Jungian Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

Photo of Marion Rudin Frank, EdD, MA, Psychologist
Marion Rudin Frank
Psychologist, EdD, MA
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
As a licensed psychologist, board certified clinical hypnotherapist and medical psychotherapist, I have been in private practice for 30 years in center city Philadelphia and Chestnut Hill,Pa. I am primarily Jungian, feminist, and cognitive/behavioral in orientation and use a blend of whatever suits the person and situation. My specialties include relationships, depression and anxiety/panic, self-esteem. trauma, and life transitions. I am widely published, formerly on staff at the Belmont Center and at Hahnemann and Temple Universities.The goal is to diminish negative symptoms and patterns, facilitate individuation, find your path and personal meaning in life, at work and in relationships.
As a licensed psychologist, board certified clinical hypnotherapist and medical psychotherapist, I have been in private practice for 30 years in center city Philadelphia and Chestnut Hill,Pa. I am primarily Jungian, feminist, and cognitive/behavioral in orientation and use a blend of whatever suits the person and situation. My specialties include relationships, depression and anxiety/panic, self-esteem. trauma, and life transitions. I am widely published, formerly on staff at the Belmont Center and at Hahnemann and Temple Universities.The goal is to diminish negative symptoms and patterns, facilitate individuation, find your path and personal meaning in life, at work and in relationships.
(267) 348-4075 x1 View (267) 348-4075 x1
Photo of Holly Bittner, MA, MS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Holly Bittner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19119
My holistic approach is informed by over a decade of study in Jungian depth psychology and training in mind-body-spirit approaches.
Do your "symptoms" keep recurring despite your best efforts? Maybe you have recurring or chronic depression or anxiety, or are grieving a loss. Perhaps you feel like something is missing or wrong, even though you function well and have what others may consider a "good life." Or you might be struggling with your creativity, or with your identity. You may even understand that your struggles are rooted in childhood trauma, and yet, this insight hasn't led to much change... I would be honored to provide a safe space for you to deepen your healing journey, and help you get to know your true self.
My holistic approach is informed by over a decade of study in Jungian depth psychology and training in mind-body-spirit approaches.
Do your "symptoms" keep recurring despite your best efforts? Maybe you have recurring or chronic depression or anxiety, or are grieving a loss. Perhaps you feel like something is missing or wrong, even though you function well and have what others may consider a "good life." Or you might be struggling with your creativity, or with your identity. You may even understand that your struggles are rooted in childhood trauma, and yet, this insight hasn't led to much change... I would be honored to provide a safe space for you to deepen your healing journey, and help you get to know your true self.
(267) 214-7026 View (267) 214-7026
Photo of Nancy Forrest, PsyD, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nancy Forrest
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19154
Using eclectic therapy techniques from Jungian perspective, I am the President and CEO of a collegial group practice, including psychologists and life coaches. We specialize in healing patterns of trauma and hurt relationships in couples, the workplace, family issues or personal issues within the self.
Using eclectic therapy techniques from Jungian perspective, I am the President and CEO of a collegial group practice, including psychologists and life coaches. We specialize in healing patterns of trauma and hurt relationships in couples, the workplace, family issues or personal issues within the self.
(610) 601-4189 View (610) 601-4189
Photo of Stephen Martin, PsyD, Psychologist
Stephen Martin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102
As a Jungian analyst, my approach focuses on one's unlived life as expressed continually through dreams, fantasies and other symbolic material. By actively engaging this material and understanding its symbolic message, as well as demonstrating its relevance for life lived now, suffering can be dramatically alleviated and a more meaningful, more balanced, and spiritually satisfying life becomes possible. Many consult me specifically for my Jungian orientation but many come also who are not familiar with this approach but who are referred for psychotherapy and profit from it because of its focus on healing and transformation.
As a Jungian analyst, my approach focuses on one's unlived life as expressed continually through dreams, fantasies and other symbolic material. By actively engaging this material and understanding its symbolic message, as well as demonstrating its relevance for life lived now, suffering can be dramatically alleviated and a more meaningful, more balanced, and spiritually satisfying life becomes possible. Many consult me specifically for my Jungian orientation but many come also who are not familiar with this approach but who are referred for psychotherapy and profit from it because of its focus on healing and transformation.
(610) 896-7536 View (610) 896-7536
Photo of Phil Wieszczyk, MMT, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Phil Wieszczyk
Licensed Professional Counselor, MMT, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19122  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Attachment theory, Jungian psychology, and internal family systems/parts psychology approaches guide my practice.
Hello! I'm so glad you're here! I am a licensed professional counselor and music therapist with over 10 years' experience serving individuals and families in institutional, outpatient, and community settings. My experience includes work with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with mood disorders, anxiety, anger-related concerns, post-traumatic stress, relationship difficulties, chemical dependency and other addictive behaviors, motivational and self-esteem problems, as well as those with developmental delays.
Attachment theory, Jungian psychology, and internal family systems/parts psychology approaches guide my practice.
Hello! I'm so glad you're here! I am a licensed professional counselor and music therapist with over 10 years' experience serving individuals and families in institutional, outpatient, and community settings. My experience includes work with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with mood disorders, anxiety, anger-related concerns, post-traumatic stress, relationship difficulties, chemical dependency and other addictive behaviors, motivational and self-esteem problems, as well as those with developmental delays.
(814) 200-6989 View (814) 200-6989
Photo of Linda Elkins, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Linda Elkins
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19131
Using Jungian and Rogerian caring for the individual, find yourself again through therapy.
Feeling like you don't fit in anywhere? Are you in a transition? Would you like to have a skill set to deal with difficult situations? Have you thought about ways to control your addiction but can't seem to do it on your own ? Are you turned off by certain aspects of recovery programs? Would you like to develop a plan that will work specifically for you that's completely confidential? Are you an adoptee who is unsure of how to approach Adoptive family about searching for your roots ? Are you afraid of a second abandonment ? Is fear of abandonment repeated in all your relationships ? Have people called oyu co-dependent ?
Using Jungian and Rogerian caring for the individual, find yourself again through therapy.
Feeling like you don't fit in anywhere? Are you in a transition? Would you like to have a skill set to deal with difficult situations? Have you thought about ways to control your addiction but can't seem to do it on your own ? Are you turned off by certain aspects of recovery programs? Would you like to develop a plan that will work specifically for you that's completely confidential? Are you an adoptee who is unsure of how to approach Adoptive family about searching for your roots ? Are you afraid of a second abandonment ? Is fear of abandonment repeated in all your relationships ? Have people called oyu co-dependent ?
(484) 457-5068 View (484) 457-5068
Photo of Audra Tolbert-Martin - Audra Tolbert-Martin, LPC, LMHC, ATR, MFA, MA, LPC, LMHC, ATR, Licensed Professional Counselor
Audra Tolbert-Martin, LPC, LMHC, ATR
Licensed Professional Counselor, MFA, MA, LPC, LMHC, ATR
Not Verified Not Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19092  (Online Only)
I'm a Jungian-oriented Board Certified Licensed Professional Mental Health Counselor & Registered Art Therapist in the states of CT, IL, NY, PA, TX. I specialize in relationships, adult attachment anxiety, codependency, childhood trauma (emotional neglect, alcoholism, narcissistic parenting), and major life transitions (times in a person's life which call for deep self-evaluation). I use humor, empathy, and alternative methods of healing to help you find your own path in life! While life is at times a Tragi-Comedy, we can walk through the fire and free ourselves from the grips of anxiety, inner criticism and fear of loss.
I'm a Jungian-oriented Board Certified Licensed Professional Mental Health Counselor & Registered Art Therapist in the states of CT, IL, NY, PA, TX. I specialize in relationships, adult attachment anxiety, codependency, childhood trauma (emotional neglect, alcoholism, narcissistic parenting), and major life transitions (times in a person's life which call for deep self-evaluation). I use humor, empathy, and alternative methods of healing to help you find your own path in life! While life is at times a Tragi-Comedy, we can walk through the fire and free ourselves from the grips of anxiety, inner criticism and fear of loss.
(646) 762-0368 View (646) 762-0368
Photo of Debrah Morkun, MS, MFA, CYT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Debrah Morkun
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MFA, CYT
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19125  (Online Only)
Do you feel alone in the world, like there is no one who understands? Do you wish you could find a clear path, but wonder what that would look like, or how to find it? I will work closely with you, helping you navigate the storms of life that can make one's path more challenging. I can help you reconnect to your inner guidance, so you can place your feet more solidly on the ground. I believe we all have the ability to tap into our own inner wisdom. If you feel your voice or intuitive knowing has been silenced, I will work with you to find it again. If you are searching for your calling, I will help you listen.
Do you feel alone in the world, like there is no one who understands? Do you wish you could find a clear path, but wonder what that would look like, or how to find it? I will work closely with you, helping you navigate the storms of life that can make one's path more challenging. I can help you reconnect to your inner guidance, so you can place your feet more solidly on the ground. I believe we all have the ability to tap into our own inner wisdom. If you feel your voice or intuitive knowing has been silenced, I will work with you to find it again. If you are searching for your calling, I will help you listen.
(267) 651-8924 View (267) 651-8924
Photo of Allison Whitmore, RYT-200, Reiki, Pre-Licensed Professional
Allison Whitmore
Pre-Licensed Professional, RYT-200, Reiki
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19116  (Online Only)
Welcome! You are taking a brave step toward healing by coming here. I work with individuals of diverse identities with any amount of desire to understand their true selves. We all experience shades of anxiety and depression, some stronger than others. Some folks want change through learning skills. Others appreciate an accepting, safe space that challenges them while also providing objectivity and empathetic support. Some are still unsure why they're even thinking about starting therapy, and yet still have the willingness to show up. Most of the time, it's a mixture of all 3.
Welcome! You are taking a brave step toward healing by coming here. I work with individuals of diverse identities with any amount of desire to understand their true selves. We all experience shades of anxiety and depression, some stronger than others. Some folks want change through learning skills. Others appreciate an accepting, safe space that challenges them while also providing objectivity and empathetic support. Some are still unsure why they're even thinking about starting therapy, and yet still have the willingness to show up. Most of the time, it's a mixture of all 3.
(215) 608-6027 View (215) 608-6027
Photo of Constance Lucy Cunningham, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Constance Lucy Cunningham
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19147  (Online Only)
I a a professional counselor licensed in Pennsylvania. I practice using primarily psychodynamic and person-centered therapy. Through these modalities, you will work on a deeper level to explore causes and underlying patterns of presenting problems and easing resistance. I will provide unconditional positive regard, so you do not have to worry about feeling pressured or judged. Areas of expertise include relationship issues, anxiety, low self-esteem and feelings of being stuck in unhealthy patterns of functioning.
I a a professional counselor licensed in Pennsylvania. I practice using primarily psychodynamic and person-centered therapy. Through these modalities, you will work on a deeper level to explore causes and underlying patterns of presenting problems and easing resistance. I will provide unconditional positive regard, so you do not have to worry about feeling pressured or judged. Areas of expertise include relationship issues, anxiety, low self-esteem and feelings of being stuck in unhealthy patterns of functioning.
(267) 399-3625 View (267) 399-3625
Photo of Pamela Schade - Pamela Schade, LPC, NCC, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Pamela Schade, LPC, NCC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Pamela Schade, LPC, NCC, is a licensed professional counselor in Pennsylvania and is board certified. Pamela has 20 years of experience in assisting many people in need (children, adults, and seniors) who have struggled with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, addictions, low self-esteem, mental illness, grief & loss, trauma, and anger issues. Pamela earned her Masters of Science Degree in Counseling from Texas A&M University. She focuses on individual and couples' counseling. Pamela offers individual counseling and marital counseling for enhancing relationships, decreasing marital discord, increasing trust, improving conflict management, decreasing worry and anxiety, and lessening the burden of having irrational thoughts, negative thinking, and irritable moods. What is the root of our problems? Why do we have feelings? What is the importance of having feelings? We have feelings so we can connect with one another. Human beings are social beings who need support from the people in their lives.
Pamela Schade, LPC, NCC, is a licensed professional counselor in Pennsylvania and is board certified. Pamela has 20 years of experience in assisting many people in need (children, adults, and seniors) who have struggled with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, addictions, low self-esteem, mental illness, grief & loss, trauma, and anger issues. Pamela earned her Masters of Science Degree in Counseling from Texas A&M University. She focuses on individual and couples' counseling. Pamela offers individual counseling and marital counseling for enhancing relationships, decreasing marital discord, increasing trust, improving conflict management, decreasing worry and anxiety, and lessening the burden of having irrational thoughts, negative thinking, and irritable moods. What is the root of our problems? Why do we have feelings? What is the importance of having feelings? We have feelings so we can connect with one another. Human beings are social beings who need support from the people in their lives.
(267) 519-2449 View (267) 519-2449
Photo of Katherine M Schneider, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katherine M Schneider
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19129
Everyone has a story and it is my privilege to be invited into yours. My unique blend of warmth and tenacity set me apart as a therapist and allow me to work with clients towards meaningful change. I value the relationships I form with clients and my goal is to make everyone I work with feel safe, respected and accepted for who they are. My practice is shaped by a combination of formal education and hands-on experience, including training in psychoanalysis, couples counseling, ExRP, play therapy and family therapy.
Everyone has a story and it is my privilege to be invited into yours. My unique blend of warmth and tenacity set me apart as a therapist and allow me to work with clients towards meaningful change. I value the relationships I form with clients and my goal is to make everyone I work with feel safe, respected and accepted for who they are. My practice is shaped by a combination of formal education and hands-on experience, including training in psychoanalysis, couples counseling, ExRP, play therapy and family therapy.
(215) 608-3494 View (215) 608-3494
Photo of Mandy Schaller, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mandy Schaller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19118
If you’re looking for support in shedding limiting beliefs & old patterns that may be blocking your success in work, school, finances, or relationships— I’ve had 20 years experience, working in human behavior, health and healing to create lasting, positive changes. I equally enjoy the art & science of being a therapist; I integrate brain health, nutrition, family system history as well as art & music into the treatment process. My professional history includes individual, family & group therapy in anxiety, depression & trauma. I allow clients to set goals and a pace that feels useful and individualized.
If you’re looking for support in shedding limiting beliefs & old patterns that may be blocking your success in work, school, finances, or relationships— I’ve had 20 years experience, working in human behavior, health and healing to create lasting, positive changes. I equally enjoy the art & science of being a therapist; I integrate brain health, nutrition, family system history as well as art & music into the treatment process. My professional history includes individual, family & group therapy in anxiety, depression & trauma. I allow clients to set goals and a pace that feels useful and individualized.
(215) 883-8803 View (215) 883-8803
Photo of Erica Schommer, LPC, RYT-500, Licensed Professional Counselor
Erica Schommer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, RYT-500
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19125  (Online Only)
As a therapist and yoga teacher, I believe in a holistic approach to personal growth. I have training and experience in how to use mindfulness and somatic (aka body-based or sensory) techniques to address a range of concerns. I specialize in working with anxiety, addictive behaviors, and folks who want to feel better about how they see themselves. I do often see people who have a trauma history, but whether or not we process it is entirely up to them. Ultimately, it is my intention to help clients build a better relationship with all parts of themselves including their bodies.
As a therapist and yoga teacher, I believe in a holistic approach to personal growth. I have training and experience in how to use mindfulness and somatic (aka body-based or sensory) techniques to address a range of concerns. I specialize in working with anxiety, addictive behaviors, and folks who want to feel better about how they see themselves. I do often see people who have a trauma history, but whether or not we process it is entirely up to them. Ultimately, it is my intention to help clients build a better relationship with all parts of themselves including their bodies.
(215) 706-8244 View (215) 706-8244
Photo of Kevin Guckin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kevin Guckin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19125
When we truly know ourselves, the underlying motivations for our actions, and the subconscious fears that drive us, we can begin to exercise more control over our lives and move towards self-actualization. Mental illness is often defined through a lens of dysfunction, yet, even if we were able to remove all of the dysfunction from one's life, the experience of needing support would still be present for many people. My goal is not only to make sure my clients are functioning at their best, but also that they feel strong, genuine, and intentional while doing it.
When we truly know ourselves, the underlying motivations for our actions, and the subconscious fears that drive us, we can begin to exercise more control over our lives and move towards self-actualization. Mental illness is often defined through a lens of dysfunction, yet, even if we were able to remove all of the dysfunction from one's life, the experience of needing support would still be present for many people. My goal is not only to make sure my clients are functioning at their best, but also that they feel strong, genuine, and intentional while doing it.
(215) 613-4913 View (215) 613-4913
Photo of James Lavino, Pre-Licensed Professional
James Lavino
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102
James Lavino is a Resident in Counseling (RIC) and board-certified Music Therapist who works with adolescents, adults, and older adults. James has over 5 years of experience and is passionate about helping people overcome the unique challenges in their lives and improve relationships. He specializes in trauma, depression, grief, and anxiety. James holds a Master’s degree in Music Therapy and Counseling from Drexel University, as well as a Master's degree from Yale University.
James Lavino is a Resident in Counseling (RIC) and board-certified Music Therapist who works with adolescents, adults, and older adults. James has over 5 years of experience and is passionate about helping people overcome the unique challenges in their lives and improve relationships. He specializes in trauma, depression, grief, and anxiety. James holds a Master’s degree in Music Therapy and Counseling from Drexel University, as well as a Master's degree from Yale University.
(484) 559-7413 View (484) 559-7413
Photo of Emily Nussdorfer, MA, BC-DMT, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Emily Nussdorfer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, BC-DMT, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19119
Are you seeking to find relief from past pain and the courage and positive energy needed to recharge your life? Trauma experiences can have a crippling effect on the mind and body, causing depression, anxiety, rage reactions, grief, addiction, and other distressing symptoms. I offer a warm and safe space for you to unpack your burdens, and experience genuine and lasting relief. With over 20 years of combined experience in trauma therapy, expressive movement therapy, and mindfulness, I will guide you in developing practical tools to transform the immobilizing effects of trauma, PTSD and chronic stress so that you can move forward.
Are you seeking to find relief from past pain and the courage and positive energy needed to recharge your life? Trauma experiences can have a crippling effect on the mind and body, causing depression, anxiety, rage reactions, grief, addiction, and other distressing symptoms. I offer a warm and safe space for you to unpack your burdens, and experience genuine and lasting relief. With over 20 years of combined experience in trauma therapy, expressive movement therapy, and mindfulness, I will guide you in developing practical tools to transform the immobilizing effects of trauma, PTSD and chronic stress so that you can move forward.
(215) 608-1934 View (215) 608-1934
Photo of Emily Capelli, LPC, MS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Emily Capelli
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19137  (Online Only)
I love working with the "unknowns" of a person's life: cultural and gender identity, sexuality, career unknowns, dating, and relationships. I like not having the answers, and helping people navigate the uncertainties in their lives is a never-ending thrill for me. I specialize in working with trauma, disordered eating, sexuality, and anyone seeking a safe space to figure things out. I also enjoy working with women over 30 who are dating or single. There are specific challenges that single women face that are ignored in our society, and I love helping them get to a place of acceptance of themselves, regardless of their relationship.
I love working with the "unknowns" of a person's life: cultural and gender identity, sexuality, career unknowns, dating, and relationships. I like not having the answers, and helping people navigate the uncertainties in their lives is a never-ending thrill for me. I specialize in working with trauma, disordered eating, sexuality, and anyone seeking a safe space to figure things out. I also enjoy working with women over 30 who are dating or single. There are specific challenges that single women face that are ignored in our society, and I love helping them get to a place of acceptance of themselves, regardless of their relationship.
(215) 709-7458 View (215) 709-7458
Photo of Sonja Spangler, LSW, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sonja Spangler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19130  (Online Only)
What is your story? It's common to have a running narrative about who you are in this world. We use certain words to describe ourselves, like “I’m too shy.” “I’m an anxious person.” “I’m not good enough.” While these stories are based on real experiences, they can also hold power over our self-esteem, our decision-making, and our relationships. In therapy, we will work to understand yourself in new ways that feel more accepting, empowering and expansive.
What is your story? It's common to have a running narrative about who you are in this world. We use certain words to describe ourselves, like “I’m too shy.” “I’m an anxious person.” “I’m not good enough.” While these stories are based on real experiences, they can also hold power over our self-esteem, our decision-making, and our relationships. In therapy, we will work to understand yourself in new ways that feel more accepting, empowering and expansive.
(215) 882-9785 View (215) 882-9785
Photo of Djuan D Short, LCSW , CCTP, C-IYAT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Djuan D Short
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW , CCTP, C-IYAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Your mind races, trapped in a cycle of overthinking. Saying 'no' feels impossible, burdened by guilt and obligation. Frustration builds, leaving you moody and irritable, longing for support. Masking true feelings becomes second nature, craving validation and acceptance. Doubt plagues every decision, fueling the belief that you'll never measure up. It's a constant battle, wondering if there's a way to break free from anxiety and self-doubt. But you can find the peace and clarity you deserve with support and guidance.
Your mind races, trapped in a cycle of overthinking. Saying 'no' feels impossible, burdened by guilt and obligation. Frustration builds, leaving you moody and irritable, longing for support. Masking true feelings becomes second nature, craving validation and acceptance. Doubt plagues every decision, fueling the belief that you'll never measure up. It's a constant battle, wondering if there's a way to break free from anxiety and self-doubt. But you can find the peace and clarity you deserve with support and guidance.
(215) 960-9807 View (215) 960-9807

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Jungian Therapists

How does Jungian therapy work?

Jungian therapy, also called analytical psychology, focuses on a patient’s inner experiences and unconscious mind. Exploring a person’s unconscious mind can be achieved through several means, including the analysis of memories and dreams, and through physical exercises, such as art, dance, and word association.

How long does Jungian therapy last?

Jungian therapy is an intensive treatment type. Because its goal is to understand a person as a whole, including the unconscious aspects of them, treatment can range from months to years. Since patients learn the theory behind Jungian therapy during treatment, they can also practice its tenets throughout life after therapy sessions have completed.

Is Jungian therapy effective?

According to studies, many patients find success with Jungian therapy, and the century-old treatment has a devoted following. Researchers note that the therapy is particularly useful in improving relationships, self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Improvements in problem areas seem to continue even after the end of Jungian therapy, as people are able to continue working on themselves using the tools they’ve learned during the treatment.

Is Jungian therapy evidence-based?

Jungian therapy is theory-based, derived from the theories of Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist often called one of the fathers of psychology, along with Sigmund Freud. Jung developed his theories from observing the problems of patients, and developed many theories of how the mind works. Subsequent psychological research has determined that Jungian therapy can lead to significant improvement in most patients.