Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

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Photo of Gabriela Grosser, PsyD, MEd, Psychologist
Gabriela Grosser
Psychologist, PsyD, MEd
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102
I am a licensed psychologist and sexologist in the state of Pennsylvania. I strongly believe that every single person can benefit from some type of therapy, to better understand themselves, their past, their relationships, and their future goals. The therapeutic space is a unique one not found many other places, where you can shut out daily distractions to focus on what you need to make your life more fulfilling and rewarding. This is your time, and I am here to help and support you in reaching your goals.
I am a licensed psychologist and sexologist in the state of Pennsylvania. I strongly believe that every single person can benefit from some type of therapy, to better understand themselves, their past, their relationships, and their future goals. The therapeutic space is a unique one not found many other places, where you can shut out daily distractions to focus on what you need to make your life more fulfilling and rewarding. This is your time, and I am here to help and support you in reaching your goals.
(484) 699-9202 View (484) 699-9202
Photo of Abigail Muir, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Abigail Muir
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19107  (Online Only)
Hello, I am Abby, and am an experienced and empathic marriage/family therapist. I use a combination of CBT, Strength-Based Focus, Relational focus, and family-focused therapy styles to help with emotional regulation, developing boundaries, self-care, and overall awareness. My communication style is calm, accommodating, and personable. I want my clients to feel comfortable talking with me about anything, and I pride myself on my ability to listen without judgment. I will provide you with a safe, non-judgmental, and therapeutic space to work on healing.
Hello, I am Abby, and am an experienced and empathic marriage/family therapist. I use a combination of CBT, Strength-Based Focus, Relational focus, and family-focused therapy styles to help with emotional regulation, developing boundaries, self-care, and overall awareness. My communication style is calm, accommodating, and personable. I want my clients to feel comfortable talking with me about anything, and I pride myself on my ability to listen without judgment. I will provide you with a safe, non-judgmental, and therapeutic space to work on healing.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Chelsea Campbell, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Chelsea Campbell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Nationally Certified Counselor in the state of Pennsylvania. I specialize in depression, anxiety, addiction, behavioral issues, women's issues, relationships, stress, life transitions, and more. I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Temple University and a Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from George Washington University in Washington, DC.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Nationally Certified Counselor in the state of Pennsylvania. I specialize in depression, anxiety, addiction, behavioral issues, women's issues, relationships, stress, life transitions, and more. I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Temple University and a Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from George Washington University in Washington, DC.
(267) 214-3104 View (267) 214-3104
Photo of Britt Lindon, PhD, Psychologist
Britt Lindon
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Did something happen at work, life, or in your relationship that shook things up or shattered you? I'm extremely good at helping ambitious women & MEN who might otherwise NOT want to be in counseling. I specialize in treating fellow doctors, lawyers or high-net worth individuals who require a therapist that can match their intellect and caliber. If you’re here, you may feel like you are surviving instead of living life. It’s disappointing when you have gotten so far in life, and yet, your world starts to resemble something you want to retreat from, not something you relish. It’s not surprising that you don’t feel like yourself.
Did something happen at work, life, or in your relationship that shook things up or shattered you? I'm extremely good at helping ambitious women & MEN who might otherwise NOT want to be in counseling. I specialize in treating fellow doctors, lawyers or high-net worth individuals who require a therapist that can match their intellect and caliber. If you’re here, you may feel like you are surviving instead of living life. It’s disappointing when you have gotten so far in life, and yet, your world starts to resemble something you want to retreat from, not something you relish. It’s not surprising that you don’t feel like yourself.
(215) 584-4416 View (215) 584-4416
Photo of Marwin Y. Margolies, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marwin Y. Margolies
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Update - as of 7/30/24 I'm offering EMDR for short-term work with new clients! I can support you with approaching and coping with intense or overwhelming feelings; finding balance meeting your needs & your obligations; building a compassionate relationship with yourself, and improving your relationships with others. I'm open to discussing whether I'd be the right fit for anything you may bring. My primary approaches are Internal Family Systems & Gestalt Therapy. We can discuss what approach will work best for you. I also offer clinical supervision.
Update - as of 7/30/24 I'm offering EMDR for short-term work with new clients! I can support you with approaching and coping with intense or overwhelming feelings; finding balance meeting your needs & your obligations; building a compassionate relationship with yourself, and improving your relationships with others. I'm open to discussing whether I'd be the right fit for anything you may bring. My primary approaches are Internal Family Systems & Gestalt Therapy. We can discuss what approach will work best for you. I also offer clinical supervision.
(267) 356-4816 View (267) 356-4816
Photo of Samantha Banjany, MSW, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Samantha Banjany
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103
I am a licensed social worker who works with children (ages 4 to 18), families and adults by providing a trusting and supportive environment. I have experience working with various clients from diverse backgrounds across settings including the community, schools, homes and outpatient settings. I specialize in working with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, OCD, bipolar disorder, ADHD, behavioral concerns, autism, and trauma. I am in the process of receiving supervision hours towards my clinical social work license.
I am a licensed social worker who works with children (ages 4 to 18), families and adults by providing a trusting and supportive environment. I have experience working with various clients from diverse backgrounds across settings including the community, schools, homes and outpatient settings. I specialize in working with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, OCD, bipolar disorder, ADHD, behavioral concerns, autism, and trauma. I am in the process of receiving supervision hours towards my clinical social work license.
(484) 939-9779 View (484) 939-9779
Photo of Laura Finestone, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Laura Finestone
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19144  (Online Only)
Any or all of these may sound familiar: you have one or more aspect of your life that feels unmanageable; you are sensitive; you struggle to express yourself to others, resulting in disappointing relationships; you grew up with emotionally immature parents, resulting in feelings of resentment and being unheard.
Any or all of these may sound familiar: you have one or more aspect of your life that feels unmanageable; you are sensitive; you struggle to express yourself to others, resulting in disappointing relationships; you grew up with emotionally immature parents, resulting in feelings of resentment and being unheard.
(267) 494-6292 View (267) 494-6292
Photo of Jennifer Walters, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jennifer Walters
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Are you feeling sad, anxious, or stressed? Do you find it difficult to motivate yourself? Do you find less joy in things you used to like? Are you and your loved ones having trouble getting along? These are problems I often see and am trained and experienced in helping. In addition to providing a kind ear, I can assist you in learning relaxation techniques, improving your communication skills, and reducing negative automatic reactions. I understand how difficult it can be to reach out to a stranger and will fully support you throughout the process.
Are you feeling sad, anxious, or stressed? Do you find it difficult to motivate yourself? Do you find less joy in things you used to like? Are you and your loved ones having trouble getting along? These are problems I often see and am trained and experienced in helping. In addition to providing a kind ear, I can assist you in learning relaxation techniques, improving your communication skills, and reducing negative automatic reactions. I understand how difficult it can be to reach out to a stranger and will fully support you throughout the process.
(215) 995-0101 View (215) 995-0101
Photo of Dana Catarella, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dana Catarella
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19122
Hello and welcome! As a Millennial therapist with a modern and relatable approach to psychotherapy, I remain deeply committed to authenticity, open-mindedness, and practicality in my work. My lived experience with trauma, adversity, and mental health challenges allows me to connect with clients on a personal level while my extensive, specialized training equips me with the tools to provide the most effective, tailored care. In our collaborative journey, I value flexibility, adapting to each individual's needs because I know there's no one-size-fits-all approach to healing.
Hello and welcome! As a Millennial therapist with a modern and relatable approach to psychotherapy, I remain deeply committed to authenticity, open-mindedness, and practicality in my work. My lived experience with trauma, adversity, and mental health challenges allows me to connect with clients on a personal level while my extensive, specialized training equips me with the tools to provide the most effective, tailored care. In our collaborative journey, I value flexibility, adapting to each individual's needs because I know there's no one-size-fits-all approach to healing.
(215) 201-4150 View (215) 201-4150
Photo of Charlie Orr, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Charlie Orr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19147  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with Veterans, First Responders, and survivors of trauma. There can be a lot of shame and unresolved feelings around people's mental health and traumatic pasts, which is often why they don't seek help. If you've been 'white-knuckling' it with stress and life's pressures, therapy can help.
I specialize in working with Veterans, First Responders, and survivors of trauma. There can be a lot of shame and unresolved feelings around people's mental health and traumatic pasts, which is often why they don't seek help. If you've been 'white-knuckling' it with stress and life's pressures, therapy can help.
(215) 484-3187 View (215) 484-3187
Photo of Kara Bacchia, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kara Bacchia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19130  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Kara and I specialize in working with individuals who have anxiety disorders. Anxiety comes in many forms. Whether it's panic attacks, social anxiety, intrusive thoughts, phobias or just generally being in a constant state of worry, it's all overwhelming. Anxiety keeps us stuck. It prevents us from going after the things we want and doing the things we love. However, when using the right tools, you can find relief and start living your life according to you – not your anxiety.
Hello! My name is Kara and I specialize in working with individuals who have anxiety disorders. Anxiety comes in many forms. Whether it's panic attacks, social anxiety, intrusive thoughts, phobias or just generally being in a constant state of worry, it's all overwhelming. Anxiety keeps us stuck. It prevents us from going after the things we want and doing the things we love. However, when using the right tools, you can find relief and start living your life according to you – not your anxiety.
(215) 607-6996 View (215) 607-6996
Photo of Stanley Chen - Dunbar Community Mental Health, Pre-Licensed Professional
Dunbar Community Mental Health
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19104
My ideal clients are adults that struggle with anxiety, depression, relationship issues or general stress from modern living. I want to help people learn how to live more fulfilling lives and guide them to happiness. I enjoy seeing my clients thrive and better themselves and hopefully get to a point that they will be able to live happily and independently.
My ideal clients are adults that struggle with anxiety, depression, relationship issues or general stress from modern living. I want to help people learn how to live more fulfilling lives and guide them to happiness. I enjoy seeing my clients thrive and better themselves and hopefully get to a point that they will be able to live happily and independently.
(267) 389-9821 View (267) 389-9821
Photo of Alena Kearney, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alena Kearney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19125  (Online Only)
Are you facing challenges in your relationships - romantic or otherwise? Do you want to better understand yourself and improve your interactions with others? I'll work with you to help you develop 1) an awareness of your current thought processes, and 2) a deeper knowledge of how your life experiences have influenced the way you think. I'll offer you concrete tools to help you modify ways of coping that no longer serve you. My goal is to empower you to make the meaningful, positive changes you're seeking. (I use HIPAA-compliant video only. I do not offer in-person sessions.)
Are you facing challenges in your relationships - romantic or otherwise? Do you want to better understand yourself and improve your interactions with others? I'll work with you to help you develop 1) an awareness of your current thought processes, and 2) a deeper knowledge of how your life experiences have influenced the way you think. I'll offer you concrete tools to help you modify ways of coping that no longer serve you. My goal is to empower you to make the meaningful, positive changes you're seeking. (I use HIPAA-compliant video only. I do not offer in-person sessions.)
(856) 393-6414 View (856) 393-6414
Photo of Laura Moyer, LPC , Licensed Professional Counselor
Laura Moyer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Hello, I am Laura Moyer, I am a licensed professional counselor. I bring compassion, honesty, understanding, and a direct approach to the therapeutic relationship. I focus my practice on assisting adolescents and adults to develop coping skills, build strengths, and overcome the challenges that we all face in life. My therapeutic approach is integrative and trauma-informed. I enjoy using a range of treatment modalities to best meet your unique needs including cognitive behavioral, dialectical behavioral, and other relational and mindfulness-based approaches.
Hello, I am Laura Moyer, I am a licensed professional counselor. I bring compassion, honesty, understanding, and a direct approach to the therapeutic relationship. I focus my practice on assisting adolescents and adults to develop coping skills, build strengths, and overcome the challenges that we all face in life. My therapeutic approach is integrative and trauma-informed. I enjoy using a range of treatment modalities to best meet your unique needs including cognitive behavioral, dialectical behavioral, and other relational and mindfulness-based approaches.
(267) 578-3566 View (267) 578-3566
Photo of Leah Lashlee, MSW , LSW , CPRP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leah Lashlee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW , LSW , CPRP
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Do you struggle with life transitions, coping with stress, relationship issues, learning how to communicate effectively, etc? Do you want to learn social or coping skills, build self-esteem, or talk through life stressors? Is your goal to gain insight into your emotions/behaviors, learn adaptive coping skills, and communicate effectively with others? My ideal client would be motivated to improve themselves in whichever goal they chose and would strive to meet their fullest potential. The client would be willing to take accountability and acknowledge their behaviors and how they may have affected them, whether good or bad.
Do you struggle with life transitions, coping with stress, relationship issues, learning how to communicate effectively, etc? Do you want to learn social or coping skills, build self-esteem, or talk through life stressors? Is your goal to gain insight into your emotions/behaviors, learn adaptive coping skills, and communicate effectively with others? My ideal client would be motivated to improve themselves in whichever goal they chose and would strive to meet their fullest potential. The client would be willing to take accountability and acknowledge their behaviors and how they may have affected them, whether good or bad.
(267) 376-8232 View (267) 376-8232
Photo of Brooke Mckenzie, Mckenzi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brooke Mckenzie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Mckenzi
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
My name is Brooke McKenzie and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with a Master of Business Administration (MBA) and over 20 years of experience in clinical practice. Throughout my career, I have had the opportunity to work with individuals, couples, and families with a wide range of issues, including anxiety, depression, addiction, and more. I have worked in both inpatient and outpatient settings, in both private and public practice. My work has taken me to diverse settings, including state hospitals, jails, courtrooms, schools, and private offices. I have a strong commitment to providing quality services to my clients
My name is Brooke McKenzie and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with a Master of Business Administration (MBA) and over 20 years of experience in clinical practice. Throughout my career, I have had the opportunity to work with individuals, couples, and families with a wide range of issues, including anxiety, depression, addiction, and more. I have worked in both inpatient and outpatient settings, in both private and public practice. My work has taken me to diverse settings, including state hospitals, jails, courtrooms, schools, and private offices. I have a strong commitment to providing quality services to my clients
(484) 573-6554 View (484) 573-6554
Photo of Andrew Krantz, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Andrew Krantz
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Hi! My name is Drew Krantz and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in the Harrisburg, PA area, and work with clients statewide via telehealth. I specialize in "helping the helpers"- those experiencing secondary traumatic stress, burnout, and work-related stress. My goal is to help "restore joy" to why they got into the helping field!
Hi! My name is Drew Krantz and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in the Harrisburg, PA area, and work with clients statewide via telehealth. I specialize in "helping the helpers"- those experiencing secondary traumatic stress, burnout, and work-related stress. My goal is to help "restore joy" to why they got into the helping field!
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Kim Burdick, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kim Burdick
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
I focus on trauma, depression, anxiety, attachment difficulties, & relationship/family issues. My ideal client would be open to change and exploring more positive ways to see themselves. My ideal client would be someone that values our time together and is present for sessions. My ideal client would be someone who can reflect from within and be willing to do the work, with a sincere desire to change their lifestyle. This client would be flexible and willing to see the other side of the coin, exploring the past and delving into the present.
I focus on trauma, depression, anxiety, attachment difficulties, & relationship/family issues. My ideal client would be open to change and exploring more positive ways to see themselves. My ideal client would be someone that values our time together and is present for sessions. My ideal client would be someone who can reflect from within and be willing to do the work, with a sincere desire to change their lifestyle. This client would be flexible and willing to see the other side of the coin, exploring the past and delving into the present.
(267) 297-3404 View (267) 297-3404
Photo of Dr. Erica Liebman, PsyD, MA, Psychologist
Dr. Erica Liebman
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Your most well-intentioned friend or internet guru might have you believe that fixing your problems is a quick process that involves simple mantras and just doing things differently. In contrast, I believe that it is possible in time and in the context of developing a genuine and safe therapeutic relationship, for you to feel understood, cared for and free to express yourself while creating change. My clinical experience lies in helping those through relationship troubles, uncomfortable and painful feelings, addiction to substances, feelings of depression and anxiety, or just a quiet sense that something is not right.
Your most well-intentioned friend or internet guru might have you believe that fixing your problems is a quick process that involves simple mantras and just doing things differently. In contrast, I believe that it is possible in time and in the context of developing a genuine and safe therapeutic relationship, for you to feel understood, cared for and free to express yourself while creating change. My clinical experience lies in helping those through relationship troubles, uncomfortable and painful feelings, addiction to substances, feelings of depression and anxiety, or just a quiet sense that something is not right.
(484) 265-9020 View (484) 265-9020
Photo of Sam Wertheimer, PsyD, Psychologist
Sam Wertheimer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Welcome! I offer a warm and supportive space in which you, your child, or your family can reflect on any number of aspects of daily life and personal experience. Each of us is unique and we all respond differently to life's natural transitions and complexities. I believe that everyone deserves individualized and tailored support through therapy. I utilize a warm, authentic, and collaborative approach to psychotherapy, which prioritizes our therapeutic relationship and the ways in which we can work together to benefit you, your child, or your family.
Welcome! I offer a warm and supportive space in which you, your child, or your family can reflect on any number of aspects of daily life and personal experience. Each of us is unique and we all respond differently to life's natural transitions and complexities. I believe that everyone deserves individualized and tailored support through therapy. I utilize a warm, authentic, and collaborative approach to psychotherapy, which prioritizes our therapeutic relationship and the ways in which we can work together to benefit you, your child, or your family.
(267) 428-3572 View (267) 428-3572
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$149

Therapists in Philadelphia, PA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
72% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills
61% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
70% Cigna and Evernorth
61% Highmark

How Therapists in Philadelphia, PA see their clients

55% Online Only
45% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Philadelphia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.