Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists in West Reading, PA
Katie Mauro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Reading, PA 19611
I also have much training in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy ( DBT), where I support folks working through communication and assertiveness, boundaries, mindfulness, tolerating distress, and understanding their emotions.
Welcome! I really enjoy working with clients who are finding it hard to navigate life because of issues related to diet culture. This can be folks who are constantly moving on from one diet to the next, getting stuck in the binge and restrictive cycle, fat folks who are constantly being told their body is wrong. I know you want freedom. I know you want peace. And I know the path to that can feel daunting and even impossible. I know it is possible. I also know it is a hard as hell one! Let me shine the light for you down the path and lets walk it together.
I also have much training in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy ( DBT), where I support folks working through communication and assertiveness, boundaries, mindfulness, tolerating distress, and understanding their emotions.
Welcome! I really enjoy working with clients who are finding it hard to navigate life because of issues related to diet culture. This can be folks who are constantly moving on from one diet to the next, getting stuck in the binge and restrictive cycle, fat folks who are constantly being told their body is wrong. I know you want freedom. I know you want peace. And I know the path to that can feel daunting and even impossible. I know it is possible. I also know it is a hard as hell one! Let me shine the light for you down the path and lets walk it together.
Angela Keller
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Reading, PA 19611
Angela Keller is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with more than 20 years of experience in the mental health field. She is passionate about helping adolescents and adults address their unique challenges and live more fulfilled lives. Angela specializes in treating depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, relationship issues, and major life transitions. Angela utilizes multiple treatment approaches including Adlerian methods, mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy ( DBT), motivational interviewing (MI), and solutions-focused therapy (SFT).
Angela Keller is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with more than 20 years of experience in the mental health field. She is passionate about helping adolescents and adults address their unique challenges and live more fulfilled lives. Angela specializes in treating depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, relationship issues, and major life transitions. Angela utilizes multiple treatment approaches including Adlerian methods, mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy ( DBT), motivational interviewing (MI), and solutions-focused therapy (SFT).
Nastassja Hanna
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West Reading, PA 19611 (Online Only)
I utilize multiple treatment approaches, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy ( DBT), Acceptance and Commitment (ACT), Cognitive Processing (CPT), Christian Counseling, Family Systems, Positive Psychology, Motivational Interviewing (MI), Reality Therapy, and Solution Focused Brief (SFBT).
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and National Certified Counselor (NCC) with five years of experience in the mental health field. I am passionate about working with adolescents, adults, couples, and families addressing a wide range of issues, including anxiety, depression, trauma, addiction within the family, relationship issues, borderline personality, self-esteem, spiritual and religious issues, and life adjustments. I completed my Master of Arts in Clinical Mental Health Counseling (MACMHC) at Lancaster Bible College / Capital Seminary and Graduate School.
I utilize multiple treatment approaches, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy ( DBT), Acceptance and Commitment (ACT), Cognitive Processing (CPT), Christian Counseling, Family Systems, Positive Psychology, Motivational Interviewing (MI), Reality Therapy, and Solution Focused Brief (SFBT).
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and National Certified Counselor (NCC) with five years of experience in the mental health field. I am passionate about working with adolescents, adults, couples, and families addressing a wide range of issues, including anxiety, depression, trauma, addiction within the family, relationship issues, borderline personality, self-esteem, spiritual and religious issues, and life adjustments. I completed my Master of Arts in Clinical Mental Health Counseling (MACMHC) at Lancaster Bible College / Capital Seminary and Graduate School.
HayCreek Healing LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
West Reading, PA 19611
Just add another item to the never-ending “to-do list”- you’ll have to find a way to get it done. Being a mother and partner is so much harder than you ever expected, and most of the time you feel like you’re going it alone. You can’t seem to find the right words to ask for help. Not to mention the pressure society puts on us to do it all. So focused on tasks & your family’s needs, but wondering where you lost yourself as a person along the way. You know to be the best mom and partner you can you need to find time for yourself, you just aren’t sure how to get there on your own. Or how to drop the overwhelm, guilt, & shame for good.
Just add another item to the never-ending “to-do list”- you’ll have to find a way to get it done. Being a mother and partner is so much harder than you ever expected, and most of the time you feel like you’re going it alone. You can’t seem to find the right words to ask for help. Not to mention the pressure society puts on us to do it all. So focused on tasks & your family’s needs, but wondering where you lost yourself as a person along the way. You know to be the best mom and partner you can you need to find time for yourself, you just aren’t sure how to get there on your own. Or how to drop the overwhelm, guilt, & shame for good.
Kelly Nixon Schultz-Arrowhead Emotional Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
West Reading, PA 19611
You know that, “whatever this is…isn’t working for me!”, to quote one of my favorite comedies. Sometimes that is all you know. You know that you need and want to change the things that are no longer working for you but have no idea where to begin or who to trust with your story. The overwhelm of where to go and who to talk to can keep you stuck. But then as they say, if nothing changes, nothing changes and that causes fear. Or, one can get so comfortable being uncomfortable that it is where they stay. Allow yourself the opportunity to connect to yourself and others, living your life in a whole new way, with peace and joy.
You know that, “whatever this is…isn’t working for me!”, to quote one of my favorite comedies. Sometimes that is all you know. You know that you need and want to change the things that are no longer working for you but have no idea where to begin or who to trust with your story. The overwhelm of where to go and who to talk to can keep you stuck. But then as they say, if nothing changes, nothing changes and that causes fear. Or, one can get so comfortable being uncomfortable that it is where they stay. Allow yourself the opportunity to connect to yourself and others, living your life in a whole new way, with peace and joy.
Jess Adam
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Reading, PA 19611 (Online Only)
What would it feel like to be unconditionally supported, the way you support others? What would change if you had someone that walked alongside you, offering skills, safety, and a healthy dose of humor along the way? If you’re curious about the answers to these questions, I invite you to schedule a consultation to see if we might be a good fit - especially if you are a caregiver yourself. I specialize in "supporting the supporters". Whether you are a parent, caring for a family member, or otherwise in a caregiving role - I understand the deep exhaustion that can come from all you give to others.
What would it feel like to be unconditionally supported, the way you support others? What would change if you had someone that walked alongside you, offering skills, safety, and a healthy dose of humor along the way? If you’re curious about the answers to these questions, I invite you to schedule a consultation to see if we might be a good fit - especially if you are a caregiver yourself. I specialize in "supporting the supporters". Whether you are a parent, caring for a family member, or otherwise in a caregiving role - I understand the deep exhaustion that can come from all you give to others.
Roger Lavine
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MBA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
West Reading, PA 19611
I utilize a person-centered approach to counseling which allows the individual to experience a sense of empowerment and involvement throughout the therapeutic process. I believe that establishing a positive, non-judgmental, and trusting relationship between client and therapist is the key to initiating change and working towards solutions. Whether you're feeling anxious, depressed, stressed, misunderstood, unheard, or just stuck and feeling as if there's no way out, we can work together to find workable, realistic alternatives to improve your feeling, thinking, and behaving, as you move towards overall healthy and authentic living.
I utilize a person-centered approach to counseling which allows the individual to experience a sense of empowerment and involvement throughout the therapeutic process. I believe that establishing a positive, non-judgmental, and trusting relationship between client and therapist is the key to initiating change and working towards solutions. Whether you're feeling anxious, depressed, stressed, misunderstood, unheard, or just stuck and feeling as if there's no way out, we can work together to find workable, realistic alternatives to improve your feeling, thinking, and behaving, as you move towards overall healthy and authentic living.
Gabrielle Marshall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
West Reading, PA 19611
Waitlist for new clients
Are you looking for a direct and empathic therapist? You came to the right place. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who serves clients in Pennsylvania, as a Supervisor and Therapist at Everlasting Wellness LLC. My passion is working with motivated clients and couples who experience life stressors such as symptoms of anxiety, ADHD, self-esteem issues, boundary issues, struggles maintaining self-care, and intimacy issues.
Are you looking for a direct and empathic therapist? You came to the right place. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who serves clients in Pennsylvania, as a Supervisor and Therapist at Everlasting Wellness LLC. My passion is working with motivated clients and couples who experience life stressors such as symptoms of anxiety, ADHD, self-esteem issues, boundary issues, struggles maintaining self-care, and intimacy issues.
Zaida E Guadalupe Sánchez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MHC, LPC, Coach
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Reading, PA 19611
The times we are all living and all the situations we face, produce a shift that is challenging us to be focused on getting a healthy life balance. Commitment 5 is an Action-Oriented Therapy and Holistic Approach that works with five areas of your life while you, alongside me (as a team), work hand to hand on an effective treatment plan. We together will be setting up realistic and measuring targets. I am also inviting you to know about Wellness Coaching that work directly with the goal in mind.
The times we are all living and all the situations we face, produce a shift that is challenging us to be focused on getting a healthy life balance. Commitment 5 is an Action-Oriented Therapy and Holistic Approach that works with five areas of your life while you, alongside me (as a team), work hand to hand on an effective treatment plan. We together will be setting up realistic and measuring targets. I am also inviting you to know about Wellness Coaching that work directly with the goal in mind.
Christina Bacon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR-BC, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Reading, PA 19611
Not accepting new clients
Everyone possesses inner wisdom that can be uncovered, rediscovered, and empowered. Sometimes joyful life experiences can be hindered when overshadowed by distressful challenges where it can be difficult to cope. In a safe and non-judgmental space, Christina will provide compassionate support so you can understand and explore these challenges to discover your own journey for overall wellness. She can accompany you through a path of self-exploration to enhance self-awareness, promote insight, reduce stress and cultivate internal strengths towards healing and vitality.
Everyone possesses inner wisdom that can be uncovered, rediscovered, and empowered. Sometimes joyful life experiences can be hindered when overshadowed by distressful challenges where it can be difficult to cope. In a safe and non-judgmental space, Christina will provide compassionate support so you can understand and explore these challenges to discover your own journey for overall wellness. She can accompany you through a path of self-exploration to enhance self-awareness, promote insight, reduce stress and cultivate internal strengths towards healing and vitality.
More Therapists Nearby
April Faust
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Shillington, PA 19607
Waitlist for new clients
Drawing from techniques such as DBT Dialectical Behavior Therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, and solution-focused therapy.
As a therapist in private mental health practice, I strive to provide support and guidance to a diverse range of individuals seeking help and healing. My ideal client seeks a safe and nonjudgmental space to explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. They want to develop a deeper understanding of themselves, gain insight into their patterns and behaviors, and learn effective coping strategies. They value personal growth and are committed to investing time and effort into their therapeutic journey. Their needs revolve around finding a compassionate therapist who can provide empathy, active listening, and validation.
Drawing from techniques such as DBT Dialectical Behavior Therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, and solution-focused therapy.
As a therapist in private mental health practice, I strive to provide support and guidance to a diverse range of individuals seeking help and healing. My ideal client seeks a safe and nonjudgmental space to explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. They want to develop a deeper understanding of themselves, gain insight into their patterns and behaviors, and learn effective coping strategies. They value personal growth and are committed to investing time and effort into their therapeutic journey. Their needs revolve around finding a compassionate therapist who can provide empathy, active listening, and validation.
Brian Mullan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wyomissing, PA 19610 (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach includes DBT-informed techniques, mindfulness-based stress reduction, acceptance and commitment therapy, and exposure and response prevention (ERP) techniques.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with almost 10 years of experience in the mental wellness field. I believe firmly in client empowerment and autonomy, working with individuals to overcome challenges in order to achieve their maximum possible growth. I specialize in working with anxiety, depression, trauma, survivors of racial trauma and injustice, and members of the LGBTQIA+ communities.
My therapeutic approach includes DBT-informed techniques, mindfulness-based stress reduction, acceptance and commitment therapy, and exposure and response prevention (ERP) techniques.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with almost 10 years of experience in the mental wellness field. I believe firmly in client empowerment and autonomy, working with individuals to overcome challenges in order to achieve their maximum possible growth. I specialize in working with anxiety, depression, trauma, survivors of racial trauma and injustice, and members of the LGBTQIA+ communities.
Veronica Pilon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Wyomissing, PA 19610 (Online Only)
I also incorporate my experience and training in CBT and DBT into my therapy sessions.
EMDR Certified Therapist: If you are struggling with the effects of depression, which also involves anxiety, low self-esteem, and feelings of isolation or inadequacy, I can help provide and teach you the skills necessary to be more successful, happy, and content in your life. We will work together to identify unhealthy thought patterns, unhealthy activities, negative choice cycles, and more so that you can live your best life.
I also incorporate my experience and training in CBT and DBT into my therapy sessions.
EMDR Certified Therapist: If you are struggling with the effects of depression, which also involves anxiety, low self-esteem, and feelings of isolation or inadequacy, I can help provide and teach you the skills necessary to be more successful, happy, and content in your life. We will work together to identify unhealthy thought patterns, unhealthy activities, negative choice cycles, and more so that you can live your best life.
Stacy Kline
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCTPI, C-DBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wyomissing, PA 19610
My approach includes a diverse range of therapeutic techniques such as EMDR, DBT, and CBT.
Are you a first responder, a loved one of a first responder, or a survivor of trauma? Have you had a safe place to share and talk about your experiences? My passion includes creating a welcoming and inclusive safe space to work with first responders and individuals who frequently experience acute trauma. My approach is uniquely informed by my experiences surrounded by a family of veterans and first responders. I am dedicated to helping individuals from all walks of life who are grappling with trauma-related symptoms uncover their inner strength and power. Remember, you're not alone.
My approach includes a diverse range of therapeutic techniques such as EMDR, DBT, and CBT.
Are you a first responder, a loved one of a first responder, or a survivor of trauma? Have you had a safe place to share and talk about your experiences? My passion includes creating a welcoming and inclusive safe space to work with first responders and individuals who frequently experience acute trauma. My approach is uniquely informed by my experiences surrounded by a family of veterans and first responders. I am dedicated to helping individuals from all walks of life who are grappling with trauma-related symptoms uncover their inner strength and power. Remember, you're not alone.
Chelsea Harris Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reading, PA 19604
Waitlist for new clients
I utilize a trauma focused approach and also utilize CBT and DBT.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has experience treating depression, anxiety and trauma. I work with children (8+), teens and adults. I hope to foster an environment where you can feel safe and open to express your thoughts, feelings and experiences, and work on learning new and healthier ways to express and cope with your emotions and stressors. If you have an allergy or fear of dogs, please let me know as I often have a therapy dog in my office. - - - At this time, I am not accepting new clients who need appointment hours after 2pm. I can only accept new clients who are available during morning hours at this time- - -
I utilize a trauma focused approach and also utilize CBT and DBT.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has experience treating depression, anxiety and trauma. I work with children (8+), teens and adults. I hope to foster an environment where you can feel safe and open to express your thoughts, feelings and experiences, and work on learning new and healthier ways to express and cope with your emotions and stressors. If you have an allergy or fear of dogs, please let me know as I often have a therapy dog in my office. - - - At this time, I am not accepting new clients who need appointment hours after 2pm. I can only accept new clients who are available during morning hours at this time- - -
With experience in both inpatient clinical and outpatient settings, I utilize mindfulness, dialectical behavioral therapy ( DBT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and motivational interviewing to engage collaboratively with clients in developing their plans for a life worth living.
I’m Elizabeth (Liz) Klotz, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience in the social work and mental health fields. I help adolescents, adults, families, and couples live lives that are true to their values and reflective of their authentic selves. I specialize in anxiety, depression, self-esteem, self-acceptance, grief/loss, work stress, and co-occurring disorders. I completed my Master of Social Work (MSW) with a concentration in Clinical Health/Mental Health from Temple University.
With experience in both inpatient clinical and outpatient settings, I utilize mindfulness, dialectical behavioral therapy ( DBT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and motivational interviewing to engage collaboratively with clients in developing their plans for a life worth living.
I’m Elizabeth (Liz) Klotz, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience in the social work and mental health fields. I help adolescents, adults, families, and couples live lives that are true to their values and reflective of their authentic selves. I specialize in anxiety, depression, self-esteem, self-acceptance, grief/loss, work stress, and co-occurring disorders. I completed my Master of Social Work (MSW) with a concentration in Clinical Health/Mental Health from Temple University.
Lisa Nilon Redding
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, BSL, CCPTII
Verified Verified
Reading, PA 19601
I am trained in Applied Behavior Analysis, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral therapy, and Trauma (CCPT 1 & 2.
I am a licensed Professional Counselor in PA, DE, and NJ. With over 18 years of experience, I have worked with all different ages, populations, and concerns. I am a seasoned therapist with training in CBT, DBT, and Trauma. I will help bring back balance in the client's life by addressing their emotional and behavioral needs. I have extensive knowledge and experience addressing blended families, parenting challenges, and conflict resolution. We will work together to understand the "whys" and build better strategies to improve the areas in your life you want to change. We will look at ways to improve communication with others.
I am trained in Applied Behavior Analysis, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral therapy, and Trauma (CCPT 1 & 2.
I am a licensed Professional Counselor in PA, DE, and NJ. With over 18 years of experience, I have worked with all different ages, populations, and concerns. I am a seasoned therapist with training in CBT, DBT, and Trauma. I will help bring back balance in the client's life by addressing their emotional and behavioral needs. I have extensive knowledge and experience addressing blended families, parenting challenges, and conflict resolution. We will work together to understand the "whys" and build better strategies to improve the areas in your life you want to change. We will look at ways to improve communication with others.
I’m trained in cognitive behavioral therapy & dialectical behavior therapy and believe in creating a safe, personalized approach.
I’m Kelly Fox, a Licensed Professional Counselor with 10 years of experience in the mental health field. I specialize in helping individuals ages 6 and up who are struggling with anxiety, depression, mental stress, phobias, gender identity and sexuality, and drug and alcohol abuse. My background includes working in group homes, outpatient centers, the prison system, and crisis management and suicide prevention, which has given me the flexibility and understanding to meet the diverse needs of my clients. I believe in meeting you where you are and guiding you toward growth with genuine compassion.
I’m trained in cognitive behavioral therapy & dialectical behavior therapy and believe in creating a safe, personalized approach.
I’m Kelly Fox, a Licensed Professional Counselor with 10 years of experience in the mental health field. I specialize in helping individuals ages 6 and up who are struggling with anxiety, depression, mental stress, phobias, gender identity and sexuality, and drug and alcohol abuse. My background includes working in group homes, outpatient centers, the prison system, and crisis management and suicide prevention, which has given me the flexibility and understanding to meet the diverse needs of my clients. I believe in meeting you where you are and guiding you toward growth with genuine compassion.
Julia Ruane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Reading, PA 19601 (Online Only)
I have training in Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and also have a certification in Applied Positive Psychology.
Hi! I'm Julia. I specialize and am certified in perinatal mental health. I work with clients through the unpredictability of trying to start a family, including adoption and fertility issues. I support families who are facing the pain of pregnancy loss, or dealing with the aftermath of birth trauma. I treat perinatal mood and anxiety disorders that arise during pregnancy and/or the postpartum period. I provide a skilled perspective to help clients learn how to ride the waves of this delicate and vulnerable time.
I have training in Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and also have a certification in Applied Positive Psychology.
Hi! I'm Julia. I specialize and am certified in perinatal mental health. I work with clients through the unpredictability of trying to start a family, including adoption and fertility issues. I support families who are facing the pain of pregnancy loss, or dealing with the aftermath of birth trauma. I treat perinatal mood and anxiety disorders that arise during pregnancy and/or the postpartum period. I provide a skilled perspective to help clients learn how to ride the waves of this delicate and vulnerable time.
Doree Putnam-Baker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shillington, PA 19607
Are you feeing overwhelmed by daily life or like things are out of control? I might be able to help. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to help you better understand and resolve challenges in your life. Through techniques like ART(Accelerated Resolution therapy), Brainspotting, mindfulness, dialectical and cognitive behavioral approaches, you can learn how to accept your life and start living in the present not the past. You will gain insight into long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
Are you feeing overwhelmed by daily life or like things are out of control? I might be able to help. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to help you better understand and resolve challenges in your life. Through techniques like ART(Accelerated Resolution therapy), Brainspotting, mindfulness, dialectical and cognitive behavioral approaches, you can learn how to accept your life and start living in the present not the past. You will gain insight into long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
See more therapy options for West Reading
Nearby Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists Searches for West Reading
- Boyertown
- Douglassville
- Ephrata
- Hamburg
- Kutztown
- Leesport
- Reading
- Robesonia
- Shillington
- Sinking Spring
- Wernersville
- Wyomissing
Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists
Who is DBT for?
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is designed for people who experience extreme emotional suffering because they lack the skills of emotion regulation and distress tolerance. The basic affliction can underlie a wide range of conditions, from borderline and other personality disorders to PTSD and treatment-resistant anxiety and depression. The therapy is helpful to those whose emotional reactivity is so intense it is disruptive to everyday functioning and leads to frequent crises.
Why do people need DBT?
The ability to regulate emotions is a core psychological skill that enables people to function in life and pay attention to the world outside themselves; it is consistently associated with well-being. DBT is designed to help people learn how to manage and regulate their emotions. Originally developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder whose extreme emotional suffering led to self-harming behavior and suicide attempts, the therapy is now applied to other conditions involving emotion dysregulation, particularly when other treatments have failed.
What happens in DBT?
Individuals meet weekly with their therapist to discuss their experiences relating to moods, behavior, and skills. Using checklists they maintain, they review emotional experiences and positive practices they engage in. The diaries help individuals discern what led up to a specific problem encountered, this is followed by discussion of the consequences of their actions. In addition, individuals may meet in class-like small groups to learn skills such as mindfulness, emotion regulation and distress tolerance.
How long does DBT last?
Because it is intended to establish long-lasting behavioral change among those with persistent problems, DBT is designed to last six months to a year. DBT includes both weekly sessions of individual therapy and weekly skills-training sessions conducted in small groups. Studies of DBT have documented improvement within a year of treatment, particularly in controlling self-harmful behavior; nevertheless, individuals may require therapy for several years.