Therapists in Burgettstown, PA
![Photo of Jessica Schad - JMS Counseling, MA, NCC, LPC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/af6adcd5-dd93-4731-a897-690096423ea5/2/320x400.jpeg)
Life has so much to offer every person, but that perspective can become clouded by feelings of inadequacy, depression, anxiety, or struggles to overcome addiction and trauma. At JMS Counseling, our goal is to help you find your way through the challenges so you can start thriving and not just surviving.
Life has so much to offer every person, but that perspective can become clouded by feelings of inadequacy, depression, anxiety, or struggles to overcome addiction and trauma. At JMS Counseling, our goal is to help you find your way through the challenges so you can start thriving and not just surviving.
Online Therapists
![Photo of Charlie Health - Charlie Health, M465140, MD](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e23f240e-735c-474e-9c22-e398477ec458/1/320x400.png)
Charlie Health is a leading provider of virtual mental health treatment for people in need of more than once-weekly therapy. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, self-harm, suicidal ideation, or any ongoing mental health issue, Charlie Health’s Clinical Team is ready to help you start your healing journey today. You don’t have to struggle alone – we’re here for you. To get started today, reach out at t.ly/ch-pa
Charlie Health is a leading provider of virtual mental health treatment for people in need of more than once-weekly therapy. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, self-harm, suicidal ideation, or any ongoing mental health issue, Charlie Health’s Clinical Team is ready to help you start your healing journey today. You don’t have to struggle alone – we’re here for you. To get started today, reach out at t.ly/ch-pa
![Photo of Tarah West, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/7140aeb0-181c-4bfd-aca2-7c6b86ec1e57/1/320x400.jpeg)
Hello, my name is Tarah! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have a strong military background, and have worked with a variety of populations with diverse, complex problems, including trauma, crisis/suicide, attachment and relationships, depression, anxiety, and maternal/post-partum mental health. Although I tend to be direct and candid with my clients, I offer an empathetic, humorous, and safe space to process some of the most vulnerable pieces of yourself. Fun fact about me: I own and ride horses and am currently pursuing further education to become certified in equine-assisted psychotherapy.
Hello, my name is Tarah! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have a strong military background, and have worked with a variety of populations with diverse, complex problems, including trauma, crisis/suicide, attachment and relationships, depression, anxiety, and maternal/post-partum mental health. Although I tend to be direct and candid with my clients, I offer an empathetic, humorous, and safe space to process some of the most vulnerable pieces of yourself. Fun fact about me: I own and ride horses and am currently pursuing further education to become certified in equine-assisted psychotherapy.
![Photo of Christy A Duffer, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/214a5728-8f0e-45ec-83e2-d311f7ac6645/1/320x400.jpeg)
Christy has significant experience working with ADHD, aggression, anxiety, depression, bipolar, gender and sexual identity, borderline personality disorder BPD, impulse-control issues, grief and loss, attachment related issues, peer and family issues, low self-esteem, trauma and PTSD (including sexual assault), self-harming, and suicidal ideations/attempts.
Christy graduated from Allegheny College with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology. She then went on to complete her Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Gannon University. Before moving to Pittsburgh, Christy previously worked in the highest level of care in the state for adolescents through the Enhanced Residential Units at Perseus House, in Erie, PA. While here, she has previously worked in school-based outpatient services in Pittsburgh Public School District and West Mifflin Area School District, through Wesley Family Services and Family Behavioral Resources, respectively.
Christy has significant experience working with ADHD, aggression, anxiety, depression, bipolar, gender and sexual identity, borderline personality disorder BPD, impulse-control issues, grief and loss, attachment related issues, peer and family issues, low self-esteem, trauma and PTSD (including sexual assault), self-harming, and suicidal ideations/attempts.
Christy graduated from Allegheny College with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology. She then went on to complete her Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Gannon University. Before moving to Pittsburgh, Christy previously worked in the highest level of care in the state for adolescents through the Enhanced Residential Units at Perseus House, in Erie, PA. While here, she has previously worked in school-based outpatient services in Pittsburgh Public School District and West Mifflin Area School District, through Wesley Family Services and Family Behavioral Resources, respectively.
![Photo of Jordan Harakal, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5620a0b0-baf9-43ff-8d64-0fec90598d9e/1/320x400.jpeg)
Jordan Harakal
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15241
Prior to working with Ellie Mental Health, I worked with the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center as a Research Project Coordinator, for a study specializing in suicidality and suicide prevention.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I am passionate about creating a safe space for clients to feel at ease with me. I see importance in helping others by being open and approachable, and valuing the importance of humor. I completed my undergraduate degree from Penn State, and went on to obtain my Master’s in Counseling from Chatham University. I enjoy working with teens to adults. I have experience working with suicidality, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, divorce, relationship issues, loss of identity, and more. I am trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality.
Prior to working with Ellie Mental Health, I worked with the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center as a Research Project Coordinator, for a study specializing in suicidality and suicide prevention.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I am passionate about creating a safe space for clients to feel at ease with me. I see importance in helping others by being open and approachable, and valuing the importance of humor. I completed my undergraduate degree from Penn State, and went on to obtain my Master’s in Counseling from Chatham University. I enjoy working with teens to adults. I have experience working with suicidality, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, divorce, relationship issues, loss of identity, and more. I am trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality.
![Photo of Megan Petak - Momentum Couples and Family Therapy LLC., LPC, LCSW, LSW, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3e6c6764-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Momentum Couples and Family Therapy LLC.
Marriage & Family Therapist, LPC, LCSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Uniontown, PA 15401
Momentum Couples and Family Therapy provides a wide range of mental health services including, but not limited to the following: conflicts or problems with a partner, difficulty adjusting to a new school, trying to cope with a divorce or separation, family conflict with children or need of parental support, struggling with decisions about marriage, physical, sexual, or psychological abuse; past or present, loneliness, anxiety, fear or thoughts of suicide, low self-esteem, assertiveness and decision making, depression, sexual orientation, lack of motivation, out of control thoughts/ behaviors, difficulty with attention/concentration, coping with medical illness, unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.
Momentum Couples and Family Therapy provides a wide range of mental health services including, but not limited to the following: conflicts or problems with a partner, difficulty adjusting to a new school, trying to cope with a divorce or separation, family conflict with children or need of parental support, struggling with decisions about marriage, physical, sexual, or psychological abuse; past or present, loneliness, anxiety, fear or thoughts of suicide, low self-esteem, assertiveness and decision making, depression, sexual orientation, lack of motivation, out of control thoughts/ behaviors, difficulty with attention/concentration, coping with medical illness, unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.
![Photo of Elizabeth Hammond, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a8751062-1f77-4296-9aa1-a05b162a06e2/1/320x400.jpeg)
My primary specialization lies in treating anxiety, bipolar, suicidal ideation, and depression.
Immediate openings - Hello and welcome to my page! I am a therapist who is dedicated to helping individuals overcome mood disorders (depression, bipolar, cyclothymia, etc) but I also specialize in treating suicidal ideation. With over five years of clinical practice, I have developed a deep understanding of the complexities surrounding these conditions and their impact on one's overall well-being. My experience has taught me that no two individuals are the same, and I am committed to tailoring my approach to suit your unique circumstances. I offer a welcoming environment where we will tackle what is going on.
My primary specialization lies in treating anxiety, bipolar, suicidal ideation, and depression.
Immediate openings - Hello and welcome to my page! I am a therapist who is dedicated to helping individuals overcome mood disorders (depression, bipolar, cyclothymia, etc) but I also specialize in treating suicidal ideation. With over five years of clinical practice, I have developed a deep understanding of the complexities surrounding these conditions and their impact on one's overall well-being. My experience has taught me that no two individuals are the same, and I am committed to tailoring my approach to suit your unique circumstances. I offer a welcoming environment where we will tackle what is going on.
![Photo of Tiffany Ford - New Directions Mental Health Greensburg, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/48943b27-a521-4ced-91ed-9620d33ac9ea/1/320x400.png)
New Directions Mental Health Greensburg
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Greensburg, PA 15601
New Directions Mental Health is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving Pennsylvania and the local Greensburg area. At our Greensburg clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, child & adolescent therapy, group therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
New Directions Mental Health is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving Pennsylvania and the local Greensburg area. At our Greensburg clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, child & adolescent therapy, group therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
![Photo of Jenn Hudak, MSEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e7846a82-d1e4-4c86-b551-f2d1eca4d3ec/2/320x400.jpeg)
Jenn Hudak
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Wexford, PA 15090 (Online Only)
Hi! I’m so glad our paths have crossed. I’m guessing you’ve landed here because something in your life isn’t quite where you want it to be. Maybe you struggle with your relationships. Perhaps you feel misunderstood or invisible. Perhaps you have been hurt by someone, maybe even by a lot of people, and maybe repeatedly. Maybe you feel like life is just passing you by or wondering why life must be hard. Whatever the reason that brought you to therapy, I’m glad you’re here. I’m Jenn & it’s great to meet you. Therapy can be a scary prospect, and guess what? You’ve already taken a step toward confronting that fear. Go you!
Hi! I’m so glad our paths have crossed. I’m guessing you’ve landed here because something in your life isn’t quite where you want it to be. Maybe you struggle with your relationships. Perhaps you feel misunderstood or invisible. Perhaps you have been hurt by someone, maybe even by a lot of people, and maybe repeatedly. Maybe you feel like life is just passing you by or wondering why life must be hard. Whatever the reason that brought you to therapy, I’m glad you’re here. I’m Jenn & it’s great to meet you. Therapy can be a scary prospect, and guess what? You’ve already taken a step toward confronting that fear. Go you!
![Photo of Rachael Manfredo, MSCP, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/1db75f3c-080f-4931-a094-7b2c2eeede4f/2/320x400.jpeg)
Rachael Manfredo
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCP, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
Waitlist for new clients
Seeking out help can be an overwhelming, difficult process. Having the strength to do so is an admirable step. I believe that the therapeutic journey should be one of a collaborative effort. I’m devoted to creating a safe, nonjudgmental environment where we work together towards your goals and finding some peace in your everyday life.
Seeking out help can be an overwhelming, difficult process. Having the strength to do so is an admirable step. I believe that the therapeutic journey should be one of a collaborative effort. I’m devoted to creating a safe, nonjudgmental environment where we work together towards your goals and finding some peace in your everyday life.
![Photo of Mikael Ferm, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4b665437-a1e9-4a1b-acda-7f8f3a076be1/1/320x400.png)
Mikael Ferm
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15218 (Online Only)
Clients often describe me as authentic, determined, and insightful. I can offer you direct solutions founded on evidence-based techniques that will help you solve your problems. I can also dive deeper with you to explore the roots behind your troubles and true self. Clients find my combination of solution-focused and insight-oriented therapy to be highly effective as it offers both practical utility and depth. For OCD, I specifically use Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP).
Clients often describe me as authentic, determined, and insightful. I can offer you direct solutions founded on evidence-based techniques that will help you solve your problems. I can also dive deeper with you to explore the roots behind your troubles and true self. Clients find my combination of solution-focused and insight-oriented therapy to be highly effective as it offers both practical utility and depth. For OCD, I specifically use Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP).
![Photo of Brittany Edge - Family Matters Center for Relational Therapy, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3db3134c-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Family Matters Center for Relational Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Greensburg, PA 15601
We all struggle in the relationships that are important to us and need help some of the time to develop skills to strengthen these relationships. We lose connection and have difficulty communicating with our partners or spouses; we get stuck in conflict with our children; we lose track of who we are; we dread going to work because it feels hostile or unsafe; we question our faith; we have trouble expressing needs at school; and we neglect our bodies and our health. The relationships we have with ourselves and others are always evolving and we need to change with them.
We all struggle in the relationships that are important to us and need help some of the time to develop skills to strengthen these relationships. We lose connection and have difficulty communicating with our partners or spouses; we get stuck in conflict with our children; we lose track of who we are; we dread going to work because it feels hostile or unsafe; we question our faith; we have trouble expressing needs at school; and we neglect our bodies and our health. The relationships we have with ourselves and others are always evolving and we need to change with them.
![Photo of Leah Spyker, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5f0a0c60-fd92-48d6-bf50-3e7890dbe918/2/320x400.png)
I specialize in Substance Use, Anxiety, & Grief. Life can feel overwhelming at times, and it's okay to seek support. Whether you're navigating through difficult emotions, facing challenges in relationships, or simply need someone to listen, know that you're not alone. My ideal client is someone who wants to begin their treatment journey. They might be nervous or scared to begin, but they have made their first step to at least try.
I specialize in Substance Use, Anxiety, & Grief. Life can feel overwhelming at times, and it's okay to seek support. Whether you're navigating through difficult emotions, facing challenges in relationships, or simply need someone to listen, know that you're not alone. My ideal client is someone who wants to begin their treatment journey. They might be nervous or scared to begin, but they have made their first step to at least try.
![Photo of Anita Barnhart, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6c481498-a496-4dea-aab7-ac634e6da726/1/320x400.jpeg)
Life can present us with challenging and stressful situations. And yet, "We are made to persist. That is how we find out who we are"-Tobias Wolff. This philosophy provides the reassurance that each person has the power and potential to surpass many difficult situations. In therapeutic practice, I work with clients to identify and cultivate their innate strengths and resources, inspiring positive change and a more meaningful, rewarding life.
Life can present us with challenging and stressful situations. And yet, "We are made to persist. That is how we find out who we are"-Tobias Wolff. This philosophy provides the reassurance that each person has the power and potential to surpass many difficult situations. In therapeutic practice, I work with clients to identify and cultivate their innate strengths and resources, inspiring positive change and a more meaningful, rewarding life.
![Photo of Renee Rossi - New Directions Mental Health Monroeville, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f38cdfbf-b970-48bd-a80d-39ba2d69bdfa/1/320x400.png)
New Directions Mental Health Monroeville
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Monroeville, PA 15146
New Directions Mental Health is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving Pennsylvania and the local Monroeville area. At our Monroeville clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, child & adolescent therapy, group therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
New Directions Mental Health is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving Pennsylvania and the local Monroeville area. At our Monroeville clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, child & adolescent therapy, group therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
![Photo of Melissa Morris, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/efda8f0a-e109-4e27-82e7-8f104c0a00c2/1/320x400.png)
When you find yourself or your family in a time of crisis or high-conflict, extra support and understanding from a therapist can be a great place to start. Your attachment style and/or trauma can have a major impact on the relationships you have with yourself, your family, your friends, and your children. Trauma can have long-reaching effects that can be hard to recognize. It can be difficult to know where to start. When you can understand the “why,” of your thoughts and feelings, it can become the starting point for the change you want to see in your life.
When you find yourself or your family in a time of crisis or high-conflict, extra support and understanding from a therapist can be a great place to start. Your attachment style and/or trauma can have a major impact on the relationships you have with yourself, your family, your friends, and your children. Trauma can have long-reaching effects that can be hard to recognize. It can be difficult to know where to start. When you can understand the “why,” of your thoughts and feelings, it can become the starting point for the change you want to see in your life.
![Photo of Tiffany Huntley, MS, NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/967b70f5-ddd1-41aa-8163-f9e245817a08/1/320x400.jpeg)
Tiffany Huntley
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15227 (Online Only)
Hi my name is Tiffany Huntley, I am Deaf/ ASL user. I am a Pre License Counselor with National Deaf Therapy, serving clients in PA, NY, TX, MD, ME, FLA and GA. I have over 20 years of experience in the Deaf mental/behavioral health setting, residential, school, community and in the home.
Hi my name is Tiffany Huntley, I am Deaf/ ASL user. I am a Pre License Counselor with National Deaf Therapy, serving clients in PA, NY, TX, MD, ME, FLA and GA. I have over 20 years of experience in the Deaf mental/behavioral health setting, residential, school, community and in the home.
![Photo of Christopher M Parada, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/50aa60d2-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Hello and thank you for taking the time to learn a little bit more about my therapy practice. What I can offer you is not just the experience of 21 years in working with various disorders ranging from depression, anxiety, and addictions in different realms with an objective, non-judgemental perspective. This combination will allow us to begin a journey, identifying the thoughts and behaviors that have been weighing on you for so long. My goal is to help you find the unlock to feeling better and living your best life. This is done through deepening the understanding of yourself in a patient, calm and nurturing environment.
Hello and thank you for taking the time to learn a little bit more about my therapy practice. What I can offer you is not just the experience of 21 years in working with various disorders ranging from depression, anxiety, and addictions in different realms with an objective, non-judgemental perspective. This combination will allow us to begin a journey, identifying the thoughts and behaviors that have been weighing on you for so long. My goal is to help you find the unlock to feeling better and living your best life. This is done through deepening the understanding of yourself in a patient, calm and nurturing environment.
![Photo of Kristen Revello-Pouchot, MSEd, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8cc99145-3a60-4aa2-89ce-23a84a6226b4/2/320x400.jpeg)
Kristen Revello-Pouchot
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15220
Do you find yourself feeling stuck? Reliving the past and dreading the future? Struggling to find peace? Life can be uncertain and unjust. Yet we are tasked with creating our own meaning around painful experiences. I want to help you regain your personal power, find peace with your past, and envision a life with joy and warmth.
Do you find yourself feeling stuck? Reliving the past and dreading the future? Struggling to find peace? Life can be uncertain and unjust. Yet we are tasked with creating our own meaning around painful experiences. I want to help you regain your personal power, find peace with your past, and envision a life with joy and warmth.
![Photo of Rachel E. Willner, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d1906769-0d85-4c08-be93-bd361f9a174d/1/320x400.jpeg)
Rachel E. Willner
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15212 (Online Only)
As humans, we’re all wired for connection, but unfortunately, many of us did not get our most basic emotional needs met in our early development. Do you find yourself struggling with interpersonal relationships, effective communication, or emotional regulation? Have you experienced traumatic or stressful events that have left you feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or unable to move forward in your life? Do you find yourself coping in unhealthy ways such as codependent behaviors, self-harm, substance use or isolation?
As humans, we’re all wired for connection, but unfortunately, many of us did not get our most basic emotional needs met in our early development. Do you find yourself struggling with interpersonal relationships, effective communication, or emotional regulation? Have you experienced traumatic or stressful events that have left you feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or unable to move forward in your life? Do you find yourself coping in unhealthy ways such as codependent behaviors, self-harm, substance use or isolation?
Nearby Suicidal Ideation Therapists Searches for Burgettstown
- Bridgeville
- Canonsburg
- Carnegie
- Coraopolis
- Imperial
- McMurray
- Monaca
- Moon Township
- Mount Lebanon
- Sewickley
- Upper Saint Clair
- Washington
Suicidal Ideation Therapists
How does therapy for suicidal ideation work?
Stress, depression, anxiety, or upsetting circumstances can give rise to suicidal thinking. Therapy can address the events at the core of an individual’s suffering. Understanding why a person may be suicidal can help the therapist and the patient discover alternative methods of coping. A person with suicidal ideation may be mired in catastrophic thinking, and treatment like cognitive behavioral therapy is a good choice for breaking such patterns. In addition, treatment such as acceptance and commitment therapy can help a person manage their distress through better emotion regulation.
Which therapies are best for suicidal ideation?
Specific approaches used by professionals include cognitive behavioral, dialectical behavior, psychodynamic, acceptance and commitment therapies, among others. Cognitive behavioral and dialectical behavior therapies are two widely used therapies that can help individuals with painful thoughts and past traumas. These therapies help an individual tolerate distress, regulate emotions, and not act on dangerous urges.
Are there specific medications to be combined with therapy?
The use of medication for suicidal thoughts must be aligned with the underlying cause; conditions such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis may be at the root of suicidal ideation. A psychiatrist may prescribe medications for symptoms, which may include antipsychotics such as aripiprazole or antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
How often and how long are therapy sessions for suicidal ideation?
As with any type of therapy, sessions depend on the individual. Patients may see improvement within 15 to 20 sessions, at an average of 50 minutes per session, while others may opt for 20 to 30 sessions over, perhaps, a six-month period. Still other patients, especially those with co-occurring conditions like major depression and anxiety, may need to continue sessions for up to 12 to 18 months. In some cases, residential treatment may be recommended for an individual who is judged to be at high risk of self-harm.