Black and African American Therapists in Carlisle, PA

Photo of Corey Burton, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Corey Burton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Carlisle, PA 17013
Waitlist for new clients
Have you experienced changes in your life? Has these changes caused you to feel stuck or under pressure? There is resiliency in all of our stories, but it can leave us feeling unheard and misunderstood. We all have a unique journey. Learning to navigate these changes and understand your resiliency. Learning to use your strength to survive as a skill to live life to the fullest. It would be my pleasure to walk with you on your journey of growth. This starts with assurance of a judgement free environment and acceptance. We all need a space to be heard and seen.
Have you experienced changes in your life? Has these changes caused you to feel stuck or under pressure? There is resiliency in all of our stories, but it can leave us feeling unheard and misunderstood. We all have a unique journey. Learning to navigate these changes and understand your resiliency. Learning to use your strength to survive as a skill to live life to the fullest. It would be my pleasure to walk with you on your journey of growth. This starts with assurance of a judgement free environment and acceptance. We all need a space to be heard and seen.
(223) 217-2336 View (223) 217-2336
Photo of Ky'neike King - Ky'Neike King, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ky'Neike King
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013  (Online Only)
You are your most precious commodity and Krown Jewelz Wellness wants to assist you in being your best self. I will use every tool in my wheelhouse obtained in my 25+ years in the helping profession and working with various populations to assist you in that journey. You are the expert on your life. I will support you in your continued life transitions so you can move forward in a healthy and happy way.
You are your most precious commodity and Krown Jewelz Wellness wants to assist you in being your best self. I will use every tool in my wheelhouse obtained in my 25+ years in the helping profession and working with various populations to assist you in that journey. You are the expert on your life. I will support you in your continued life transitions so you can move forward in a healthy and happy way.
(610) 726-0434 View (610) 726-0434
Photo of Hope E. Wilkinson, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Hope E. Wilkinson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carlisle, PA 17013
I am a part of Aliff Counseling Services, LLC and I have worked in the Human Services field in the Franklin County area for the past 24 years, 12 of which I have been a Masters Level Therapist. I welcome all gender identities, sexual orientations, cultures, and racial backgrounds.
I am a part of Aliff Counseling Services, LLC and I have worked in the Human Services field in the Franklin County area for the past 24 years, 12 of which I have been a Masters Level Therapist. I welcome all gender identities, sexual orientations, cultures, and racial backgrounds.
(717) 539-5077 View (717) 539-5077
Photo of Kenneth J Sutton, LPC, SAP, MAC, CAADC, CAMS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kenneth J Sutton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, SAP, MAC, CAADC, CAMS
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
I am a License Mental Health and a National Certified Master's Level Drug and Alcohol Therapist. Presently, I am the only National Certified Anger Management Specialist in Harrisburg and Carlisle. Thank you for visiting my profile. If you are reading this, your suffering has likely reached a point where you are considering professional help. I am so pleased you have taken the first step towards wellness. I believe that you are the most important part of your healing. It is very important to me that you get the results you are looking for in therapy and that your experience is a very positive one. My practice is founded on evidence-based therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT).
I am a License Mental Health and a National Certified Master's Level Drug and Alcohol Therapist. Presently, I am the only National Certified Anger Management Specialist in Harrisburg and Carlisle. Thank you for visiting my profile. If you are reading this, your suffering has likely reached a point where you are considering professional help. I am so pleased you have taken the first step towards wellness. I believe that you are the most important part of your healing. It is very important to me that you get the results you are looking for in therapy and that your experience is a very positive one. My practice is founded on evidence-based therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT).
(717) 619-8122 View (717) 619-8122
Photo of Darryl McClish, Pre-Licensed Professional
Darryl McClish
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Carlisle, PA 17013
Throughout my life I have been interested in listening to others as they discuss their struggles and hardships. Helping others in this manner has always come naturally to me, and it is rewarding to be able to serve others in this capacity. I made the determination that I would pursue a career in counseling during my senior year of high school. Since I made that decision, I have done everything in my power to prepare myself to serve others utilizing several tools such as reflective listening, various modalities, and cultural competence.
Throughout my life I have been interested in listening to others as they discuss their struggles and hardships. Helping others in this manner has always come naturally to me, and it is rewarding to be able to serve others in this capacity. I made the determination that I would pursue a career in counseling during my senior year of high school. Since I made that decision, I have done everything in my power to prepare myself to serve others utilizing several tools such as reflective listening, various modalities, and cultural competence.
(717) 219-5362 View (717) 219-5362
Photo of Heather Bridges Moshier, MBA, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Heather Bridges Moshier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MBA, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carlisle, PA 17013
Seeking therapy takes courage; people often feel vulnerable when reaching out for help. I believe the therapy process is a collaboration, and you are the expert on your lived experience. Together we can create a space that honors your values and beliefs and help you live fully in the present moment, manage painful emotions and symptoms, develop self-compassion, and build more genuine relationships so that you can not only survive, but thrive.
Seeking therapy takes courage; people often feel vulnerable when reaching out for help. I believe the therapy process is a collaboration, and you are the expert on your lived experience. Together we can create a space that honors your values and beliefs and help you live fully in the present moment, manage painful emotions and symptoms, develop self-compassion, and build more genuine relationships so that you can not only survive, but thrive.
(717) 276-4908 View (717) 276-4908

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Jeffery Allen Wolfe, MA, MDiv, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jeffery Allen Wolfe
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MDiv, LPC
Verified Verified
Mechanicsburg, PA 17055
I have a deep belief that life should be enjoyed. There are many things that can create limits in life, and whether it is our own fault, or someone else's, these limits do not have to keep us from enjoying life. I have extensive work with people who have struggled with drug and alcohol addictions, sexual addictions, grief and loss, depression, anxiety, trauma, as well as parenting and adoption concerns. I have seen clients achieve balance in life, greater self-awareness, and overcome ways of thinking and behavior that have limited life's enjoyment and success.
I have a deep belief that life should be enjoyed. There are many things that can create limits in life, and whether it is our own fault, or someone else's, these limits do not have to keep us from enjoying life. I have extensive work with people who have struggled with drug and alcohol addictions, sexual addictions, grief and loss, depression, anxiety, trauma, as well as parenting and adoption concerns. I have seen clients achieve balance in life, greater self-awareness, and overcome ways of thinking and behavior that have limited life's enjoyment and success.
(717) 546-9658 View (717) 546-9658
Photo of Nancy J Patrick - Nancy J. Patrick, Ph.D. LLC, MEd, PhD, LP, Psychologist
Nancy J. Patrick, Ph.D. LLC
Psychologist, MEd, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Mechanicsburg, PA 17050
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed psychologist and certified school psychologist, special educator, author, and speaker. In my practice, I focus primarily on providing support to children, teens, and adults with autism spectrum and other developmental disorders and their families. I utilize an individualized strengths-based approach along with evidence-based practices to evaluate, diagnose, counsel, coach, consult, advocate and teach individuals struggling with social, behavioral and learning differences to function at their best at home, school, work and in the community.
I am a licensed psychologist and certified school psychologist, special educator, author, and speaker. In my practice, I focus primarily on providing support to children, teens, and adults with autism spectrum and other developmental disorders and their families. I utilize an individualized strengths-based approach along with evidence-based practices to evaluate, diagnose, counsel, coach, consult, advocate and teach individuals struggling with social, behavioral and learning differences to function at their best at home, school, work and in the community.
(717) 500-3074 View (717) 500-3074

Online Therapists

Photo of Charles Tyson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Charles Tyson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lancaster, PA 17602  (Online Only)
Deeply passionate about social justice and facilitating and guiding positive change and development in the lives of others, my name is Charles Tyson (they/them), and I am thrilled to connect with you as you begin your journey inward. Healing is truly the risk of showing up for yourself and your resistance to the temptation to go back to unsilenced needs, numbing out, disconnection, and erasure. As a Black, non-binary, Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 10 years of wide-ranging clinical and field experience, I look forward to tailoring my approach to meet your needs and help you reach your goals.
Deeply passionate about social justice and facilitating and guiding positive change and development in the lives of others, my name is Charles Tyson (they/them), and I am thrilled to connect with you as you begin your journey inward. Healing is truly the risk of showing up for yourself and your resistance to the temptation to go back to unsilenced needs, numbing out, disconnection, and erasure. As a Black, non-binary, Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 10 years of wide-ranging clinical and field experience, I look forward to tailoring my approach to meet your needs and help you reach your goals.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Charles Tyson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Charles Tyson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
King Of Prussia, PA 19406  (Online Only)
Deeply passionate about social justice and facilitating and guiding positive change and development in the lives of others, my name is Charles Tyson (they/them), and I am thrilled to connect with you as you begin your journey inward. Healing is truly the risk of showing up for yourself and your resistance to the temptation to go back to unsilenced needs, numbing out, disconnection, and erasure. As a Black, non-binary, Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 10 years of wide-ranging clinical and field experience, I look forward to tailoring my approach to meet your needs and help you reach your goals.
Deeply passionate about social justice and facilitating and guiding positive change and development in the lives of others, my name is Charles Tyson (they/them), and I am thrilled to connect with you as you begin your journey inward. Healing is truly the risk of showing up for yourself and your resistance to the temptation to go back to unsilenced needs, numbing out, disconnection, and erasure. As a Black, non-binary, Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 10 years of wide-ranging clinical and field experience, I look forward to tailoring my approach to meet your needs and help you reach your goals.
(717) 694-6573 View (717) 694-6573
Photo of Ralph Kyser, LPC , Licensed Professional Counselor
Ralph Kyser
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lancaster, PA 17603  (Online Only)
Hi, my name is Ralph Kyser, Licensed Professional Counselor in PA. I am a person-centered, Trauma-Focused cognitive behavioral therapist (TF-CBT) therapist, experienced in counseling children and adolescents primarily African-American males. My specialized areas of focus are trauma, PTSD, depression, suicidal ideation, anger management, anxiety, grief, school issues, and conflict resolution.
Hi, my name is Ralph Kyser, Licensed Professional Counselor in PA. I am a person-centered, Trauma-Focused cognitive behavioral therapist (TF-CBT) therapist, experienced in counseling children and adolescents primarily African-American males. My specialized areas of focus are trauma, PTSD, depression, suicidal ideation, anger management, anxiety, grief, school issues, and conflict resolution.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Brian Jones, MSEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brian Jones
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19382
I understand that seeking therapy can be a vulnerable and courageous step and as a black male therapist, I prioritize creating a space that is affirming, safe, and non-judgmental to clients of all backgrounds.
Welcome to my Psychology Today profile! My goal, as a therapist, is to create a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your emotions, behaviors, and experiences in life. My passion in my therapy work centers around helping people navigate the challenges of living with Adult ADHD, Anxiety, CPTSD, Trauma, Codependency, and Communication/trust issues in relationships. I also have had success in treating erectile dysfunction concerns. My approach is grounded in evidence-based practices, but I also recognize the importance of tailoring treatment to each individual's specific needs and values.
I understand that seeking therapy can be a vulnerable and courageous step and as a black male therapist, I prioritize creating a space that is affirming, safe, and non-judgmental to clients of all backgrounds.
Welcome to my Psychology Today profile! My goal, as a therapist, is to create a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your emotions, behaviors, and experiences in life. My passion in my therapy work centers around helping people navigate the challenges of living with Adult ADHD, Anxiety, CPTSD, Trauma, Codependency, and Communication/trust issues in relationships. I also have had success in treating erectile dysfunction concerns. My approach is grounded in evidence-based practices, but I also recognize the importance of tailoring treatment to each individual's specific needs and values.
(484) 218-2987 View (484) 218-2987
Photo of Valerie Daniel, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Valerie Daniel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Media, PA 19063
My post graduate studies focused on how African American women navigate the challenges of romantic relationships while dealing with the transition into motherhood.
I empower women and individuals to navigate through the crossroads and transitions in life in order to help them live their best lives. Because research has shown that transitions in life trigger physical and emotional stress responses in the body, and having coping skills to effectively manage the stress of life's crossroads can provide the emotional stamina needed to thrive, I offer relationship counseling, individual counseling for anxiety, depression, grief and loss associated with life transitions, and relationship issues.
My post graduate studies focused on how African American women navigate the challenges of romantic relationships while dealing with the transition into motherhood.
I empower women and individuals to navigate through the crossroads and transitions in life in order to help them live their best lives. Because research has shown that transitions in life trigger physical and emotional stress responses in the body, and having coping skills to effectively manage the stress of life's crossroads can provide the emotional stamina needed to thrive, I offer relationship counseling, individual counseling for anxiety, depression, grief and loss associated with life transitions, and relationship issues.
(267) 416-0825 View (267) 416-0825
Photo of Sharifa Martin, LPC, Counselor
Sharifa Martin
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Limerick, PA 19468
individuals with criminal offenses, individuals with substance use/addiction, community mental health, law enforcement, youth, & black men).
I specialize in Depression, Anxiety, & Trauma/Substance Use. I introduce therapeutic interventions appropriate for an individual's comfort level, leading to long-term personal growth. I allow you to "take the wheel" and work with you as you define your therapy goals. I encourage you to have a voice, to speak up if an area of your treatment is not working for you, and to ask questions. I am candid in that if there is an answer to a question I do not know, I will research and consult with my supervisor to get you the best answer possible.
individuals with criminal offenses, individuals with substance use/addiction, community mental health, law enforcement, youth, & black men).
I specialize in Depression, Anxiety, & Trauma/Substance Use. I introduce therapeutic interventions appropriate for an individual's comfort level, leading to long-term personal growth. I allow you to "take the wheel" and work with you as you define your therapy goals. I encourage you to have a voice, to speak up if an area of your treatment is not working for you, and to ask questions. I am candid in that if there is an answer to a question I do not know, I will research and consult with my supervisor to get you the best answer possible.
(484) 623-6993 View (484) 623-6993
Photo of Ronika Burton, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ronika Burton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Allentown, PA 18103  (Online Only)
I am passionate about working with clients from all different backgrounds and I love being a familiar face for African American clients.
My ideal client is motivated for treatment and willing to work with me to uncover the path to finding their best self! My ideal client is open to gentle feedback and is willing to express themselves openly with me. My ideal client wants to grow and is willing to put in the effort to improve their life circumstances.
I am passionate about working with clients from all different backgrounds and I love being a familiar face for African American clients.
My ideal client is motivated for treatment and willing to work with me to uncover the path to finding their best self! My ideal client is open to gentle feedback and is willing to express themselves openly with me. My ideal client wants to grow and is willing to put in the effort to improve their life circumstances.
(215) 458-2270 View (215) 458-2270
James N. Colón
MHSC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Allentown, PA 18101  (Online Only)
For over 13 years, I've partnered with individuals to navigate life's challenges and achieve their goals. My focus on men of color, particularly Black and Latino men, has allowed me to cultivate a deep understanding of their unique experiences. I'm passionate about fostering a collaborative space where they can develop self-worth, resilience, and empowerment to create truly fulfilling lives. I believe that the journey of self-discovery is a lifelong process, and I'm honored to walk alongside my clients as they navigate their paths toward healing and wholeness.
For over 13 years, I've partnered with individuals to navigate life's challenges and achieve their goals. My focus on men of color, particularly Black and Latino men, has allowed me to cultivate a deep understanding of their unique experiences. I'm passionate about fostering a collaborative space where they can develop self-worth, resilience, and empowerment to create truly fulfilling lives. I believe that the journey of self-discovery is a lifelong process, and I'm honored to walk alongside my clients as they navigate their paths toward healing and wholeness.
(484) 939-6421 View (484) 939-6421
Photo of Ian Vereen, MA, MT-BC, NMT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ian Vereen
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MT-BC, NMT
Verified Verified
Downingtown, PA 19335
As a sought out music therapist, Ian Vereen won awards such as the Social Justice Through music and the John J. Cali Service award for his trauma informed, supervisory, and therapeutic work with a diverse group of individuals. Now, in his work as a pre-licensed counselor, he aims to continue to empower neurodivergent individuals, BIPOCs, and those with trauma-related experiences. He is a client-centered therapist who has experience working with individuals, couples, and families. He also specializes in working with autistic individuals who seek greater insight into navigating unmasking, and living authentically as themselves.
As a sought out music therapist, Ian Vereen won awards such as the Social Justice Through music and the John J. Cali Service award for his trauma informed, supervisory, and therapeutic work with a diverse group of individuals. Now, in his work as a pre-licensed counselor, he aims to continue to empower neurodivergent individuals, BIPOCs, and those with trauma-related experiences. He is a client-centered therapist who has experience working with individuals, couples, and families. He also specializes in working with autistic individuals who seek greater insight into navigating unmasking, and living authentically as themselves.
(484) 673-6939 View (484) 673-6939
Photo of Felicia Williams, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Felicia Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Johnstown, PA 15904  (Online Only)
Has anyone suggested that you talk to someone about what you’re dealing with? Are you thinking it might be a good idea to get an outside perspective on things you’re going through? Maybe you’re not sure about this whole “therapy” thing but, part of you wonders if it could help. Do you usually have a handle on things but lately you’re overwhelmed, irritable, and feel like something needs to change? Or, do you just need someone to talk to? Therapy can give you the opportunity to explore what you’re feeling, reflect, learn and grow in a safe, compassionate, and psychologically supportive environment.
Has anyone suggested that you talk to someone about what you’re dealing with? Are you thinking it might be a good idea to get an outside perspective on things you’re going through? Maybe you’re not sure about this whole “therapy” thing but, part of you wonders if it could help. Do you usually have a handle on things but lately you’re overwhelmed, irritable, and feel like something needs to change? Or, do you just need someone to talk to? Therapy can give you the opportunity to explore what you’re feeling, reflect, learn and grow in a safe, compassionate, and psychologically supportive environment.
(814) 334-3536 View (814) 334-3536
Photo of Tiffany Wright - Traditional And Intensive Therapy Services, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tiffany Wright - Traditional And Intensive Therapy Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
King Of Prussia, PA 19406  (Online Only)
Imagine you're feeling lost in a sea of self-doubt, constantly battling the waves of anxiety and depression. You've tried countless self-help books, endless scrolls through wellness blogs, and maybe even dipped your toes into meditation apps, but nothing seems to stick. You might be hesitant about therapy, fearing it could be just another thing that doesn't work or that you'll be judged. What you truly crave is a safe space to rebuild your relationship with yourself, to nurture self-love, and to find genuine inner peace. I'm here to guide you on that journey, helping you discover the tools and strength within to thrive.
Imagine you're feeling lost in a sea of self-doubt, constantly battling the waves of anxiety and depression. You've tried countless self-help books, endless scrolls through wellness blogs, and maybe even dipped your toes into meditation apps, but nothing seems to stick. You might be hesitant about therapy, fearing it could be just another thing that doesn't work or that you'll be judged. What you truly crave is a safe space to rebuild your relationship with yourself, to nurture self-love, and to find genuine inner peace. I'm here to guide you on that journey, helping you discover the tools and strength within to thrive.
(215) 774-3788 View (215) 774-3788
Photo of Cynthia Piccini - Breathe Easy Therapy Services LLC, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Breathe Easy Therapy Services LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Center Valley, PA 18034
Are you tired of trying the same things over and over again and getting no where? Does time with your partner seem impossible, and bickering is the common way of communicating? Do you want to be the dream team and feel more like the bad news bears? Or are you a parent who is struggling to have conversations with your child/teen? We understand that the desire for a secure, solid relationship with effective communication can seem hopeless at times, but let us help you to breathe easy and create the change you want. We see you and hold hope for each of our clients. Change is possible.
Are you tired of trying the same things over and over again and getting no where? Does time with your partner seem impossible, and bickering is the common way of communicating? Do you want to be the dream team and feel more like the bad news bears? Or are you a parent who is struggling to have conversations with your child/teen? We understand that the desire for a secure, solid relationship with effective communication can seem hopeless at times, but let us help you to breathe easy and create the change you want. We see you and hold hope for each of our clients. Change is possible.
(484) 285-5116 View (484) 285-5116

See more therapy options for Carlisle

Nearby Black and African American Therapists Searches for Carlisle

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Black and African American Therapists

As an African American, why might I wish to see a therapist who is African American?

African American clients may seek out African American therapists for several reasons, foremost being a sense of cultural understanding and the possibility of shared experiences. Cultural sensitivity and context on the part of the therapist may make it easier to form a therapeutic alliance and to focus on the work of therapy without the need to explain or educate a therapist on cultural matters. It may also be empowering to work with a therapist who shares one’s racial or ethnic background. It is important to note that a therapist who demonstrates cultural sensitivity can be highly effective even if they do not share a client’s background or race.

Can clients benefit from working with a therapist who shares their race or ethnicity?

Yes, having a therapist who shares a client’s race or ethnicity is often valuable, especially if it fosters a strong therapeutic alliance between the two. While training, qualifications, and experience are always important, a strong alliance between client and therapist is a major contributor to therapeutic effectiveness. An alliance is likely to be strengthened with a therapist who has an understanding of a client’s background and perhaps also shared life experiences. It should be noted that many clients form a strong bond with their therapist regardless of their race or ethnicity. This is a personal decision, and it depends on the therapist, the client, and the connection between the two.

How might I inquire about a therapist’s experience working with African American clients?

Clients can ask therapists directly about their experience working with clients of diverse backgrounds, including with African American individuals. You may wish to inquire whether a therapist has undertaken training in cultural competence broadly, and how specifically they would ensure that their approach is sensitive to the needs of African American clients. Therapy involves honesty and trust, so it’s best for clients to share concerns about their therapist’s cultural competence at the outset. And a good clinician who is nonetheless not the right fit for you is often happy to make referrals based on the concerns you articulate.

Why is it important for a therapist to be culturally sensitive?

It’s important for a therapist to be culturally sensitive because everyone comes to therapy with a unique background and set of experiences. Being aware of culture and cultural differences between people is important for understanding clients, as is coming to therapy with an open mind, recognizing that the therapist doesn’t necessarily understand everything and that the client can help guide the way.

Who is included in Psychology Today's directory of Black therapists?

The directory of Black therapists includes therapists who have self-identified their ethnicity in their profiles. Psychology Today uses this information to assist clients in finding a therapist who can provide a cultural match. However, not all therapists choose to disclose their ethnicity in their profile, and they may not appear in search results for this reason. In situations where the number of therapists who have identified as Black is limited, the directory will also show therapists who have undergone specific multicultural training or have extensive experience working with clients from relevant cultural backgrounds.