to provide a safe space where we can discuss the challenges getting in the way of achieving one's goals, and creating a sustainable support system for lasting changes in one's life.
(805) 243-2196 View (805) 243-2196
Photo of Sari Zuccarino, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sari Zuccarino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Simi Valley, CA 93063
My name is Sari Zuccarino, and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has extensive experience working with children, teens, adults, and families. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma, disruptive behaviors, parenting, low self-esteem, and addiction. I use evidenced-based practices including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and mindfulness techniques to support my clients in the healing process and their personal growth.
My name is Sari Zuccarino, and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has extensive experience working with children, teens, adults, and families. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma, disruptive behaviors, parenting, low self-esteem, and addiction. I use evidenced-based practices including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and mindfulness techniques to support my clients in the healing process and their personal growth.
(805) 622-2354 View (805) 622-2354
Photo of Kelsey Houck, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kelsey Houck
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Simi Valley, CA 93063
Life can be tough, and it’s okay to seek support. If you're feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges, grappling with anxiety or depression, or facing a significant life transition, you’re not alone. Whether this is your first time seeking therapy or you’re looking to restart your therapy journey, I’m here to help and support you. I understand that starting therapy can be a difficult but also an incredibly brave step. I am here to provide a safe and welcoming space where you can reflect on those feelings and thoughts you might have never shared with anyone before or have set aside.
Life can be tough, and it’s okay to seek support. If you're feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges, grappling with anxiety or depression, or facing a significant life transition, you’re not alone. Whether this is your first time seeking therapy or you’re looking to restart your therapy journey, I’m here to help and support you. I understand that starting therapy can be a difficult but also an incredibly brave step. I am here to provide a safe and welcoming space where you can reflect on those feelings and thoughts you might have never shared with anyone before or have set aside.
(805) 628-4518 x1 View (805) 628-4518 x1
Photo of Judi Craven, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Judi Craven
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Simi Valley, CA 93063  (Online Only)
As a therapist I specialize in providing a supportive environment where individuals can explore their thoughts, feelings and behaviors. My goal is to help clients navigate life’s challenges, develop coping strategies, and work towards their personal goals in a safe and confidential setting.
As a therapist I specialize in providing a supportive environment where individuals can explore their thoughts, feelings and behaviors. My goal is to help clients navigate life’s challenges, develop coping strategies, and work towards their personal goals in a safe and confidential setting.
(805) 360-3756 View (805) 360-3756
Photo of Karyn Preston, BS, PharmD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Karyn Preston
Pre-Licensed Professional, BS, PharmD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Simi Valley, CA 93063
Life can be overwhelming, leaving us feeling stuck, confused, and struggling. But there is hope; you don't have to face it alone. Deep-seated wounds from the past can affect many areas of our lives. Healing is hard to do alone, and I'm here to help. I understand that we are more than physical–we have complex dimensions, including mental, emotional, sexual, relational, and spiritual parts that may need support and healing.
Life can be overwhelming, leaving us feeling stuck, confused, and struggling. But there is hope; you don't have to face it alone. Deep-seated wounds from the past can affect many areas of our lives. Healing is hard to do alone, and I'm here to help. I understand that we are more than physical–we have complex dimensions, including mental, emotional, sexual, relational, and spiritual parts that may need support and healing.
(805) 590-5087 View (805) 590-5087
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Simi Valley, CA

200+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Simi Valley, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
72% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills
70% Self Esteem
64% Stress
63% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
78% Optum
77% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Simi Valley, CA see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Simi Valley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.